Campbell Dwarf Campbells Russian Hamster (commonly known as: first-line, maple leaf rat, crouching bear) Scientific name: Phodopus campbelli Classification: Vertebrate phylum --- mammals - Rodents - Hamster family - Hamster subfamily - Hairy foot genus (pygmy hamster genus) Appearance characteristics: Body length 8-10 cm, tail length 1.6-3 cm, weight 30-50 g. There is a thin black line in the middle of the back. In captivity, many colors appeared, and the abdominal hair was white. Native: Russia, Mongolia, Northeast China Habitat: steppe, semi-desert, farmland, hillside and alpine meadows/solitary; Temperature: 18 - 26 degrees Celsius Humidity: 30 - 40 % Food: Omnivorous, staple food of various weed seeds and grains, occasional hunting of insects, habit of storing food, not hibernating, wintering by storing food. Activity time: Night Life: 2-3 years Temperament: timid and sensitive, more docile Breeding: 2 months of sexual maturity, breeding begins in the spring, gestation period of 17-22 days, 3-5 litters per year, 4-8 litters per litter, up to 10. Gender identification: males have an anus that is far from the genitals and the testicles can be seen; The females are closer together, and the nipples of adult female mice are more pronounced.
Left-male, right-female
【Some history】Campbell pygmy hamster is W.· Discovered in 1902 in the Tuva Republic of Mongolia, C. Campbell has an official written description in 1905. Also known as the "Marsupial Tuva", Campbell can also be found in northern China, Central Asia and some parts of Russia. Until 1982, the Campbell hamster and the Gaccaria hamster had been considered by scientists to be subspecies of each other, but after extensive research found that there were huge differences in the chromosomes of the two sides, the two species were officially revised in 1984 to be separate hamster breeds. In 1963, hamsters were first displayed in zoos in Britain. Breeding and related studies began in the 1970s. The first pet hamsters were introduced in the United States in the 80s.
【Features】 Face shape: Relative to the third line, the face of the first line is more similar to the in-laws. Most of them have a "round fox face". Ears: The first-line class is notoriously large ears. Dorsal line: Because there are genes such as silver diamonds and plaques in the first line class, in addition to the panchromatic (except for snowballs and white bears), there is a complete dorsal line, and the basic dorsal line of the suit is incomplete, and there are multiple breakpoints. Compared with the three-line class, the back line of the first line class is thin and the boundary is obvious. Coat color: The coat color performance is very rich, and there are many flower colors. Hobbies: Likes to squint. When you are woken up, you will squint your eyes first and then open them again. Territorial awareness: Many people will say things like first-line murder. In fact, they don't understand that the first-line class has a strong sense of territorial protection, especially the mother's. So often you put your hand in the cage, and it will pounce on you and bite you, but when you put it outside the cage, it will suddenly become very "docile".
First-line varieties are basically determined by color genes, pattern genes, and coat genes. The color genes are: snowball gene (Albino), black bear gene (Black), purple gene (Opal), amber gene (Argente), black-eyed amber gene (Black-eyed Argente), Moscow gene (Moscow Gene), gray gene (Mock Chinchilla gene) and so on. The most intuitive classification of varieties is to divide according to color. So let's first introduce the classification according to the varieties of color. Campbell is classified according to the color system, which can be divided into five types: monochromatic, bi-color, tri-color, four-color and special color. In addition to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, there are only a small number of monochromatic and bi-color Campbell hamsters in the domestic first-line category, and the basic three-color, four-color and special color Campbell hamsters.
The so-called wild color system actually refers to the most primitive wild color. This color does not carry a color gene, or the color genes carried are not paired (color genes are paired to show color), so the color performance will be the most primitive and ordinary color.
[Wild color (first line)] gene: AA
Commonly known as the first line, the whole body is brownish yellow hair. The lateral hairs are transitional yellow. Since there are no pairs of color genes in the wild color body, two one-line matches, and non-wild color Campbell hamsters may appear in the offspring.
