#头条创作挑战赛 #
The United States is a multiracial country, and its majority (the most dominant ethnic group) is called WASP, or White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, which translates to Anglo-Saxon Protestant, and is White.
Whether they are Asian or African, Arab, Latino born in the United States, they clearly know that they are Americans, but they are minorities in the United States, not Chinese Japanese, Vietnamese, Africans, Arabs, Mexicans... In the United States today, all issues involving minorities are very sensitive, and the two sides are generally won by minorities. For example, the famous Simpson wife murder case, faced with such conclusive evidence, the jury finally acquitted.
Some American blowers will say that this does not reflect the "political correctness" of the United States and the importance that the United States attaches to human rights? But if you look at the social division of labor in the United States, Wall Street is Jewish except for WASP. Even the American College Football League, the NBA in the United States, those bouncing cheerleaders, which are not white, although it is mainly black who runs the field. This is the social division of labor in the United States, whites are the mainstay of American society, they are leaders, and other minorities can only go to low-end jobs.
Some people will say that there are not many Chinese who have become professors and many Indians who have become CEOs? This is high-end enough, but you look at the heads of those national laboratories in the United States, the staff of those classified laboratories in the United States, how many Chinese are there? And the so-called CEO, the white man on the board said no, you have to get out of here. To put it bluntly, the United States is a country where pragmatism is supreme, and all ethnic minorities make the most of it - black people have strength, you go to run as an athlete, Chinese are smart, you go to be a teacher to teach..., but the key position in this country must be WASP, even if you have a high level, there is no play.
Of all the minorities in the United States, the most tragic fate is the original owners of the American continent, Indians, followed by blacks.
More than three hundred years of black blood and tears in the United States began on the African continent on the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean
After Columbus discovered the New World of America, European colonists poured in, and when they arrived in the New World, they found that the biggest problem was the sparse land and the shortage of labor.
The Indians were the masters of the American continent, and the white Europeans came to seize their homes, they were the targets of extermination and naturally could not be used as labor.
Under these circumstances, the "triangular trade" centered on the "slave trade" was carried out on a large scale between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
They shipped cheap industrial goods from Europe to Africa, plundered large numbers of black Africans in Africa and sold them in the Americas, and then exchanged them for cheap raw materials, such as cotton, and so on. Such a triangular cycle, single-line turnover, every voyage makes enough profit.
In today's European countries, laborers do not work hard and people are not smart enough, but they live richly and have high social welfare, simply because their ancestors accumulated funds for the development of European capitalism through the "slave trade" and grabbed the first pot of gold.
The triangular cycle of the slave trade mainly unfolded on the Atlantic coast, which is why the countries in Eastern Europe lagged behind the countries of Western Europe.
Most of the blacks in the "slave trade" came from the coastal area north of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, between the Volta and Niger rivers, which is now Togo, Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. Blacks were trafficked from the slave coast to the Americas, a voyage of about 2,000 nautical miles. The closest Africa to the Americas is West Africa, which is why very few blacks from East and North Africa are trafficked to the Americas.
It is impossible to calculate how many blacks were trafficked to the Americas during the more than three hundred years of the "slave trade." The most basic consensus reached by scholars is that about 15 million slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas, and that the more than 34 million blacks and 18 million mulattoes now living in North and South America are descendants of black African slaves.
For every slave shipped to the Americas, about five slaves died in the process of hunting and trafficking. 90 million people, 90 million able-bodied, 90 million who are part of the essence of Africa's productive forces, were forcibly removed from African soil.
Black Army during the American Revolution
When the Declaration of Independence in the United States shouted about human rights and freedom, thousands of blacks joined the Continental Army, and most of these black soldiers formed a combat formation with other white soldiers, and black soldiers could be seen in every important battle in the war.
An estimated 5,000 blacks fought in the American Revolution. Among these blacks were free blacks, but most were black slaves.
These black soldiers, like the WASPs, fought for independence from the British Empire, and their simplest demand was freedom. However, only 20 percent of the black soldiers who survived gained free status as a result of their service.
The American Revolutionary War also saw the first all-black combat formation, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Although the soldiers were black, the officers were white. The regiment repelled three attacks by the British Hessian army in four hours at the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778, holding the line and allowing other American troops to escape the British attack. Later, the regiment took part in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
George Washington, the first president of the United States, did not want blacks in the military. He was a racist himself and maintained a discriminatory attitude towards black people. Washington himself was a farmer, owning more than 300 black slaves. He agreed to the addition of blacks only because the war required a lot of manpower. Proper pragmatism.
