When you think of North America, the first thing you may think of is the United States, Canada, in fact, Mexico in North America is also a country with a story. The Mexican Day of the Dead, the mysterious Mayan civilization, the cactus kingdom, the "home of corn" and the traditional delicacy taco sandwich in the animated film "Coco"...
Part.1
geographical location
Mexico (98°57′W~ 99°22′W, 19°36′N~ 19°03′N) is the largest country in Central America, located in southern North America and northwestern Latin America. It is bordered by the United States to the north, Guatemala and Belize to the south, Cuba across the sea, the vast Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Mexico is a necessary place for land transportation in South America and North America, known as "land bridge".
Mexico is located in the Pacific Plate and the Cocos Plate collides with the North American Plate, forming the Sierra Madre Mountains, the main mountain range of Mexico. Mexico is located on the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt, and volcanic and seismic activity is frequent.
Part.2
Physical geographic features
1. Terrain
Mexico's terrain is dominated by mountainous plateaus with small plains. The Mexican plateau is in the center, surrounded by the Sierra Madre to the east, west and south, the flat Yucatan Peninsula to the southeast, and the coastal plains. Most of Mexico's territory belongs to the Mexican plateau, with an average altitude of about 1800 meters. Mexico is also known as the country of the highlands.
2. Climate
Mexico's climate is complex and diverse. The desert climate in the north, the vertical distribution of the climate in the south, the tropical maritime climate on the southeast coast (equatorial depression, warm current, northeast trade winds), and the southwest coast and the Yucatan Peninsula have a savannah climate (barometric pressure zone, seasonal movement of wind belt); Most areas are divided into two seasons: drought (October ~ April) and rain (May ~ September). The driest month of the year is February, with only 5 mm of precipitation, and the highest month of precipitation is July, with about 170 mm of precipitation. The Mexican plateau has a mild climate all year round, no severe cold in winter, no scorching heat in summer, and evergreen trees in all seasons, so it enjoys the reputation of "Pearl of the Plateau".
3. Rivers
The Mexican River is divided into three water systems: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the endorheic system. The main rivers are Bravo, Usumasinta, Grijalva, Balsas and others.
4. Biology
Mexico is known as the "Land of Cacti", there are more than 2,000 kinds of cacti in the world, and more than 1,000 species can be found in Mexico. Locals love to eat cactus, they eat it as a fruit alongside pineapple, watermelon, and use it to prepare a variety of home-cooked dishes, even the national flag and coat of arms have cactus motifs.
Mexico is also the country with the largest consumption in the world when it comes to edible insects. The indigenous Asterques of Mexico regard frogs, tadpoles, agave insects, shrimp, ants, crickets, water flies, fly eggs, etc. as delicious foods, and some are considered to be the best dishes.
5. Natural resources
Mexico's main energy and mineral resources are oil, natural gas, uranium and coal. Silver reserves rank first in the world, from the perspective of regional distribution, oil and gas resources are mainly distributed in the northeast offshore region, coal resources are mainly distributed in the northeast of Coahuila and the southern state of Oaxaca. Various types of metal minerals are mainly distributed in the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre.
Part.3
Human geographic features
1. Population
Mexico has a total population of more than 100 million and is the tenth most populous country in the world. Of these, 90 per cent are of mixed Indo-European descent and 10 per cent are of Indian descent. Mestizos make up a very large proportion of the country's population. The population is unevenly distributed, with populations highly concentrated in the basins and valleys of the central plateau. The official language of Mexico is Spanish, which has the largest Spanish-speaking population in the world. The first foreign language is English, but there are not many English speakers, and there are also American Indian languages.
A long time ago, the hardworking locals used water grass, wheat straw, bamboo fences, etc. to weave large straw hats, the most prominent feature is that the brim is particularly wide to shade the sun and rain in production and life.
2. Cities
Mexico City: The capital of Mexico, a world-renowned cosmopolitan metropolis with a population of 21 million, it is one of the largest cities in the world. Located in the valley of the south-central plateau, with an average altitude of 2,240 meters, it is a famous highland city! Air pollution is also very serious because of the terrain.
Cancun: Mexico's famous international tourist city, located in the northern Caribbean Sea, the northeastern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, and is connected to the Yucatan Peninsula by bridges at the northwest and southwest ends of the city. The city is surrounded by the sea on three sides and has beautiful scenery. Cancun is recognized as one of the top 10 beaches in the world, and enjoying the Caribbean sun on the white coast is the highest level of a relaxing holiday. In the Mayan language, Cancun means "crockpot hanging at the end of a rainbow" and is considered a symbol of joy and happiness.