[Monochromatic] If we simply carry only a pair of pairs of color genes, we call it a monochromatic gene mouse. The monochromatic Campbell hamster is the basis of all Campbell colors, and the campbell hamsters of other colors are based on the monochromatic system.
[Albino] Gene : Cc Snowball is a recessive coat color gene that must be paired to perform. The snowball gene is commonly known as the white child. The snowball gene, also known as the mask gene, will cover up the color genes and pattern genes of campbell hamsters, making it impossible to show on the coat color. Therefore, if you see a snowball, then you must know that it may also have the black bear gene, the purple gene, the amber gene, the silver diamond gene, etc., but we can't see it in appearance. In addition, if the desalinated silver diamond gene (PlPl) and amber gene (pp) are combined, it is possible to produce pure white red-eyed offspring, which are similar in appearance to snowballs, but the intrinsic genes are not the same. Foreign websites combine these two genes to form a pure white red-eyed Campbell hamster called Rew.
[Black Bear] Gene: The aa black bear gene is also a recessive color gene. The whole body is one color (panchromatic mouse), there is no wavy stripe on the side of the body, and the coat color of the neck, chest and quadps is white, which is the characteristic of the full-color Campbell with the black bear gene. Panchromatic Campbell hamsters with black bear genes tend to be accompanied by silver. Silvering will make the black bear look slowly white.
[Argente] gene: the pp amber gene is also a recessive color gene. Amber has the appearance of yellow hairs all over the body, red eyes. Amber between different individuals, the eye color will be different, such as amber with plaque gene (that is, amber flower barn), the eye color will be lighter, redder and more transparent, becoming what we commonly call "bright red eye". In 1979, Moscow scientist Helen E. Pogosianz discovered amber, a spontaneous mutation in the amber gene. The color of its eyes is genetically associated with the amber gene, which is passed on to offspring together.
[Opal] gene: dd purple gene is also a recessive gene. The back of the purple coat is lilac-gray hairs, with a slender black dorsal line, and the belly hairs on both sides show a wavy natural transition of light milky yellow. In 1992 in the lab at Queen's University, the wild color mutated and purple coats appeared in the offspring. Purple is a natural mutation. At present, no one has been found to be raising purple clothes in China.
【The difference between purple warehouse and purple clothes】 Because the purple warehouse of the Gacaria class and the purple clothes of the Campbell class are very similar in appearance, many people are confused. Although there is no purple coat in the mainland at present, many people just think that they are "purple clothes", and breed the purple warehouse that is regarded as "purple clothes" and the Campbell-like hamster. In fact, there is a big difference between purple warehouse and purple clothes. In addition to the main differences between the Gacaria hamster and the Campbell hamster, the purple barn and the purple coat also have the following differences: 1. Purple coat, full of purple gray hair, the dorsal line is black and thin; the coat color of the lateral abdomen is transitional light milky yellow to separate the purple gray on the back from the white hair on the abdomen. 2. Purple warehouse, full of gray-purple hair, the dorsal line is black and thick; the coat color of the lateral abdomen is light gray, and the purple-gray hair on the back naturally transitions to the white hair on the abdomen. 3. Some yellowed purple warehouses (that is, purple warehouses with pudding genes) will also show a little yellow hair at the junction of the flank abdomen and the back coat color, but basically the coat color is very small and light beige, no transition is formed, and some will have gray or brown hairs mixed in. Purple chambers with severe yellowing will also have yellowing of the back hair.
It is obvious from the picture above that the entire flank of the purple coat on the left is a transitional milky yellow hair. The middle purple barn flank abdomen is pale grey. The yellow hairs of the yellowed purple chamber on the right only appear at the junction of the dorsal and lateral ventrals, and do not form a complete lateral ventral transition layer. The yellowing of the purple chamber on the far right of P.S. is not very serious, but it is enough to illustrate the difference between the purple coat and the purple warehouse.