Ironically, under the Declaration of Independence, these black soldiers, who fought alongside white soldiers, received no compensation in return for their bloody sacrifice after the war.
Many years later, Americans finally erected a monument to their courage in Portsmouth for the 1st Rhode Island Regiment.
By the time of the Anglo-American War of 1812, more black soldiers were drafted into the U.S. army. In addition to joining formed units, large numbers of blacks were used to build fortifications and deliver food, supplies, and supplies to the army.
As in the War of Independence, black soldiers served in both mixed and all-black combat formations, with several all-black infantry regiments formed in several northern states, like New York and Pennsylvania, and even several southern states, Louisiana and North Carolina.
During the Battle of New Orleans, future US President Andrew Smith. Jackson formed two black infantry battalions and three black infantry companies, collectively known as the Free Colored Force, and a large number of free blacks and black slaves dug trenches and built defenses around the city.
The Negro Army during the American Civil War
In 1861, the American Civil War broke out. In the early days of the war, although the industrial areas were almost all in the north, and the north had much more troops than in the south, they were beaten by the south and could not find the north.
Lincoln, like Chiang Platoon Commander, liked to meddle in the battles on the front line, which was one of the important reasons for the successive defeats of the North in the early days.
Lincoln noticed that there were many blacks in the Confederate army, who had followed their masters into the war. So, he resorted to the trick of drawing wages from the bottom of the cauldron, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862. The Declaration stipulated that black slaves would receive legal rights and become full citizens of the United States. At the same time, it was stipulated that blacks could join the Union Army and could acquire a piece of land in the western United States after the war under the Homestead Act.
Lincoln debated Stephen Douglas of the Democratic Party when he ran for Congress in 1858, and he made it clear that he did not believe that blacks could achieve the same social status as whites. Lincoln's original Emancipation Proclamation was not intended to free blacks, he preferred to send blacks to Central America, but this draft was opposed by many people, and it was finally changed to the version we see today.
Therefore, the "Emancipation Proclamation of Negro Slaves" in the United States itself is only a temporary compromise, not out of love for the tragic fate of blacks, but just an operation to face reality in order to gain the advantage of war. Still proper pragmatism. On February 1, 1863, the commander of the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment of South Carolina, T. Smith. Colonel W. Higginson submitted a report that was illustrative, in which he wrote: "None of the commanders of this infantry regiment at present questioned that success in this war would mean the unlimited hiring of black soldiers..."
Congress passed two acts in 1862, the Forfeiture Act, which authorized the president to confiscate the property of rebellious Southern slave owners, which meant the emancipation of Southern slaves. The Military Act authorizes the recruitment of former slaves into the army. However, Lincoln, considering the reaction of the border slave-holding states that sided with the Union, did not immediately implement the two acts. Or he himself disapproves of it.
In August 1862, the newly formed state formed the first black regiment in the Union, the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and in March 1863, the second black regiment Massachusetts 54th Infantry Regiment was formed... The U.S. government delayed until May 22, 1863, when the War Department issued Order 143, establishing the Bureau of Colored Troops, which began forming black units in the Union Army.
Bureau of Colored Military Service and Colored Troops Belt
During the Civil War, the U.S. Army formed 137 infantry regiments, 6 cavalry regiments, 13 heavy (or infantry) artillery regiments, and 10 light artillery batteries of colored formed units. The officers of these units were white, and blacks and a small number of other colored people (Indians, Asians) could only serve as soldiers and sergeants. The only exception was Company K, the tenth light artillery company formed in Kansas in July 1864, whose three officers were black. They were the only officers of a light artillery company appointed in their race during the war, and the artillery company was also the only unit in the Union Army without white officers.
Drummer of the 78th Black Infantry Regiment
In earlier wars of aggression against Mexico, light artillery batteries formed by freed black slaves in Louisiana and Tennessee, whose horse-drawn artillery accompanied infantry and cavalry, had earned a reputation as an elite force.
During the American Civil War, the most famous black unit was the second black regiment to be established, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. During the offensive on Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863, more than 1,000 officers and men of the 54th Regiment launched a brave charge ahead of several other white regiments. In this battle, the regiment's commander, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, was killed, losing 116 troops and 156 wounded or captured.
