The following text may be over-interpreted. Ask the monarchs to make jokes, do not weigh it.
After three years, "Chang'an Twelve O'Clock 2" was set up for filming, and the author turned over the first Mandarin Dream to revisit. At that time, the look was good, although there were some regrets, but it did not prevent this drama from being a rare sincere work in recent years that tried to restore the style of the Tang Dynasty. The second brush is still often looking at the new, starting from this article to start a new series, choose a few interesting points to chat, and learn the new from the past.
This article talks about the incense of the Great Tang
In "Twelve", death row prisoner Zhang Xiaojing is guilty of avenging his former comrade-in-arms Wen Wuji. He and his daughter Wen Ran are the former's only two relatives in Chang'an. The Wen family runs an incense shop in Anyefang, originally relying on the prosperous capital to use incense very much, but can live a stable life by making incense, and do not want to die and lose their family. It can be said to be the direct cause of a series of events in this play. And the "Descending Yun Divine Incense" made by the Wen family has also become one of the important clues for Zhang Xiaojing's subsequent arrest and solving the case.
The source is long
Chinese has used incense as a metaphor since ancient times to demonstrate virtue, such as the "Book of Shang" cloud: "The supreme cure is fragrant, and the feeling is felt by the gods." Millet is not Xin, Mingde is Xin. "Starting from the incense of grain, the scope and use of incense have expanded, and can be divided into two categories: smell and taste, and the use is both sacrificial and secular ceremonial use. During the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, the source was mainly native vanilla and fragrant wood, mostly using zeeland, hui grass, pepper, gui, xiao, yu, zhi, mao, etc., and the methods of use included smoking, wearing, soup, wine, etc.
A total of 18 kinds of herbs appear in Qu Yuan's "Leaving the Saucy": "Hu Jiang Li and Pi Zhixi, Qiu Qiulan thought that he admired... Pepper Zhuanyou is slow and shy, and he wants to fill the husband." The poet depicts himself covered in fragrant flowers and jade, as a metaphor for purity and nobility. The pursuit of vanilla beauty shows the pursuit of high virtue, loyalty and patriotism of the scholarly class. This abstract aesthetic is gradually embodied, that is, incense culture.
Hongshan, Liangzhu, Dawenkou cultural pottery smoker Warring States copper smoker
During the Qin and Han dynasties, incense culture developed rapidly and took shape. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" records that "Daoliang has five flavors, so it is also nourishing." Pepper orchid, fenzhi so nourish the nose also." The Han Wudi Emperor opened the Western Regions, unified South Vietnam, and opened the sea route, which not only promoted exchanges between the East and the West, but also facilitated the introduction of hot and humid southern areas and overseas spices into the Central Plains. The Han Wu Nei Biography describes the Han Ting as "setting up a throne on the seventh day of July, and the land was recommended with violet and burnt with the fragrance of harmony." Literati vied to introduce aroma into Hanfu writing. Sima Xiangru's "Zi Xufu" said the victory of "Yun Mengze": "Fang nine hundred li... To the east are Huipu Henglan, Zhiruo Shooting, Xiongxian, Jiangli Qiu... To the north, there are Yin Forest giant trees, Nan Yuzhang, Cinnamon Magnolia...
Incense became popular at this time. Agarwood, Su Hexiang, chicken tongue incense, etc. have become the best products in the furnace of princes and nobles. The famous incense "Boshan stove" appeared and became popular for the next 700 years. The Song man Lü Dalin's "Archaeological Map" described it: "The furnace is like a mountain in the sea, and there is a plate of soup under it to make the moist steam fragrance, so as to be like the loop of the sea."
Han Boshan furnace on physical and portrait tiles
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the development of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism also promoted the development of incense culture to a certain extent. During this period, people had a deep study of the role and characteristics of various spices, and widely used the blending of a variety of spices to create a unique aroma, and the concept of "incense square" appeared. It is an incense made from a variety of spices blended in a way, which is later called "Hexiang".
Tang Dynasty grand grand
In the Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous, the political stability was stable, and the people were stable and prosperous, and they had a higher pursuit of quality of life. As a commodity with double material and spiritual satisfaction, spices have stepped down from the altar and turned from the exclusive enjoyment of the aristocratic priest and doctor class to the common people. In addition, the rapid development of spices in the Tang Dynasty benefited from convenient transportation. The dredging of inland waterways in the Sui and Tang dynasties, coupled with the land route, that is, the maritime Silk Road, provided sufficient conditions for the bulk import and trafficking of spices to various parts of the Tang Dynasty, which in turn promoted the prosperity of spice trade and incense culture.
