First, the classification of glass
1. By process
Hot melt glass, embossed glass, forged glass, crystal glass, glazed glass, wire-laminated glass, polycrystalline glass, glass mosaic, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, dimming glass, luminescent glass.
2. By production
It is mainly divided into flat glass and deep-processed glass.
Flat glass is mainly divided into three types: lead-up flat glass (divided into two types: grooved / slotless), flat pull flat glass and float glass. Due to the uniform thickness of float glass, the flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, coupled with high labor productivity and favorable management factors, float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing methods.
3. By raw material
The main raw materials for glass production are glass formers, glass conditioners and glass intermediates, and the rest are auxiliary raw materials. The main raw materials refer to oxides, intermediate oxides and external network oxides introduced into the glass forming network; Auxiliary raw materials include fining agents, fluxes, emulsions, colorants, decoloring agents, oxidants and reducing agents.
4. By ingredients
According to the main components, it is divided into oxide glass and non-oxide glass.
The variety and quantity of non-oxide glass are very small, mainly chalcogenide glass and halide glass. The anions of chalcogenide glass are mostly sulfur, selenium, tellurium, etc., which can block short-wavelength light and pass through yellow, red, and near-infrared light, with low resistance and switching and memory characteristics. Halogen glass has a low refractive index and low dispersion, and is mostly used as optical glass.
Oxide glass is further divided into silicate glass, borate glass, phosphate glass, etc. Silicate glass refers to glass with a basic component of SiO2, which has many varieties and wide uses.
5. Press Performance
Tempered glass, porous glass (that is, foam glass, pore size of about 40nm, used in seawater desalination, virus filtration, etc.), conductive glass (used as electrodes and aircraft windshields), glass-ceramic, opaqueous glass (used in lighting devices and decorative items, etc.) and insulating glass (used as door and window glass), etc.
There are also quartz glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass, fluoride glass, high temperature glass, high-pressure resistant glass, anti-ultraviolet glass, explosion-proof glass, etc.
Second, ordinary glass
1. Ordinary glass (Na2SiO3, CaSiO3, SiO2 or Na2O· CaO·6SiO2)。
2. Quartz glass Glass made of pure quartz as the main raw material, the composition is only SiO2. SiO2 content is greater than 99.5%, low thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, ultraviolet light and infrared light, high melting temperature, high viscosity, difficult to form. It is mostly used in semiconductors, electric light sources, optical conductive communications, lasers and other technologies and optical instruments.
3. Tempered glass has the same composition as ordinary glass.
4. Potassium glass (K2O, CaO, SiO2).
5. Borate glass (SiO2, B2O3) with SiO2 and B2O3 as the main components, has good heat resistance and chemical stability, low melting temperature, can resist sodium vapor corrosion. Borate glass containing rare earth elements has a high refractive index and low dispersion, and is a new type of optical glass. Used in the manufacture of cooking utensils, laboratory instruments, metal welded glass, etc.
6. Phosphate glass with P2O5 as the main component, low refractive index, low dispersion, used in optical instruments.
7. High silica glass The main component is SiO2 content of about 95%-98%, containing a small amount of B2O3 and Na2O, and its properties are similar to quartz glass.
8. Soda-lime glass is mainly SiO2, but also contains 15% Na2O and 16% CaO, which is low cost, easy to form, suitable for large-scale production, and its output accounts for 90% of practical glass. It can produce glass bottles and jars, flat glass, utensils, bulbs, etc.
9. Lead silicate glass The main components are SiO2 and PbO, which have a unique high refractive index and high volume resistance, and have good wettability with metals, and lead glass containing a large amount of PbO can block X-rays and γ rays. It can be used in the manufacture of light bulbs, vacuum tube core columns, crystalline glassware, flint optical glass, etc.
10. Aluminosilicate glass with SiO2 and Al2O3 as the main components, softening high deformation temperature, used to make discharge bulbs, high temperature glass thermometers, chemical combustion tubes and glass fiber.