For this battle, former slave and Sergeant William Harvey Carney was awarded a Medal of Honor, and he was also the first black man in American history to receive the Medal of Honor. During the battle, after Colonel Xiao was killed in battle and the original standard-bearer fell, he took the military flag and, despite being wounded in multiple places all over his body, tenaciously climbed the fortress and planted the military flag on the enemy's wall. He shouted "Boys, the old flag never touched the ground!" ("Soldiers, our military flag has not fallen!") has become a famous American aphorism.
In 1989, the United States filmed the movie "Glorious Battle" against the backdrop of this battle, and in 1990, wrote a song for Carney's heroic deeds.
The above, Sergeant Powhatan Beaty, another recipient of the Medal of Honor, commanded the company to hold positions during the battle of September 29, 1864, when all white officers in the company were killed or wounded.
In the early days of the American Civil War, whites paid only white soldiers, and blacks not only did not receive salaries, but they could not even enjoy the same food as whites. However, with the role and efforts of blacks in the war, the treatment of blacks gradually improved. Finally, in 1865, black soldiers enjoyed equal pay for equal work.
Throughout the Civil War, approximately 186,000 black soldiers (or 250,000 in some accounts) served in the Union Army in the North, of whom 94,000 were black slaves who had fled from the South to the North. And 38,000 black soldiers were killed.
The killing of Indians and the First World War
After the end of the American Civil War, the United States Army was re-established in 1866. Six black units were formed, the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, and the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st Infantry Regiments. In 1869, the U.S. Union Army was downsized and the 38th and 39th Regiments merged into the 24th Regiment, and the 39th and 40th Regiments merged into the 25th Regiment. The two cavalry regiments and two infantry regiments had a total of 5,000 men, 10% of the total number of American troops.
After the Civil War, the United States began the so-called Great Development to the West. The colonists had previously robbed the Indians of the eastern seaboard, and this time the WASPs were going all the way west to the Pacific coast.
In the westward march, these black groups served as the vanguard along with other white armies. Black soldiers were brutal and brutal in their battles with the Indians, and they carried out massacres of Indians with modern weapons. According to WikiLeaks, these black soldiers were called bison warriors by the Indians. In addition to the massacre, they also did a lot of bad things, and the 24th Regiment got a very dirty nickname "Deuce Four", which literally translates to one to four or four against four, and they are women.
In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the four groups of blacks participated in the invasion of Cuba, accounting for 12% of the total. In addition, 2,000 blacks served in the U.S. Navy, accounting for 7.6 percent of the U.S. Navy.
The elder Roosevelt, who crossed his superiors and privately gave orders to the U.S. Navy fleets in the Caribbean and Far East to light fires and prepare for battle, successfully provoking the Spanish-American War. After that, he was not satisfied with being a civil servant, and recruited a group of Western cowboys and Ivy League alumni himself, formed the First Volunteer Cavalry Brigade of the United States, and landed in Cuba.
At Mount San Juan, Roosevelt's troops were surrounded by Spanish troops, and black troops arrived and fought heroically to free the future president of the United States and his troops.
Regiment emblem of the 24th Infantry Regiment
In the American Civil War, although the Southern Confederacy failed, discrimination against blacks in American society continued. Although blacks are already normal people from a legal point of view, the vast number of whites in the United States still discriminate against blacks. For many whites, sympathizing with black slaves working on plantations and farms was one thing, and giving blacks the same rights as they were another. In American society at that time, whether it was white civilians, or highly educated scientists and sociologists, their views of blacks regarded them as "inferior."
As blacks changed from slaves to free men, whites believed that their right to work, social welfare, etc. were met with competition and infringement by blacks, and as a result, by the beginning of the twentieth century, discrimination against blacks in American society had reached a peak. In the United States, discrimination and lynchings of blacks never ceased, especially in the southern states, and occurred almost daily. In the end, blacks began to choose to fight against whites, hoping to protect their rights and interests.
After the United States entered World War I, up to 200,000 blacks joined the American Expeditionary Force. In this way, they hope to fight for their rights and gain acceptance in American society.
But the U.S. military practiced racial segregation and discriminated against blacks as inferior soldiers. Blacks were usually organized as a separate unit, commanded by white officers, and generally in logistics or labor positions. Still, 40,000 black fighting units took part in the fighting.
Following the Houston riot of 1917, the court-martial trial of the 24th Infantry Regiment became the largest in U.S. history. For specific details, please refer to the US 24th Regiment that revoked its number after the hammer explosion in the previous article, what kind of troops are it? U.S. Military: It's just an outlier.