3. Economy
Industry: Mexico's economy is relatively developed and its GDP ranks among the highest in Latin America. Industry and mining occupy an important position in the economy. The industrial and mining industries are complete, and the manufacturing industry occupies a primary position. The mining industry is dominated by crude oil, silver, sulfur, mercury, lead, and the output of major industrial sectors such as steel, petroleum and electricity ranks among the highest in Latin America. With Mexico City as the center, most of the country's machinery, metallurgy, electronics and other industries are concentrated. Mexico is the world's largest silver-producing country and is known as the "Silver Kingdom".
Agriculture: an important sector of the Mexican economy. The main crops are corn, wheat, cotton, coffee, sugar cane, sisal, etc. Mexico is home to corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, tobacco. The Mexican Paleo-Indians cultivated corn, so the country is known as the "homeland of corn", and locals often call themselves corn people. People say corn is Mexicans' bread. Mexicans can make a variety of foods out of corn.
Mexico is rich in chili peppers, and they are also particularly able to eat chili peppers, if compared with the mainland Sichuanese people eat spicy, they are no less. Some people even prefer to remove some chili noodles when eating fruit.
Tourism: Tourism is Mexico's third largest source of foreign exchange after the customer processing industry and the oil industry. Mexico has a pleasant climate, beautiful scenery, many places of interest and historical sites, and the number of people who travel to the country reaches 3 million ~ 4 million people every year.
4. Culture
Mexico is an ancient civilization in the Americas, with ancient Indian cultures such as the Maya, Aztecs, Toltecs, Olmegas, and Teotihuacan.
Part.3
Mexico in the question
Question Group 1:
Mexico is the fourth largest exporter of automobiles in the world, and the automotive industry is the backbone of Mexico. Mexico imported advanced automobile production lines from Germany, Japan and the United States, assembled the cars by processing and importing parts, and then exported them to foreign markets. Mexico does not have a homegrown car brand, and some cars exported to the United States are assembled from parts processed in the United States. The figure below shows the distribution of the center of the Mexican automotive industry. Complete 1~2 questions accordingly.
1. Mexico's location advantage in developing the automobile industry is ( )
(1) As a neighbor of the United States, it is convenient to introduce advanced automobile production lines
(2) The land is sparsely populated and the land rent is low
(3) The wage level of labor is low
(4) The state implements a number of preferential policies
A． ①②③ B ．①②④
C .(1)(3)(4) D .(2)(3)(4)
2. The restrictions on innovating indigenous car brands in Mexico are ( )
A. The level of production technology is low and the process is relatively backward
B. The industrial base is weak and the quality of workers is low
C． The domestic market is small and local consumption is small
D. Weak scientific and technological strength and insufficient research and development capabilities
Question Group 2:
Mexico is rich in oil and gas resources, but has weak oil processing capacity. Since 2010, Mexico's natural gas consumption has exceeded production, and the gap has widened year by year, and more than half of it needs to be imported from the United States. At present, Mexico is gradually replacing oil with natural gas as the main fuel for power generation, and is greatly increasing the share of renewable energy. The picture shows the distribution of geographical features in Mexico and surrounding areas. Complete 3~5 questions accordingly.
3. Mexico's use of natural gas instead of oil as the main fuel for power generation is due to ( )
(1) The import price of natural gas from the United States is low
(2) Natural gas power generation is cleaner than oil
(3) Natural gas prospective reserves are larger than oil
(4) Natural gas extraction is easier than oil
A．①② B．①④
C.(2)(3) D.(3)(4)
4. Mexico's renewable energy is mainly distributed in the oval area in the figure ( )
A. Water energy B. Wind energy
C. Solar D. Bioenergy
5. On June 1, tourists walking on the waterfront of M City saw a gorgeous sunset landscape, and Beijing time was about ( )
A. June 1, 4:20 B. June 1, 19:00
C. June 2, 8:00 D. June 2, 8:20
Question Group 3:
Mexico is a country with two national flowers. The first national flower is the cactus (the leaves of the cactus have disappeared); The second national flower is dahlia, which loves sun and moisture. Read the picture and complete 6~8 questions accordingly.
