The production potential of millet is subject to the genetic characteristics of the species, the ecological environment and the dynamic regulation of cultivation measures. Large variations of precipitation water resources and humanly regulated varieties and soil fertility conditions are the key factors limiting millet yields. The climate production potential, that is, the combined action of light, temperature and water, provides a great potential for increasing the yield of millet. Precipitation in arid areas is the only source of moisture for millet fields. During the growing season of millet, spring droughts, early summer droughts and even droughts often occur, and the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation determines the level of climate productivity. Therefore, selecting varieties that adapt to local conditions and make full use of local climatic conditions and carry out scientific and reasonable cultivation are the main measures to improve the yield potential.
<h1>1. Deepen the mature tillage layer</h1>
Autumn deep ploughing can mature the soil, improve the soil structure, enhance the water retention capacity, increase the deep ploughing layer, which is conducive to the root system of millet, so that the plant grows strongly, thereby increasing the yield. Autumn deep ploughing is generally 25 to 30cm. In autumn, the preparation of the land should do a good job of deep ploughing, suppression and preservation of the work, for the original soil layer is deep, but for many years of shallow ploughing has formed the bottom of the plough to form the bottom of the grain field, to take measures such as deep pine or deep ploughing and deep ploughing, to break the bottom of the plough, there is a significant increase in production. Deep ploughing combined with increasing the application of farm manure and chemical fertilizers is conducive to the integration of manure and soil, accelerating the maturation of the soil layer, which is an important measure for fertilization in high-yield fields and should be vigorously promoted.
<h1>Second, improve the soil structure</h1>
For sandy soil and clay blocks, it is necessary to strengthen the improvement of soil, sand mixed with sticky, sticky sand or clay soil more fine cinder, more application of farm manure, in order to change the composition of soil particles, improve the permeability of the soil layer, adjust the ground temperature, enhance the soil drought and flood resistance and seedling preservation ability.
<h1>Third, rotate the stubble and combine it with nutrition</h1>
The first is that the continuous cropping field is seriously diseased, the second is that there are many weeds, and the third is that a large number of the same nutrient elements in the soil are consumed, resulting in soil nutrient imbalance.
Millet should not be stubble, because millet is a root crop, with a strong ability to absorb soil water and fertilizer, often resulting in "exhaustion". In addition, the white disease of millet, smut disease, etc. are soil-borne diseases, and if continuous cropping will inevitably cause the disease to expand and spread, the microbial community of the soil will be out of balance, and the soil nutrient supply will be out of balance, resulting in yield reduction. Therefore, a reasonable rotation of stubble must be carried out. The more suitable stubble of millet is beans, potatoes, wheat, corn and so on. Sorghum, buckwheat and oat stubble are poor and should be avoided as much as possible.
<h1>Fourth, balanced fertilization</h1>
Conventional fertilization should be done to achieve one is the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, which can promote each other, improve fertilizer efficiency, and improve soil structure; second, the combination of pre-stubble fertilization and stubble fertilization should implement a reasonable rotation fertilization system, the former stubble fertilization and fertilization fertilization, when stubble fertilization compensation soil force, combined with nutrients, balanced fertilization; the third is basal fertilizer as the mainstay, topdressing as a supplement, the role of base fertilizer is to cultivate soil strength, improve soil, but also to supply the nutrients needed for the growth and development of millet. In addition, in dry farming, after the deep application of fertilizer as the base fertilizer, it is conducive to promoting root system down-planting, improving drought resistance, reducing the number and frequency of topdressing, and also conducive to reducing soil water evaporation and improving the efficiency of water utilization of millet. Therefore, it is necessary to advocate the application of sufficient base fertilizer, early application of base fertilizer, and topdressing as a supplement.
The base fertilizer is applied once in combination with deep ploughing before sowing, generally based on farm manure, and it is advisable to use 75t/hm2~112.5t/hm2 in high-yield fields and 22.5t/hm2~60t/hm2 in middle-yield fields. For example, the combination of phosphate fertilizer and farm manure to make base fertilizer has the best effect. It is better to apply the grain base fertilizer in autumn or early spring.
Seed fertilizer has been widely used as an important yield increase measure in millet production. Nitrogen fertilizer as seed fertilizer, generally can increase the yield of about 10%, but the amount should not be too much. When using urea as seed fertilizer, the dosage is 15 kg/hm2, but it cannot be mixed with seeds. In addition, farm manure and phosphate fertilizer as seed fertilizer also have the effect of increasing yield.
The period with the greatest effect of topdressing and increasing yield is the pregnant panicle stage 15 to 20 days before ear extraction, which is generally about 90kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen. When there is more nitrogen fertilizer, "sitting fetal fertilizer" is applied at the jointing stage and "tapping fertilizer" at the gestation stage. In the late growth stages of millet, foliar spraying of phosphate fertilizer and trace element fertilizer can also promote flowering and fruiting and grain filling.
<h1>Fifth, sow seeds</h1>
(1) Selection of good seeds and seed treatment
According to the local climatic conditions, choose the right excellent varieties, the better varieties in Xiji area are Longgu No. 6, Longgu No. 10, Longgu No. 11 and so on.
Doing a good job in seed treatment is the key to improving the quality of sowing and achieving complete seedlings, seedlings and strong seedlings. "Grain fighting three strong", that is, seedling strong, stalk strong, spike strong. Among the three strong, miao zhuang is the key, which is the foundation of strong stalk and strong spike. Doing a good job of seed treatment is the key to improving the quality of sowing to achieve seedling completeness, seedling qi and strong seedlings. The treatment of seeds is generally treated by drying seeds first and then using "three washes, one stuffing and one mix". Drying seeds means choosing to dry for 3 to 4 hours at noon on sunny days, and drying seeds for 3 to 5 days. "Three washes" means "one wash", and the grains are rinsed off with clean water. "Two washes", rinse with 10% to 20% brine to remove large seeds; "three washes", wash off the salt on the seeds with water; "one smouldery" is to wash the selected seeds with seeds of 0.2% to 0.3% of the 25% of the wettable powder of ruitoxin mold to prevent white disease, and use 75% of the seed amount of 0.2% to 0.3% of the powder rust ning or 50% carbendazim wettable powder to prevent smut disease; after seeding, it is sown after 6 to 12 hours.