Due to the violent racial incident in Spartanburg, South Carolina, the U.S. military, fearing that the 369th Regiment would avenge their comrade Noble Sissle, hastily sent the regiment on a troop carrier bound for France.
The 369th Regiment was the most outstanding black unit of the First World War and arrived in France under the command of the 16th Division of the French Lu Jun. During the 191 days of fighting deployed to the front, not a single person was captured or allowed the Germans to occupy a single position, but the regiment suffered more than 1,400 casualties, a third of whom died in battle.
The French government awarded the 369th Regiment the French Cross of Military Merit, which the French generals called the "Bronze Man" and the "Black Sidewinder Regiment", while the Germans called them "Hell Soldiers".
Freddie Stowers, pictured above with the Medal of Honor, took command of the battlefield during the battle of September 28, 1918, with 50% of the company's casualties, motivating black soldiers to continue fighting until they were killed.
On November 21, 1918, in the war-torn city of Ponta Muson, French military vehicles carried white-skinned and black-skinned American soldiers.
After the end of World War I, a disgraceful scene occurred: the farewell parade in Paris was attended by all black soldiers. There is only one reason, because they are black.
After returning home, the black soldiers were warmly welcomed by the American people, and the black people proved themselves with their blood and lives. However, only a few years later, these black soldiers were forgotten, and there was still a discriminatory attitude towards blacks within the US military. They cannot be combatants, they can only undertake service work, not so much as military personnel as servants in the army.
Black soldiers from World War II to the Vietnam War
During World War II, the United States held high the banner of defeating fascism and fighting for freedom. For black Americans, freedom is an ideal for them, an ideal that is desired not only abroad, but also at home.
At one time, even the military production department in the United States banned blacks from working. It was not until June 1941, when U.S. President Roosevelt was about to enter World War II, that he ordered the discriminatory end to it. In the past, blacks were not allowed to participate in the Marine Corps, and only then did blacks participate, and in the past, military schools that did not accept blacks were opened to blacks. This was all a pressing situation, and it had to be done, not out of respect for blacks, but for the needs of the war.
During World War II, up to 1.15 million black soldiers joined the U.S. military. The participation of blacks in the war did not mean that they enjoyed equality in the army, and even when they reached foreign lands, they were bullied by white racists.
An American colonel set up a headquarters in Italy, and there was a sign at the door that said "Blacks are not allowed." In England awaiting the landing of American troops in Normandy, white and black soldiers were to take separate vacations to avoid conflict.
Della H. Raney, the first black female nurse in the U.S. Army
In the early days, most black soldiers in the army were responsible for logistics, chores and other work, and with the expansion of the war, pure black combat formation units were established one by one.
The most powerful example is Doris Miller, a U.S. Navy soldier who trained as an officer at the Norfolk Naval Academy in Virginia and is more educated than many U.S. Navy soldiers. But when Miller finished school, Miller did not become an officer, but a private instead.
His heroism at Pearl Harbor was initially hidden by the U.S. Navy on the grounds that apartheid policies within the U.S. Navy did not allow black soldiers to fight on deck. His story was not known to the public until May 1942 , when the U.S. Navy was forced to award him the Navy Cross and promote him from a cook in the soldier's canteen to a cook in the officer's canteen.
During World War II, the U.S. Army formed four black infantry divisions, 20 black artillery battalions, 11 black anti-tank battalions and several other formed units.
6888th Central Post Letter Battalion, the only unit composed entirely of black women serving overseas. This force provides postal services to nearly 7 million soldiers in Europe. When they arrived in Birmingham, England, they saw mountains of previously unprocessed mail. Black female soldiers worked around the clock to complete the six-month task of breaking the deadlock requested by their superiors in just three months.
On July 19, 1941, the U.S. Air Force began training black pilots, and 926 black pilots were trained. They formed the original 99th Fighter Squadron and later the 332nd Fighter Wing, with tails painted red. The movie "Red Tail" depicts the deeds of a black pilot flying a P51 Mustang fighter.
The first tank unit formed by black Americans was the 78th Tank Battalion, which was commanded by white officers. The battalion was later reorganized as the 758th Light Tank Battalion, which belonged to the U.S. Fifth Army deployed in Italy. During the Korean War, it was designated the 64th Tank Battalion.
The 761st Tank Battalion, formed later than the battalion, came under Patton and served as an Allied assault spearhead when breaking through the Siegfried Line.
Lieutenant Vernon Baker received the Medal of Honor for fighting in Italy on April 5, 1945, and finally had a black officer.