11. Colored glass Some metal oxides are added to the ordinary glass manufacturing process. Cu2O—red; CuO—blue-green; CdO - light yellow; CO2O3—blue; Ni2O3—dark green; MnO2—blue-purple; Colloidal Au—red; Colloidal Ag—yellow.
12. Color-changing glass High-grade colored glass that uses oxides of rare earth elements as colorants.
13. Optical glass Add a small amount of light-sensitive substances, such as AgCl, AgBr, etc., to ordinary borosilicate glass raw materials, and then add a very small amount of sensitizer, such as CuO, etc., to make the glass more sensitive to light.
14. Rainbow Glass is made by adding a large amount of fluoride, a small amount of sensitizer and bromide to ordinary glass raw materials.
15. Protective glass Add appropriate auxiliary materials to the ordinary glass manufacturing process to make it have the function of preventing strong light, strong heat or radiation from penetrating and protecting personal safety. Such as gray - dichromate, iron oxide absorbs ultraviolet rays and partially visible light; Blue-green - nickel oxide, ferrous oxide absorbs infrared and partially visible light; Lead glass – lead oxide absorbs X-rays and R-rays; Dark blue—dichromate, ferrous oxide, iron oxide absorbs ultraviolet, infrared and most visible light; Cadmium oxide and boron oxide are added to absorb the neutron stream.
16. Glass-ceramic, also known as crystalline glass or glass ceramics, is made of gold, silver, copper and other crystal nuclei added to ordinary glass, replacing stainless steel and precious stones, as radomes and missile heads.
17. Glass fiber A fiber drawn or blown from molten glass with a diameter of a few microns to several thousand microns, with the same composition as glass.
18. Glass filament i.e. long fiberglass.
19. FRP A reinforced plastic made of epoxy resin and glass fiber composite to obtain a strength similar to steel.
20. Metallic glass Glassy metal is generally made by rapidly cooling molten metal.
Third, deep processing glass
In order to meet various needs in production and life, people carry out deep processing of ordinary glass, mainly including:
1. Tempered glass It is a kind of prestressed glass made by reprocessing ordinary flat glass. When it is broken by impact, the crack of the glass can still maintain a certain clarity, which is mostly used in automobile windshields and instrument protection screens.
Compared with ordinary flat glass, tempered glass has two major characteristics:
(1) The strength of the former is several times that of the latter, the tensile degree is more than 3 times that of the latter, and the impact resistance is more than 5 times that of the latter.
(2) Tempered glass is not easy to break, even if broken, it will be broken in the form of particles without acute angles, which greatly reduces the damage to the human body.
2. Frosted glass It is also made of ordinary flat glass and then frosted. Generally, the thickness is less than 9%, and the thickness is mostly 5 or 6%.
3. Sandblasted glass is basically similar to frosted glass in performance, and different frosted is sandblasting. Because of the visual similarity of the two, many people confuse them.
4. Embossed glass is a kind of flat glass manufactured by calendering. Its biggest feature is that it is transparent and opaque, and it is mostly used in areas such as toilets.
5. Wire-laminated glass is a kind of impact-resistant flat glass made by using calendering method to embed metal wire or metal mesh in the glass plate, which will only form radial cracks when hit without falling and injuring people. Therefore, it is mostly used in high-rise buildings and factories with strong vibration.
6. Insulating glass mostly uses the glue method to keep the two pieces of glass at a certain interval, the interval is dry air, and the periphery is sealed with sealing materials, which is mainly used in projects with sound and heat insulation requirements.
7. Laminated glass Laminated glass is generally composed of two pieces of ordinary flat glass (which can also be tempered glass or other special glass) and an organic glue layer between the glass. When damaged, the debris still adheres to the adhesive layer, avoiding the damage to the human body by the splinter splash. It is mostly used in projects with safety requirements, such as automobile windshields.