[Black-eyed Argente] Gene: bb Black-eyed amber looks like amber, the difference is only in the color of the eyes. The eye color of black-eyed amber is black. The first black-eyed amber appeared around 2001 in the United States, and it is still unclear what caused the mutation.
If the coat color of the Campbell hamster is presented because it carries the combination of two pairs of color genes mentioned above, we call it a two-color gene mouse. The domestic two-color Campbell hamster only has one species, violet, and other two-color varieties are basically absent in China.
[Violet (Dove)] gene: aapp violet is a two-gene mouse, which is obtained by combining the black bear gene (aa) and the amber gene (pp). Violet's eye color is red due to the amber gene; dark brown-purple hairs all over the body, and the black bear gene makes the coat color of its chest, abdomen and four legs appear white. Due to the influence of the double coat color gene, the coat color of violet is either yellowish or brown, and the coat color will vary at different ages, which is a normal phenomenon.
【Chocolate】】
Genes: Aabb chocolate is obtained by combining the black bear gene (aa) and the black-eyed amber gene (bb). The eyes are black. The hair on the whole body is chocolate-colored, and the hair on the chest, abdomen, and four legs is white due to the relationship between the black bear genes. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
【Blue Hair】】
Gene: aadd blue hair is obtained by combining the black bear gene (AA) and the purple coat gene (DD). The eyes are black. The blue-gray hairs on the whole body, the hair on the chest, abdomen, and four legs are white due to the genetic relationship of the black bear.
[Lilac fawn] gene: bbdd purple lilac is obtained by combining the black-eyed amber gene (bb) and the purple gene (dd). The eyes are black. Light lilac brown hairs all over the body.
[Beige] gene: bbpp beige is obtained by combining the black-eyed amber gene (bb) and the amber gene (pp). The eyes are red. Tender yellow hairs all over the body. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
Gene: ddpp Purple amber is obtained by combining the amber gene (pp) and the purple gene (dd). The eyes are red. Light blue-brown hairs all over the body. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
【Tricolor】 If the coat color of the Campbell hamster is presented because it carries the combination of three pairs of color genes mentioned above, we call it the tricolor gene mouse. There are basically no tricolor Campbell hamsters in China.
[Dark Beige] gene: aabbpp dark beige is obtained by combining the black bear gene (aa), the black-eyed amber gene (bb) and the amber gene (pp). The eyes are red due to the influence of the amber gene. The light brownish yellow hairs on the whole body are white on the chest, abdomen, and four legs due to the relationship between the black bear's genes. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Blue Beige] gene: bbddpp purple beige is obtained by combining the black-eyed amber gene (bb), the purple coat gene (dd) and the amber gene (pp). The eyes are red due to the influence of the amber gene. The body has light blue and creamy yellow hairs, and the dorsal line is light blue-gray. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
Gene: aaddpp Red-eyed lilac is obtained by combining the black bear gene (aa), the purple gene (dd) and the amber gene (pp). The eyes are red due to the influence of the amber gene. Lilac hair all over the body. The hairs on the thorax , abdomen , and quadrups are white due to the genetic relationship of black bears. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Black-eyed Lilac] gene: aabbdd black-eyed lilac color is a combination of black bear gene (aa), black-eyed amber gene (bb) and purple gene (dd) obtained. Except for the dark eyes, the appearance is consistent with the red-eyed cloves. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
If the coat color of the Campbell hamster is presented because it carries the combination of four pairs of color genes mentioned above, we call it the four-color gene mouse. There are no four-color Campbell hamsters in the country.
[Champagne] gene: aabbddpp Champagne color is a combination of black bear gene (aa), black eye amber gene (bb), purple gene (dd) and amber gene (pp) to obtain. The eyes are red due to the influence of the amber gene. Champagne-colored hair all over the body. The hairs on the thorax , abdomen , and quadrups are white due to the genetic relationship of black bears. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
【Special color system】 The color gene of the Campbell hamster of this color system is based on some special mutations and the color gene is generated. The color genes of special color systems can also be combined with other color genes. Because the color genes of special colors are more special, they are taken out separately as part of it. The color genes of special color systems are: the mock chinchilla gene, the Moscow gene, and the darkening gene (Umbrous). There are no special color Campbell hamsters in The country.