6. The double national flower reflects Mexico ( )
A. The difference between temperature and north and south is outstanding B. The annual temperature difference is large
C. Small seasonal variation in precipitation D. Large spatial variation in precipitation
7. Alfalfa is a famous forage and livestock feed. Mexico exported 92,000 tonnes of alfalfa in 2014, and its main importing countries are ( )
A. United States B. Argentina
C. United Kingdom D. South Africa
8. Since the 40s of the 20th century, urbanization in Mexico has entered a phase of accelerated development. Mexico's urbanization rate was 42.6% in 1950 and increased to 66.3% in 1970. It took 50 years for Europe to increase the share of urban population from 40 per cent to 60 per cent, compared to less than 20 years for Mexico. In 2008, Mexico's urbanization rate increased to 77.2%. This could lead to Mexico ( )
A. The gap between rich and poor has narrowed significantly
B. Industrialization is faster than urbanization
C. Traffic congestion and environmental pollution
D. The current level of urbanization is increasing rapidly
Question Group 4:
9. Read the graphic materials and complete the following requirements. (22 mins)
Material- Mexico City is located on the sedimentary plain of the shrinking and disappearing Lake Texcoco, and most of the urban area is formed by reclamation of the lake, and the city's water supply has long been tight. The city is full of old buildings with some sloping slopes. The picture on the left below shows the topography and distribution of Hesigo cities. The picture on the right shows a sloping church in Mexico City.
Material two: Tornado is the strongest vortex phenomenon in the atmosphere, which is a small and extremely windy strong wind vortex extending from the bottom of thunderstorm clouds to the ground or water surface. It often occurs in summer thunderstorms, especially from the afternoon to the evening. Tornadoes in the Gulf of Mexico are mainly caused by hurricanes, and there is often a certain chance of forming tornadoes after hurricanes make landfall.
Material three, has always been rich in jalapeno pepper varieties and high yield. However, due to small-scale manual production, backward and inefficient production methods, Mexican farmers have had to reduce their cultivation area in the face of more favorable prices in the international market, and Mexico has to import large quantities of peppers.
(1) Analyze the characteristics of the distribution of Mexican cities and the main reasons for their formation. (6 points)
(2) There are many tornadoes around Jiacheng in winter, and the causes are analyzed. (6 points)
(3) Briefly analyze the reasons for the tilt of buildings in Mexico City. (6 points)
(4) In view of the current situation facing the development of the jalapeno pepper industry, please propose measures for sustainable development. (4 points)
Question Group 5:
10. Read the graphic materials and complete the following requirements. (26 mins)
The Yucatan Peninsula is located between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, and the climate is very different from the north to the south. The peninsula is entirely composed of coral rock and limestone terraces, and the northern area is less than 150 meters above sea level, with a wide distribution of karst landforms and a lack of surface rivers and lakes. The figure below shows a brief map of Mexico (A, the birthplace of the Mayan civilization) and a statistical table of climate data of Mexico City and Cancun.
(1) Try to explain the climate type and causes of place A. (6 points)
(2) Comparative analysis of the differences in the climatic characteristics of Mexico City and Cancun and their causes. (10 mins)
(3) Analysis of the reasons for the lack of surface rivers and lakes in the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula. (4 points)
(4) The formation process of the Yucatan Peninsula caves is speculated from the perspective of geological action. (6 points)
Rational Questions The answer is below
Question Group 1:
1.C Close to the United States, convenient for the introduction of advanced automobile production lines (1) correct; Mexico has a population of more than 100 million and a small land area, so it is small and densely populated; Mexico is a developing country with a low economic level, a large population, cheap and abundant labor; The automobile industry is a pillar industry, and the state will give a number of preferential policies, (1), (3) and (4) are correct.
2. D According to the materials, Mexico is the fourth largest automobile exporter in the world, indicating that the production technology is high and the industrial base is relatively perfect; The absence of local car brands in Mexico is limited by the level of science and technology and has little to do with the domestic market; Automobile production lines and even auto parts are imported, indicating that the local level of science and technology is weak and can only be assembled.
Question Group 2:
3.A Mexico is close to the United States, natural gas imports from the United States are cheap, (1) correct; Natural gas is cleaner than oil, (2) correct; It can be seen from the materials that Mexico has abundant oil and gas resources, but it cannot be judged that the prospective reserves of natural gas are larger than oil, (3) wrong; Natural gas extraction is more difficult, (4) wrong.
4.C The oval area in the figure is controlled by subtropical high pressure for a long time, with many sunny days, strong solar radiation, abundant solar energy, and C is correct; The area has been controlled by subtropical high pressure for a long time, with less wind, less precipitation, sparse vegetation, not abundant in water, wind and biological energy, and wrong ABD.