At its root, the Tang Dynasty's inclusive and eclectic mind attracted a large number of foreigners to the Tang, and its enlightened political and religious policies promoted trade and cultural exchanges, and spices continued to pour in.
Walking furnaces and incense burners in the Tang murals of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and the Five Generations of Silk Paintings
"Youyang Miscellaneous" contains "Tianbao Mo, cross-toed tribute dragon brain, like a cicada silkworm shape." The Persian dialect old dragon brain tree has a feast, forbidden to call the dragon brain, only ten noble concubines, the aroma is more than ten steps. The wind blows the noble concubine's scarf on He Huaizhi's scarf. And the emperor restored the palace, remembering the noble concubine, He Huaizhi was in the storage of the head, the emperor's hair bag, weeping, this Rui Long brain incense also. ”
After Yang Guifei's scarf was incensed by the Ruilong brain of the tribute, it still had a strong fragrance after many years. It can be seen that its quality is excellent. The Tang Dynasty spices came from a wide range of sources, except for a small number of local supplies, and the rest were mostly foreign, and there were many varieties and high quality, mainly tribute and trade.
Part of Tang Zhangxuan's "Tinkering Diagram"
Local circulation. There are not many kinds of local spices in the Tang Dynasty, mainly more than ten kinds of musk, agarwood, white gum, nail incense, zhan sugar incense, frankincense, and tonka incense. "New Tang Shu Geographical Records" contains "White gum incense production area, Shannan Province: Hanyin County, Jinzhou, Yangchuan County. Fengxiang origin, Shannan Province: Tongchuan County, Tongzhou. "Yuanhe County Tuzhi" contains "Jiaxiang origin: Gangnam Province; Agarwood, frankincense, betel nut: Yeongnam Province; Sweet pine incense: Longyou Dao. ”
Tributes of foreign vassals. There were many vassal states of the Tang Dynasty, and spices were also the main tribute products. These exotic spices are large in quantity and high quality, highly respected by the Tang royal family, exclusive to the dignitaries and noble class, and are top luxury goods. The New Book of Tang, Tongdian, and Shufu Yuangui record that the tributary spices of various countries are as follows: Tianzhu Country, Tulips; Ura cranacea, dipterocarp; Dhava, Bharud Anointing; Bing Guo, the head flower of the club; Gabi, tulip; Anguo, tulips; Big food, dipterocarp; Xi, musk; Persia, incense, agarwood; Lin Yi, agarwood, black agarwood; Tocharia, Ruiling incense medicine, sweat and other medicines.
Tang Yan Liben's "Gongtu" Tribute (Spice) of Poli, Rakshasa, and Linyi
Trade wars. With the increase in court consumption, the quantity of tributary spices was far from meeting the demand. The imperial court began to send special personnel to purchase, which also promoted the development of the spice trade. Such as agarwood, suhe, benzoin, frankincense, Javanese, camphor, wisteria, ahmad, aoki, patchouli, etc. There are incense shops in the east and west cities of Chang'an and Luoyang North City. The bulk spice trade is concentrated, and there are both important land towns and coastal ports, such as Dunhuang, Yangzhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Yangzhou, Dengzhou, Fuzhou and so on.
Gold and silver incense utensils excavated from the underground palace of Tangfamen Temple
Han Yue described Guangzhou in the Quan Tang Wen: "Foreign goods are the day of the day, the pearl incense is like a rhinoceros, and the tortoiseshell is a strange thing, overflowing in China, invincible." The "Biography of the Tang Dynasty and the Upper Eastern Crusade" records that Jian Zhen saw in Guangzhou "Brahmins, Persia, Kunlun and other places in the river, I don't know the number, and carried incense, medicine, treasures, and stowage like mountains." In addition, the "Guangwei Ji" contains "Gao Xian Zhifa Great Food, De Coryle, five or six inches long. It can be seen that war is also a means of obtaining spices.
Exotic spices were expensive, even better than gold, and many were reserved for the ruling class and could not be consumed by ordinary families. Such as dipterocarp is for the exclusive use of the royal family. Tang Dynasty emperors, such as Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Wu, Emperor Xuanzong, etc., loved spices very much, relied on the strength of the country, and used incense far more in quality and quantity than previous generations. Where it passes, it is even paved with dragon brains and tulips. The palace is also built of incense wood and spices. The Book of Tang contains: "See the present dynasty Chang'an Dannei, the six palaces of concubines, the death of ten thousand people, the Jiaofang Lan room, all full. ”
The people of the Tang Dynasty also loved incense and used incense everywhere in their daily lives.
