<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > first, the yield increase effect of mulch film-covered millet</h1>
Millet is sown with full film coverage, and the yield increase effect is obvious. Through years of multi-site experiments, the average yield of full-membrane covered burrow-sown millet was about 4650kg/hm2, which was 2511kg/hm2 higher than that of open-field millet, an increase of 117.4%. The grain weight of the panicle increased by 5.58g, and the rice yield increased by 15%.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, the production mechanism of mulch-covered millet</h1>
(1) The accumulation of moisture has reduced drought to a certain extent
On the one hand, mulching can effectively inhibit soil water evaporation, improve soil moisture retention function, and increase soil moisture content; on the other hand, it can better accept natural precipitation, reduce surface runoff, and thus improve soil moisture utilization. According to the author's measurement in Huangcha Village, Tianping Township, Xiji County, the soil moisture content of mulch millet is 2.2%-3.4% more than that of open-ground millet at the seedling stage to the jointing stage, and the soil water content is 1.4%-2.3% more than that of open-ground millet at the jointing stage to the ear extraction stage. Mulching can effectively solve the problems of seedling emergence caused by spring drought in Xiji County and difficulty in ear extraction caused by drought.
(2) Increase the ground temperature and promote the growth and development of millet
Mulching cultivation can effectively improve the ground temperature, especially in the early stage of millet growth. According to the measurement, the soil temperature of 0-15 cm at the seedling stage of mulch film millet is 1.6 °C to 2.7 °C higher than that of open millet, and 0.6 °C to 1.3 °C at the jointing stage. The increase of ground temperature can make mulching millet emerge 8 to 10 days earlier than open millet, mature 8 to 11 days earlier, and mature early, solving the problem of difficult maturity caused by early frost. At the same time, due to the increase in ground temperature and sufficient moisture after mulching, the light, heat, water and gas conditions of the soil are changed, which is not only conducive to the germination of millet, but also the developed root system. According to the measurement, the number of roots per plant at the seedling stage of coated millet is 2 to 3 more than in the open field, and the root weight of each plant increased by 0.13g. The good development of the root system not only cultivates strong seedlings, but also lays a good foundation for the future growth of nutrients and the formation of robust plants. In addition, through the anatomical observation of the differentiation process of millet ears, mulching millet was 1 to 2 stages earlier than that of open-ground millet in the same period, and the differentiation stage of small spikelets and small flowers were 4 days and 3 days longer than that of open-ground millet, which laid the foundation for the formation of multi-grain large spikes in mulched millet. According to the measurement, the length of the ear of mulching millet increased by 1 to 3 cm compared with that of open millet, and the grain weight of the ear increased by 2 to 6 g.
(3) Suppress weeds in the field and reduce the harm of diseases and insects
Under the condition of mulching, the in-membrane grass can be as high as 80% through high temperature burns and hypoxic asphyxia under the conditions of mulching. The reduction of weeds is accompanied by a relative reduction in the host source of diseases and insects. Mulching also changes the microclimate of the field and disrupts the activity of underground pests. When the ground temperature rises to 10 °C in early spring and the underground pests begin to move upwards, the temperature in the membrane has reached 12 °C, and the seeds have germinated; when the local temperature rises to 15 °C, the underground pests begin to harm the seedlings, the inland temperature of the membrane has risen to 17 °C, the seedlings have grown, and the damage is lighter.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, cultivation technology points</h1>
(1) Rotation of stubble
Millet is not easy to replant, continuous cropping will not only cause a decline in soil power, but also aggravate the harm of diseases and insects and weeds, so that millet is largely short of seedlings and ridges, resulting in a reduction in yield. Reasonable crop rotation can make full use of various nutrients in the soil, effectively reduce the occurrence of millet white disease, and reduce the grass shortage brought by the weedweed. The rotation cycle should be more than three years. The stubble of millet is best with beans, potatoes, and oilseeds, followed by corn, wheat, etc.
(2) Land preparation and protection
The local millet is mainly drought-based, and the water required for germination and seedling growth mainly comes from the precipitation in autumn and winter of the previous year. Therefore, after the harvest of the former stubble, it is necessary to combine the deep application of farm manure and chemical fertilizer and carry out deep ploughing in time to accept more rainwater and enhance the soil water storage capacity. After the autumn rains, shallow ploughing rakes to protect the soil. Early spring peak rakes and reduces evaporation. When the soil moisture before sowing is very poor, the suppression of the lifting reaches the standard of "no depression on the top and bottom, and no rhizomes in pure and fine pieces".
(3) Increase fertilizer application
Mulch film covered field should be applied to the sole fertilizer, it is best to apply it in the autumn when deep ploughing, which can not only promote nutrient conversion, mature the lower soil, ensure that the root system is deeply rooted, but also avoid the spring fertilizer running and alleviating the contradiction between fertilizer and seed "contention". On the basis of heavy application of organic fertilizer, rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus fertilizer, to achieve the combination of nitrogen and phosphorus application, generally require the application of high-quality farm fertilizer 4 to 5t per mu, nitrogen fertilizer 30 to 40kg, phosphate fertilizer more than 50kg, all fertilizers should be applied as base fertilizer at one time. Spray urea, phosphate fertilizer or boron fertilizer according to the growth situation in the later stage of growth to promote the flowering and fruiting of millet, reduce millet and mature early.
(4) Select superior species
The main variety promoted in recent years is Longgu No. 11. In order to prevent the mixing and degradation of varieties and ensure the quality of seeds, it is mainly used to select ears in the field to retain seeds, select ears of grain with robust growth, neat and disease-free, and have the inherent characteristics of this variety, and harvest, single, and save alone as seeds. In addition, ex situ substitution can also effectively prevent the degradation of varieties.