8. Bulletproof glass is actually a kind of laminated glass, but the glass composed of more tempered glass is made of higher strength, and the number of laminated layers is relatively large.
9. Hot-bent glass Curved glass made of high-quality flat glass heated and softened in a mold and annealed. The style is beautiful and the lines are smooth, and it appears more and more frequently in some high-end decorations.
10. Glass bricks The manufacturing process of glass bricks is basically the same as flat glass, but the difference is the molding method. In the middle is dry air. It is mostly used in decorative projects or light-transmitting modeling with thermal insulation requirements.
11. Cellophanise, also known as glass film, comes in a variety of colors and decors. According to the different properties of the paper film, it has different properties. Most of them play the role of heat insulation, anti-infrared, anti-ultraviolet, explosion-proof and so on.
12. LED photoelectric glass photoelectric glass is a new type of environmental protection and energy-saving products, is a combination of LED and glass, both the permeability of glass, and the brightness of LED, mainly used for indoor and outdoor decoration and advertising.
13. Dimming glass is essentially transparent in glass when energized, and opaque in the form of white matte when power is off, and can be used as a rear projection screen in an opaque state.
14. Energy-saving glass: insulating glass, vacuum glass, low-emissivity glass, nano-coated glass, heat-insulating glass, etc.
IV. Emerging technology glass
Glass is an ancient building material, with the rapid improvement of modern science and technology and the rapid development of application technology, a variety of unique functions of glass have come out, thriving the glass family.
No broken glass
A British aircraft manufacturing company has invented a kind of breakable glass for use in airplanes, which is a multi-layer glass sandwiched with debris bonded into a transparent plastic film. This polychloroester-based plastic film has a viscous semi-liquid consistency, and when someone tries to break it, the battered polychloroester film slowly clumps together and regains its characteristic wholeness. This glass can be used in cars, as well as in anti-theft cars.
Bulletproof glass
Bulletproof glass is a composite material obtained by special processing of glass (or plexiglass) and high-quality engineering plastics, which is usually a transparent material, such as PVB/polycarbonate fiber thermoplastic. It has the appearance of ordinary glass and the behavior of transmitting light, which provides some protection against small arms fire.
Nailable glass
The glass successfully developed by Japan's Mitsubishi Electronic Instrument Laboratory is made by mixing boric acid glass powder and carbonized fiber and heating it to 1000 degrees Celsius. It is a cemented carbide reinforced glass, its maximum breaking stress is more than 2 times that of general glass, no brittle weakness, nails and wood screws, no need to worry about breaking.
Non-reflective glass
The non-reflective glass developed by the German SCHOTT glass company has a light reflectivity of only within 1% (8% for general glass), thus solving the problem of glass reflection and dizzying headaches.
Anti-theft glass
The glass developed by a Hungarian research institute is a multi-layer structure with extremely fine metal wires embedded in the middle of each layer, and in case thieves break the glass, the alarm system connected to the metal wires immediately sends out an alarm signal.
Soundproof glass
A Japanese company imported technology from Germany to manufacture a new type of acoustic glass. The glass is made of soft resin up to 5 mm thick bonded together, which absorbs almost all noise and is particularly suitable for recording studios and broadcast studios. Its price is equivalent to 5 times that of ordinary glass.
Air conditioning glass
It is manufactured with double glazing, which sends heating into a glass sandwich and is dissipated into the room through pores instead of radiators. This not only saves energy, but is also convenient, soundproof and dust-proof, and can be changed to air conditioning in summer.
Vacuum glass
The vacuum glass developed by Japan Flat Glass Company is a vacuum layer with a vacuum layer of 1/100 atmosphere with a 0.2 mm interval between two pieces of glass with a thickness of 3 mm, and the layer is supported by a small metal cylinder to prevent the external atmospheric pressure from sticking the two pieces of glass together. This vacuum glass thickness is only 6.2 mm, can be directly installed on the general window frame, it has good heat and sound insulation effect.