(2) Sowing period and sowing method
Sowing at the right time is one of the important measures to ensure high and stable yield of millet, and Xiji generally sows seeds in mid-to-late April.
Millet sowing methods include seeding, ditch sowing, field micro-ridge collection planting and so on. Seeding is the traditional planting method, the traditional two-legged raker has been rarely used, now more used is the automatic seeding of the animal power three, four row of planters, sowing line spacing adjusted to 30cm, according to the amount of sowing mixed with the appropriate amount of fertilizer or after treatment to lose the ability to germinate millet seeds, in order to ensure reasonable density. Ditch sowing is used for planting on hillsides, leaving ditches after sowing, and sowing ditches that are not flattened in order to receive rainwater. Field micro-harvesting planting can improve and optimize the water control ability of farmland, has the effect of increasing the moisture of the catchment, and increases production and income significantly. Micro-feedflow planting adopts two methods: broadband type (ridge-ditch ratio 50:60) and narrow-band type (ridge-ditch ratio 40:40). According to the test, under the same conditions of fertilizer and water, the yields of the two reached 3328.5kg/hm2 and 4128.0kg/hm2 respectively, which was 59.8% and 100.7% higher than that of traditional open-field planting.
(3) Sowing volume and density
Millet sowing is generally about 10kg/hm2, sowing depth of 3 to 5cm, the amount of sowing with good soil moisture should be reduced, and suppressed 1 to 2 times after sowing, so that the seeds and the soil are in close contact, which is conducive to absorbing water and distributing buds and seedlings. In general, there are 375,000 seedlings/ha to 450,000 seedlings/ha in dryland.
<h1>6. Field management</h1>
(1) Supplementing seedlings, interspersing seedlings, and fixing seedlings
After the millet emerges, it is necessary to go to the field in time to check the seedlings. If there is a shortage of seedlings and ridges, the seedlings should be replenished in time. According to the different lack of seedlings, the method adopts measures such as replanting, germination reseeding, transplanting and replanting seedlings. When the seedlings are 3 to 6 cm tall and have 3 to 4 leaves, the seedlings are fixed. Intermediate seedlings and fixed seedlings should pay attention to the removal of thin seedlings and diseased seedlings, leaving strong seedlings and healthy seedlings, and leaving seedlings evenly, so as to achieve a reasonable density of seedlings per mu.
(2) Cultivating and cultivating soil
Millet grows slowly at the seedling stage and is susceptible to the harm of weeds, so it should be cultivated and weeded in time. In the weeding should be removed early, small, in addition, weeding combined with cultivation soil and seedlings, in order to achieve the role of weeding, loosening the soil warming, moisture preservation. Generally, cultivate three times, master "the head is shallow, the second time is deep, and the three times does not hurt the root". The first time, the middle tillage was shallow and medium tillage due to the combination of small seedlings and small seedlings, and the weeding and loosening of the soil were carried out. The second and third times of cultivation are combined with soil cultivation, which has the effect of regulating soil nutrients and moisture, and can prevent lodging and drainage. When cultivating soil, it is necessary to be meticulous to prevent injury to seedlings and roots.
(3) Topdressing and irrigation
The jointing stage and the pregnant ear stage of millet are the periods that require the most water and fertilizer, and are the key periods for promoting the growth of plants and attacking large ears. If the amount of fertilizer is small, it is combined with irrigation (rainfall) when the branches of the millet branch differentiate and apply it at one time. If there is a lot of fertilizer, in the jointing stage and the pregnant ear stage combined with irrigation (rainfall) in two times of fertilizer, irrigation (rainfall) after hoeing the soil to promote the normal development of millet.
(4) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests
The main diseases are white disease and smut disease; the main insect pests are millet and millet gray borer, as well as underground pests such as slugs and golden needle worms.
Prevention and control measures: (1) White disease: 35% methotrexic wettable powder is used to mix seeds according to 0.2% of the seed weight. (2) Smut disease: use 40% seed mixing double wettable powder to mix seeds according to seed weight 0.2% ~ 0.3% seed. (3) In areas where white disease and smut disease are mixed, 35% methammer wettable powder plus 40% seed mixing double wettable powder (1:2) can be mixed evenly according to seed weight 0.3%. (4) Millet concave shin jumping nail: field dry heart is 1% to 3% for prevention and control. Spray with 35% high-efficiency cypermethrin emulsion, 20% cypermethrin emulsion 2000~2500 times liquid spray, low volume spray. (5) Millet ash borer: When 2 to 5 eggs are found in the grain field, it should be immediately prevented. Use 2.5% cypermethrin emulsion 100 to 150 mL, dilute with 11.5 kg of water, mix fine soil 10 ~ 20 kg, and sprinkle it on the root of the grain seedlings. (6) For the control of underground pests such as the golden needle worm, 50% octylthion emulsion can be used for 30mL, and 10kg of seed can be mixed with 200mL of water.
<h1>7. Harvest in a timely manner</h1>
The grain hardens, and the ear of grain is "broken blue" as the standard of maturity, at which time the grain shows the inherent color of the variety. When there is a recent strong wind, it is necessary to cut down suddenly to prevent the loss of grain caused by the strong wind.