Diet. Many people from all over the world came to Tang to study, do business, and settle. Especially in Chang'an Huhua, the food is exotic. The Youyang Miscellaneous Tricks records that "pepper, out of the country of Magadha... Nowadays people use it for meat eating. "In addition to pepper, food with spices includes ginger, cinnamon, green onions, etc. The "Hejiu Method" recorded in the "Qi Min Zhishu", that is, the addition of pepper, ginger, chicken tongue aroma, etc. to the wine, is called pepper wine, which is deeply loved by the Tang people. In addition, tulips are also often used in winemaking, as evidenced by Li Baishiyun's "Lanling fine wine tulips, jade bowls containing amber light". The Tang people also have the custom of boiling spices and tea together, often adding pepper, ginger, cinnamon, etc. to boil and drink.
Pei Xiang. Can the fragrance body is pleasant, dispel insects and dispel filth, there was this custom in the pre-Qin period, called the incense of clothes. "All incense is pounded like hemp beans, and served in silk bags, or in a suitcase, or carried on the body." According to the "Secret Essentials of Outer Taiwan", the Tang people use a variety of spices to make incense pills and wear them on the chest "Shen incense, green wood incense, benzoin, white sandalwood, su hexiang, dipterocarp, clove, etc." to make "eating lijia pills". "It can be seen that the Tang people Pei Xiang used more imports, the quality has been greatly improved, and it has become a symbol of status.
Prince Tang Zhanghuai and Princess Yongtai are painted with sachets
Fragrant clothes. It can increase fragrance, sterilization and antiseptic. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, there was already a custom of burning incense and lavender clothes, and the clothes were more respected by the Southern Dynasty scholars, and the Tang Dynasty was more popular. There are more than ten kinds of spice recipes used in Tangren smoked clothes; In order to prevent the formation of scorch, it is often used with honey wet fragrance. The ancient incense pills include "Deep Jingxiang Pills", "Qingxin Incense Pills", "Thick Plum Yixiang", "Hibiscus Yixiang", "Thousand Golden Moon Ling Lavender Incense", "Avocado Tent Incense", "Yang Guifei Zhongyao Xiang" and so on.
Wang Changling's "Changxin Autumn Words" poem: "The smoked cage jade pillow has no color, lying down and listening to Nangong is clear and leaky", Meng Haoran's "Cold Night" poem: "The night is long and the lights fall, and the aroma of the lavender cage is slight", Bai Juyi's "Palace Words" poem: "The red face is not old and grace is broken, and the reclining smoking cage sits until the light", all of which use the incense of the smoked cage to describe the melancholy of the palace maid. In the incense utensils of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, and jade appeared, that is, imitating the Boshan furnace style, which was more gorgeous. Incense utensils such as smoked balls (incense burners) and incense buckets (row stoves) began to be widely used.
Ming Chen Hongshou "Reclining Smoking Cage Chart Axis" part
Daily etiquette. The New Book of Tang states that "Asahi is set up on the temple with mats, lavenders, incense sticks... The prime minister and the two provincial officials faced each other in front of the Xiang case, and the hundred officials were around the palace. It can be seen that burning incense has become part of the court etiquette of the Tang Dynasty. The imperial court set up a special management of incense burning. On many important occasions, such as the day of the entrance examination in the imperial examination, incense is set up in the Ministry of Ceremonies and Tribute Courtyard to burn incense. Ouyang Xiu Shiyun of the Song Dynasty "burned incense and saluted the scholars, and waited for the students through the curtain".
The Tang people also have the habit of burning incense during entertainment banquets and personal leisure and solitude. The literati and incense are closer. Reading with incense as a friend, alone with incense as a companion; Tuning the strings and touching the piano, tasting tea and discussing the Tao, calligraphy and painting members, how to gather without fragrance... It's hard to tell the story of books. No wonder Zhou Jiaxu of the Ming Dynasty sighed, "Incense is used for greatness!" "In addition, the Tang people also like to fight Xiang Yaji. The "Records of the Emperor of the Middle Dynasty" contains that "Wei Wujian is an elegant association, each carrying a famous incense, comparing the advantages and disadvantages, and the name is called Douxiang (fighting incense)". Socializing with members with incense has further expanded the application field of Hehe Xiangfang.