Smart glass
The transparency of this glass developed in the United States can change with the angle of view, it has a special polymer film, its astigmatism, thickness, area and form can be freely selected by the manufacturer, the use of it can play a certain role in protection and shielding.
Holographic glass
Holographic diffractive glass developed by a research team in Boston, USA, can concentrate light of certain colors in a selected direction. Windows made of this kind of glass can decompose natural light into spectral combination colors, and the light will be reflected to the ceiling and reflected to all corners of the room, even in a room without windows, it can "get" sunlight from the reflective wall through ventilation pipes, and then diffuse the light to the ceiling through the eyelets.
Tempered glass
A British company has successfully developed a thermo-hue warm glass called cloud glue, which is a synthetic glass with plastic film on both sides and polymer water-colored solvent sandwiched in the middle. It is transparent in a low temperature environment, absorbs the heat energy of sunlight, and becomes an opaque white cloud after the ambient temperature rises, and blocks the heat energy of sunlight, thus effectively regulating the indoor temperature.
Bioglass
The University of Florida has developed a new type of bioglass with bioactive properties and active tissue combination. This bioglass is biologically adaptable and can be used in artificial bone and artificial gums, among other things.
Antenna glass
A Japanese company has successfully developed a TV antenna window glass, which is embedded with a very thin antenna, and after installation, the indoor TV can present a clearer picture.
Tissue paper glass
German scientists have created an ultra-thin glass with a thickness of only 0.003 millimeters for optoelectronics, biosensors, computer displays and other modern technologies.
Information glass
Tokushima University in Japan has invented a glass that can record information. When it records information, it first concentrates the laser on a certain point inside the glass with an optical microscope, and completes an irradiation in 30 picoseconds, leaving a recording spot, and when reading the information, it is carried out by laser scanning the spot. This recording information can be carried out at room temperature, and its performance is already higher than that of optical discs.
Contamination of color-changing glass
The California Air Pollution Observation Laboratory has developed a polluting color-changing glass that can detect pollution. This glass can change color when polluted by polluting gases, such as turning green when polluted by acid gases, turning yellow-gray when polluted by amine-containing gases, etc., and will have a wide range of uses for making pollution detection materials and marking materials.
Carbon dioxide glass
The Osaka Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, the Japan Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, has developed a glass membrane that is permeable to carbon dioxide, and applied it to the glass windows of living rooms to discharge indoor carbon dioxide gas from the outside. It transmits different amounts of carbon dioxide under different humidity, and the greater the humidity, the higher the permeability.
Electrolytic atomized glass
Electrolytic atomized glass has the functions of scratch resistance, scratch resistance, comfortable and soft touch, without sweat stains and fingerprints. It changes the cold and rigid feel of traditional glass. Its biggest feature is that after the electrolytic atomized glass is energized, it will automatically produce a surface atomization effect, instantly change the transparency, and look no different from the general white wall on the outside. Japan's transparent public toilets are the effect of applying electrolytic atomized glass.
Foam glass
Bulgarian building materials experts have successfully developed a foam glass, which has good biological stability, non-decay, poor moisture absorption, easy to process, and easy to bond with other building materials. This new type of foam glass is successfully manufactured on the basis of liquid glass with various mineral components.
Self-cleaning glass
The University of Tokyo in Japan has invented a titanium dioxide coated glass that prevents dirt and water spots from accumulating on the surface, achieving automatic cleaning and shockproofing, and cleaning glass windows without effort.
Fireproof glass
There are mainly five kinds, one is laminated composite fireproof glass, the second is wire-laminated fireproof glass, the third is special fireproof glass, the fourth is hollow fireproof glass, and the fifth is high-strength single-layer cesium-potassium fireproof glass.
Technology is constantly developing, related aspects are also constantly improving, the utility of different types of glass is different, so its related production process and use are different, which requires us to carefully consider and analyze.