(5) Seed treatment
Before sowing, it is first necessary to dry seeds for 2 to 3 days, improve the germination potential and germination rate of seeds, and carry out germination tests to ensure that the germination rate of the seeds used in the soil reaches more than 90%. The second is to select seeds, first with water, remove the seeds and grass seeds floating on the water surface, and then use salt water (concentration of 10%) to further rinse the grains and semi-grains, and then use water to fully wash off the salt on the seeds, dry slightly, mix seeds with the agent, and then dry the seeds.
(6) Mulching sowing
1. Membrane selection and lamination. Full film coverage of burrow sowing mainly promotes the planting mode of 120 cm wide, and the mulch film specification is 0.008~0.010 mm thick and 120 cm width. The lamination orientation should be straight, the tension should be uniform, close to the ground, strictly sealed on both sides, and the film surface should be clean and flat. In order to prevent the wind from defoaming, use an earthen belt every 3 to 5 meters.
2. Sowing method. Sow 3 rows per band, row spacing 38.3 cm, plant spacing 12 cm, sow 5 to 8 seeds per hole (2 to 3 seedlings after inter-seedlings). Sowing seeds should strictly control the quality of the "five wants" and "four noes." The "five points" are to resist drought and divert water to the point of planting; to soak the seeds and mix seeds; to sow the same depth (when the moisture is good, the sowing depth is 3 to 4 cm, and vice versa, 4 to 5 cm); to lay down the seeds uniformly (sow 5 to 8 grains per hole, and the amount of sowing per mu is about 1 kg). The "four noes" mean not to get rid of the hole, not to step on the mulch film, not to make the soil and seeds suspended, and not to leave the sowing holes.
(7) Field management
1. Check the seedlings and supplement the seedlings. Rain before emergence will cause local compaction around the sowing hole, in order to prevent the seedlings, the knots should be broken in time to help the seedlings emerge. It is necessary to check the growth status of seedlings frequently, and if it is found that the seedlings are missing and broken, the seedlings should be prompted and replenished in time. If the seedlings are pressed into the membrane, release the seedlings with your fingers and seal the seeds with fine soil.
2. Inter-seedling, fixed seedling. "Seedlings between the valleys, dung on top". Early seedlings are the key to nurturing strong seedlings. Generally, seedlings are 3 to 6 cm tall and 3 to 4 leaf time seedlings, and seedlings are fixed when the seedling height is 9 to 12 cm and 6 to 7 leaves, and 2 to 3 seedlings are left in each hole, and weeds in the field are removed. The density of seedlings per mu is generally about 25,000 plants.
3. Post-management. During the flowering and filling period of millet, foliar spraying can be carried out with 400 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 300 times of calcium superphosphate to promote early ripening, reduce millet and increase grain weight. The millet should be harvested in time after ripening. Prevent rain before threshing, and remove debris such as dirt blocks and gravel to increase the value of the product.
(8) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests
1. Reasonable farming. First, plant debris and field weeds should be completely removed. Grain stubble, grain grass and ground edge weeds are the main wintering sites for millet diseases and insect pests, so it is necessary to combine autumn cultivated land to completely remove plant residues and weeds in the field to minimize the overwintering base of diseases and insect pests. Second, it is necessary to rotate crops reasonably. Millet should be avoided from heavy stubble, and should be rotated with potatoes, beans, corn, wheat and other crops, and the rotation period is more than 3 years. Third, it is necessary to detect and eliminate the central disease strain as soon as possible. During the growth period, once the diseased plants such as dead heart seedlings, "kangu lao" and black spikes are found, they should be immediately pulled out and taken out of the ground to burn or buried deeply to prevent the parasitic millet ash borer in the dry heart seedlings from growing, endangering other healthy plants again, and preventing the spread of pathogens on the diseased plants.
2. Seed mixing. First wet the grain seeds with water, and then according to the standard of 1 to 2g 58% methyl frost manganese zinc wettable powder per kilogram of seeds, the agent is evenly mixed on the seeds, and then planted, which can effectively prevent and control the white disease.
3. Sprinkle poisonous soil. After the seedlings, use 40% octylthion emulsion 100g, add an appropriate amount of water and stir well with 20kg of fine soil, and sprinkle about 40kg of poisonous soil per mu. When sprinkling, aim at the seedlings of the valley and sprinkle them into a medicine belt. It can control millet gray borer and reduce dry heart seedlings.
4. Spray control. Before and after the seedlings (that is, hoe seedlings), 10% cypermethrin emulsion, 40% Leguo emulsion, and 80% dichlorvos emulsion can be mixed in equal amounts, 50 to 100g per acre, and 1000 times the liquid can be used to spray millet seedlings to prevent millet leaf beetle (white leaves after harm), millet fly (cause dry heart after harm), millet shin jumping nail (causing clumps after harm) and other pests; if there are stickworms (biting leaves into holes in the leaves), it can be mixed with Suderly and fast killers, and spray more on the back of the leaves to prevent and control.
(9) Harvest
In order to ensure a bumper harvest of millet, it should be harvested at the right time. When the shell of the millet turns yellow, the grain hardens, and the ear reaches the color inherent in the maturity of the variety, this is the harvest time of the millet. If the harvest is too early, the seed material is not full, and there are many grains, which affects the yield. Harvesting too late, the wind blows birds, the plants fall, and then in the rainy weather, the grain is easy to germinate on the grain, and the stem is prone to mold and deterioration.