Egypt is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. Now Egypt has become a famous tourist check-in destination. Egypt once created a glorious civilization in the world and is also one of the most powerful in the world. So why hasn't his civilization been inherited? How did his laws always fall?
After the end of imperial rule, Egyptian history fell into a vicious circle of division and short-lived unification, entering the third and second periods, when centralized power was less than decentralization.
I. The Darkest Hour – The Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC, including the 21st-25th Dynasty)
In the third intermediate period of Egypt, not only was it divided like the first two intermediaries, but there were also invasions by foreigners, but these divisions and invasions were more disturbing than before.
The 21st dynasty is known as the Tanis dynasty because Tanis was founded in the delta. The distinctive feature of this dynasty was that small regimes were severely divided, like the small vassal states of Western Zhou. Soon after, the Libyan warlords of Egypt established the 22nd dynasty in the city of Bubastis (guarded by the cat god Best). Soon after, the Egyptian nobility established the 23rd dynasty at Leonteporis.
At the end of the 23rd Dynasty, six more princes successively claimed the title of king, very similar to the Five Dynasties period of China. If there are too many points, there will always be people who want unification, so the founders of the 24th dynasty are still short-lived.
The Nubians soon established their 25th dynasty, and Egypt not only enslaved the Nubians but also invaded the Assyrians. Not only that, as in China's Western Zhou Dynasty, more and more warlords are not recognized, but control local power. All kinds of people with military power refused to accept the attack of each other, and even the co-rule of two kings appeared, which was the darkest hour in Egyptian history.
Egypt is divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. After the death of Ramses 11, the country was divided into two parts, the 21st Tanis dynasty and the high priest of Amun, Herrihor, who seized all local power in Thebes and called themselves pharaohs. Upper and Lower Egypt have always been governed separately.
The local power in Upper Egypt and Thebes was the strongest, and the Amun monks of Thebes even demanded royal power. The Egyptian people are suffering. The Assyrians used this opportunity to establish the 26th dynasty. Since the Assyrian Empire ruled Western Asia, Egypt slaughtered Memphis after capturing Memphis and Thebes.
Post-Egyptian period (664-332 BC, including the 26th-31st dynasty)
The Twenty-Six Dynasties finally reunified the long-divided Egypt and was founded on the Shewis, also known as the Schwis dynasty.
Egypt has long been waiting for prosperity, and people are eager to build an economy. The Scheis dynasty was the Egyptian dynasty.
During this period, the Kingdom of Babylon flourished, defeating the Assyrian Empire and Egypt becoming independent on its own. Despite the fall of the Assyrians, new Babylonian and Persian invasions were ushered in, and the kings of Shewis were fighting against external invasions. But Egypt has achieved unprecedented prosperity on all fronts. It is also a return to the time of the pharaohs.
During the reign of the famous Pharaoh Nico II, he dug the Grand Canal for traffic and water conservancy and sent sailors to open a shipping route around Africa. Nico II had fought against the Neo-Babylonian kingdom to seize sea power, but Egypt was no match for the emerging hegemon.
During the Scheis dynasty, Egypt gradually entered the Iron Age, and iron products became the mainstream. Iron smelting was generally available to commoners, and metallurgical technology reached a new high, which also led to the use of hard stone in sculptures of the Schwis period.
It can also be seen from the side that the prosperity of handicraft production and foreign trade in Egypt, the production of metal money, the exchange and circulation of goods are more convenient. There is a city in Egypt where Greeks come to emigrate. Urbanization is very powerful. However, usury in Egypt was particularly serious, putting heavy pressure on people's lives, and the gap between rich and poor began to increase dramatically.
In the case of uneven distribution of various benefits, class differentiation rose to a boiling point, land consolidation made farmers poorer and poorer, and land leases were very popular. Slaves have become the main force of the labor force. After many efforts to resist, the state finally reformed the system of usury and debt slavery.
By protecting the personal freedom and private property of citizens, ensuring that the country can become rich and strong soldiers, thereby alleviating the internal and external social crisis. Due to the small intensity and rapid failure of reforms, the Schewis dynasty also began to move from prosperity to decline.

Due to the unprecedented economic boom, the cultural sector has also been hit. "Neoclassical art" emerged in sculpture and painting and absorbed the Greek style of painting. The hieroglyphs of the Schwis period developed like never before, from holy books to secular styles that were easier to write. Scheris's culture was limited to the achievements of his predecessors, without new ideas and creativity, and the whole phase soon ended like a blip.
III. The Decline of the Pharaonic Era
After the fall of the Shewis dynasty, the era of the Egyptian pharaohs was coming to an end.
In 525 BC, the Persian king conquered Egypt, called himself pharaoh, and established the 27th dynasty. Persia is more fierce than other aliens, and the king of Persia is like Xiang Yu who destroyed Qin. His rule by means of horrific massacres provoked the fury of the Egyptians and other enslaved peoples, and uprisings under Persian rule were repeated.
In this state, the brutal Persian dynasty intensified, and eventually Amirtaius established the 28th Dynasty, but this dynasty was only a pharaoh.
In just over 50 years, the Persian Empire had been attacking Egypt for more than 50 years, and Artaxerxes III had carried out horrific terror against Egypt after his reconquest.
Most of the temples built by the post-Egyptian dynasties are now gone, and the Karnak Temple leaves some of the new additions of the post-Egyptian period. It is common for statues to be appropriated after modifying the inscription; There are many bronze statues, and the art of making has reached its peak.
Relief frescoes mostly exist in the tombs of bureaucrats and aristocrats, and the decoration has become more austere. Most of the reliefs are of the sacrificial genre; And painting is no longer so important. Funeral customs maintain the old traditions but are more simplified, mummy making pays more attention to the integrity of the appearance, ignoring the embalming of the body; Royal burial sarcophagi are still used, but the sarcophagi of private nobles are replaced by painted wooden sarcophagi.
In 332 BC, the time of the pharaohs, which lasted for more than 2,700 years, beginning in 3100 BC. At this time, China was in the Warring States Period, and there were still more than 100 years before national reunification. China's glorious history has not yet begun, and Egyptian civilization has begun to be occupied and ruled by foreign peoples for a long time. After the decline of Persia, Greece, Rome, and Arabia successively stepped into this land to claim kingship.