Although World War II ended, discrimination against blacks in the U.S. military continued unabated, and the policy of apartheid continued in the U.S. military. Black brothers could still receive Medals of Honor during the American Civil War, but by World War II, the Medals of Honor were reissued decades later.
A 1950 survey report showed that blacks in the military could only take on front-line tasks and manual work, and the opportunity to serve as sergeants and officers was only 70 to 1 (whites were 7 to 1); Of the 490 special training subjects, only 190 were open to blacks; Not only that, but the military academy refused to admit blacks for many years.
During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the 24th Infantry Regiment of the US Army was successively attacked by the 39th, 40th, 26th, and 12th Armies of the Chinese Volunteers, and its will to fight collapsed, and its designation was finally revoked on October 1, 1951.
Black soldiers are not unheroic in battle, but 90 years have passed since the release of the Emancipation Proclamation, and blacks have only been removed from the title of slave, and they are still regarded as inferior people in American society and discriminated against. Negroes could not attend a school with whites, they could not eat in a restaurant with whites, and blacks were engaged in the lowest laborious work and paid the lowest wages. Within the U.S. military, blacks had the worst and slowest logistical supplies, and the hardest battles were pushed to the front. Therefore, the soldiers of the oldest surviving black regiment on the Korean battlefield also had an idea: If you don't treat us as human beings, then why should we give you our lives.
Private William Thompson, First Class of the Korean War, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
The 24th Regiment was revoked, leading to major military reforms in the U.S. military, and all other formed units of the U.S. Army composed of blacks were dispersed, and black soldiers could serve in all combat units. Thus institutionally eliminating apartheid within the U.S. military.
The U.S. 25th Infantry Regiment retained its special legal status due to the Act of 1866, and by 1957 this last black formed unit was withdrawn. Since then, there have been no more black units in the US military, not even a single all-black squad.
By the sixties, the increasing number of black Americans refusing to fight in Vietnam was an important part of the anti-war movement in the United States. Blacks refused to go to Vietnam for the following reasons:
(1) They recognized that the United States had traveled thousands of miles to Vietnam and that the nature of war was aggression;
(ii) The anti-riot struggle for civil rights since the sixties has inspired the spirit of rebellion among blacks;
(3) Black groups in the United States are better organized than they were in World War II and the Korean War, and know how to fight for their own rights;
(4) I learned from my father and brother that I was discriminated against on the battlefield and remained unemployed and out of school after the war.
In 1968, like Forrest Gump's hero Clarence Eugene Sasser, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for saving many wounded
In the 1991 Gulf War, black soldiers accounted for 22 percent of the more than half a million U.S. troops.
In 2014, when Obama was president, black soldiers made up 21 percent of active-duty military personnel, 15 percent of the National Guard and 22 percent of Army reserves.
In all military operations in the United States, there is a shadow of blacks.
The 24th Regiment, which had been revoked by the PVA, was reorganized in 1995 as part of the 1st Brigade of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division and fought in the 2004-2005 Iraq War. In 2006, the regiment was reflagged and the 1st Battalion was excluded, so that only the 1st Battalion inherited the military legacy of the 24th Regiment.
The United States ranks the highest award with the Medal of Honor, and the remaining medals are the Service Merit Cross, the Silver Star, the Flying Merit Cross, the Bronze Star, the Air Force Medal, the Tri-Services Commendation Medal and the Army Commendation Medal in order of rank.
While in Iraq from October 2004 to October 2005, the 1st Battalion returned home with 5 Silver Stars, 31 Bronze Stars and 181 Purple Hearts, indicating that 181 people in the battalion were wounded or killed in action that year alone.
In 2011-2012, the 1st Battalion was deployed to Afghanistan as a unit under the 1st Srek Combat Team of the 25th Brigade, and many more people were killed, including those killed in an internal attack.
Racial discrimination in American society is deeply entrenched, and ethnic minorities suffer discrimination in all aspects, especially blacks, who account for nearly 10% of the total population of the United States.
The real reason for the so-called "political correctness" in the United States is that the proportion of whites in the more than 300 million people in the United States is almost less than 50%. If the WASPs in the United States dare to do what they did before, it will inevitably cause ethnic division. Therefore, the United States is only now making superficial things.
Every February, the U.S. military celebrates and salutes black soldiers, acknowledging their important contributions to past wars and fooling black people into continuing to contribute to today's U.S. military operations abroad.