5.D It can be seen from the figure that M is located near 90 ° W (West 6th District), Beijing time is East 8th District, local time difference is about 14 hours, the sun directly hits the northern hemisphere on June 1, the northern hemisphere has long days and short nights, when M is sunset on June 1, it should be after 18 o'clock, and Beijing time should be after 8 o'clock on June 2 (18 o'clock + 14 hours).
Question Group 3:
6.D According to the stem information, most of the whole territory of Mexico is located south of 30 degrees north latitude, mostly at low latitudes, and the temperature difference between north and south is not significant; From the contour, it can be seen that most of Mexico is a plateau terrain, and due to the low latitude, there is no severe cold and scorching heat all year round, and the annual temperature difference is small; The lower latitudes in the south of the country are dominated by savannah climates, so the seasonal variation of precipitation is large; Cacti can grow in arid climates, while dahlia is sun-loving and wet, indicating that there is a large spatial difference in precipitation in Mexico.
7.Among the several countries given by option A, the United States is adjacent to Mexico, the United States has large pasture grazing and dairy cattle industry, and the pasture industry is developed, and it is convenient to import pasture from Mexico; South Africa and Argentina are dominated by large pasture grazing, with few imported pastures and natural pastures. The British dairy industry is developed, but the United Kingdom itself is rich in pasture and far from Mexico, and it is impossible to import pasture from Mexico.
8.C Mexico is a developing country, and it can be seen from the information given in this sub-question that the country's urbanization rate is developing too fast, faster than that of Europe. The rapid development of urbanization may lead to over-urbanization, one of which is manifested as the speed of urbanization faster than the speed of industrialization, which will lead to a large number of urban population unemployment, and the gap between the rich and the poor will further increase; Since Mexico's urbanization level has reached more than 70%, in the later stage of urban development, the urbanization level will not increase rapidly, but is in a stagnant or slow stage; Over-urbanization can lead to problems such as population expansion, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution.
Question Group 4:
9. (1) Characteristics: more inland plateaus, less coastal plains; More south and less north. (2 points) Reason: Located in the tropics, the inland plateau has a high altitude and a cool climate; The northern part has a tropical desert climate with an arid climate and scarce water sources. (4 points)
(2) Bordering the Gulf of Mexico, with sufficient water vapor; Low latitude, high temperature, multi-convective movement; Influenced by the mountains on the west side, the air flow is significantly uplifted. (6 points)
(3) Fill the lake to build a city, the foundation is soft: excessive exploitation of groundwater, serious land subsidence: it is located at the boundary of the plate, and the earth's crust moves frequently. (6 points)
(4) Increase investment in science and technology, improve production methods: expand production scale and improve labor productivity: reduce production costs and improve product competitiveness. (Correct answer of two points, 4 points)
Question Group 5:
10. (1) A has a tropical rainforest climate. (2 points) Cause: There is a warm current passing by the eastern coast of the place, and there is a lot of water vapor in the air; (2 points) The perennial northeast trade wind blows warm and humid air currents to the ground A, which is uplifted by the terrain and precipitation is abundant. (2 points) (located in the southern part of the Yucatan Peninsula on mountainous windward slopes with abundant precipitation; There are warm currents passing along the coast, warming and humidifying)
(2) Differences: Cancun has high temperatures throughout the year, and Mexico City has a mild climate all year round; (2 points) Cancun receives more annual precipitation than Mexico City, with less seasonal variation in precipitation. (2 points) Reason: Cancun is located in the coastal plain, low altitude and high temperature; (2 points) It is greatly influenced by the ocean, with more precipitation and less seasonal change. (2 points) Mexico City is located in the interior of the plateau, with high altitude and low temperature; There are mountains around the plateau that block the entry of water vapor, with less precipitation and great seasonal variation. (2 points)
(3) The northern part of the peninsula is a terraced land composed of coral rock and limestone, with developed karst geomorphology, many underground caves, and serious surface water leakage; (2 points) The terrain is low and flat, with less precipitation; It is located in the tropics, with high temperatures and strong evaporation. (2 points)
(4) During the geological historical period, the terrain of the peninsula was low, and a large number of carbonates were deposited and consolidated to form limestone; (2 points) The rock formation is elevated to a terrace (land) under the action of internal forces; (2 points) Affected by external forces such as erosion or dissolution of flowing water, a large number of karst caves are formed. (2 points)
END
Manuscript | Tian Zicong
Edit the | Pang Ersha
Audit | Lin Yanhui