In the original work, "séance rue" seems to be the combination of real incense and rue
Beauty medicinal. In the Tang Dynasty, spices also penetrated into all aspects of beauty, including facial fat, lipstick, hand ointment, fragrant lotion, bath beans, etc., and its formulas are diverse. "Preparation for Emergency Medicine" records that facial fat "adds white zhi, xin yi, sweet pine incense, musk, and tonka incense", which can remove black and whitening, remove wrinkles and anti-aging.
Tang emperors gave spices to their subordinates as gifts or rewards. For example, Lari gave "nail frying" (made of nail incense and demusk medicinal flowers) to show grace. Many "thank you sheets" dedicated to the emperor by ministers are preserved in the literature, such as Zhang Jiuling Xie Xuanzong's "Xie Cixiang Medicinal Face Fat Table". "Shufu Yuangui" contains "In the fourth year of Tianbao, the wife of the Turkic Bija Khan, Shi Clan, and the wife of the Bingguo, still gave money every year to fill the powder. "In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the emperor no longer rewarded spice fat powder, but instead ordered him to buy it himself. It can be seen that spices were already fully commoditized at that time.
In the Han Dynasty, the famous doctor Hua Tuo made sachets from cloves and other sachets, which were hung in his room to prevent tuberculosis. During the Qingming season, there is also the custom of Peran smoking wormwood to kill bacteria and repel insects. According to the principle of traditional Chinese medicine, most spices can be used in medicine, and there are countless related medical prescriptions in the Tang Dynasty. For example, "Tang Materia Medica" includes benzoin and dipterocarp; "Materia Medica" includes "camphor, nootropics" and so on.
The Tang people also use spices to freshen the breath, called koudalwood. King Ning, the elder brother of Emperor Xuanzong, "started his mouth with sandalwood, and the fragrance was sprayed on the table", and if it were not for the agarwood and musk in his mouth, he would not have spoken. However, because the price of du musk is expensive, the people cannot afford to consume it, so they use chicken tongue instead of it. The Tang Materia Medica: "Out of the Kunlun Kingdom and south of Jiaoguang... The incense is slightly warm, the Lord's heart aches and sores, heals wind and poison, and removes evil qi. The Han Guanyi recorded that when Emperor Huan was "in the middle of the service, the old man had bad breath, and the emperor gave chicken tongue incense to make it contained." It can be seen that this custom also came from the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty spread among the people.
Buddhist path offering. Incense is extremely important in Buddhism, a medium and offering for communication with the gods, and the tantric Mahāyāyāyā lists it as the first of the six types of offerings. To worship the Buddha, incense should be offered, and incense should be burned when the monks say it; Bathing in Buddhist pujas will use incense soup; The altar of the Buddha hall should be sprinkled with perfume. Incense burners are not only incense utensils, but also important magic vessels. The Tang Dynasty Western Regions Notes records that Xuanzang brought back from Tianzhu "a body carved with a Buddha statue, and the Tongguang seat is five inches high." That is, Buddhist temples in the Tang Dynasty also commonly used incense wood carving.
Spices are also widely used in Taoism. Bathing, monasticism, and rituals are all necessities, as well as standard incense ceremonies and incense sets. In Taoism, burning incense also has the effect of dispelling demons and curing diseases. In the elixir of its cultivation, spices are also an important ingredient. Taoism in the Tang Dynasty used incense slightly different from Buddhism, advocating true incense, believing that only this incense could reach the Heavenly Emperor and summon cranes.
Ming Zhou Jiaxuan's "Xiangxing" descends the real incense entry
Before the monk Jianzhen crossed to Japan, he purchased nearly a thousand pounds of spices in Yangzhou, such as musk, agarwood, nail incense, sweet rosin, dipterocarp, gall tang incense, benzoin, stacked incense, tonka incense, green wood incense, smoked lu incense, bi bowl, halil, pepper, and ah wei. In the seventh year of Tianbao, the monk Jianzhen "built boats, bought incense medicine, and prepared a hundred things, just as Tianbao prepared for the second year." Japanese incense became popular.
Interestingly, in "Twelve", Jing Anshi has a fire alarm clock that is timed with incense. However, from the current literature, thread incense appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, and the use of thread incense in the play does not match the times. In the Tang Dynasty, it was popular to use Yin Xiang (incense seal), Buddhist Sanskrit incense, which may have been used in monastic chanting timekeeping. If the play uses incense to time the time, I think the fun of the look and feel is not inferior to this.
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