[Mock Chinchilla/Grey] Gene: Grgr Gray's coat color gene is a recessive mutation gene, which also belongs to the ungene color Campbell hamster. Usually the gray is light brown around the first 2 weeks after birth, after which the coat color slowly changes to gray. In general, gray is combined with other colors Campbell, and the coat color of the offspring does not exhibit the gray gene trait. But when the gray gene and the Moscow gene are combined, silver gery is produced. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Moscow (Mosco)] gene: mm Moscow's coat color gene is a recessive genetic gene, but also a monochromatic gene hamster. When the Moscow gene is combined with other genes, it will make the color of other genes dilute in appearance, that is, the color will become a little lighter, which is fundamentally different from the silver diamond gene (Platinum) and the double platinum gene (double Platinum) in the pattern gene. Many people confuse Moscow with black-eyed amber, but in fact, it is really difficult to distinguish between the two colors of Campbell in terms of appearance. But Moscow's eyes are dark red, which are more obvious when they are small, and slowly darken after they are older, but they are still dark red. And the eyes of the black-eyed amber are black. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Silver Gery] gene: grgrmm silver gray is obtained by combining the gray gene (grgr) and the Moscow gene (mm), which belongs to the dual gene color mouse. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Umbrous] Gene: uu darkening is a recessive mutation and a single-color gene. Some of the darkened colors are more serious and will be confused with black bears. The darkened flank meets the back with wavy lines, while black bears do not. Darkening genes can also bind to other color genes to deepen the color of other coat color genes in terms of appearance coat color performance. At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
[Chocolate Umbrous] Gene: bbuu Dark chocolate is obtained by combining the dark-eyed amber gene (bb) and the darkening gene (uu). At present, no one has been found to be breeding in China.
Pattern gene (Pattern Gene) is an important influencing factor in the rich coat color composition of Campbell hamsters, and the pattern gene can be combined with any color gene (Color Gene) and any kind of coat gene to form a colorful and diverse flower color. The pattern genes are: Platinum Gene, Dilute Platinum Gene, and Mottled Gene. These three pattern genes exist in the existing Campbell hamster breeds in China.
[Platinum] gene: Si silver diamond gene is a dominant gene, the general gene combination is Sisi. If the combination of two Sis (i.e. SiSi) is a combination of lethal genes, the offspring produced by the combination will be absorbed by the mother's uterus automatically during pregnancy, without the opportunity to give birth. Only 50% of the descendants of silver diamonds are likely to be silver diamonds. Most silver diamonds will gradually be "silverified" and slowly turn white as they age. Most silver diamonds die before they are fully "silvered". A silver diamond that is completely silverened will be snow-white and hairless. The silver diamond gene can be combined with any color gene and hair type gene, and on the basis of the color gene, the Campbell hamster of a variety of colors is bred. Compared with other pattern genes, the silver diamond gene has a relatively large influence on the expression of the hair pattern. The following is the process of "silvering" a black bear silver diamond:
[Dilute Platinum gene] Gene: Si-ss desalinated silver diamond gene is a combination of a silver diamond gene and a pair of dilute genes (Dilute). As the diluted silver diamond multiplies, the performance of the silver diamond gene of the offspring will deteriorate more and more, and even decline to the point that it is impossible to see the silver diamond gene. The general desalinated silver diamond will also "silveren" the coat color, but it is not as obvious as the silver diamond, and the desalinated silver diamond will only make the coat color lighter, but it will not become pure white. The following are wild-colored defaced silver diamonds:
[Plaque gene (Mottled)] Gene: Mo/Mi plaque gene is two kinds, one is plaque Battled (Mo), and the other is dark red eye plaque Ruby-eyed Mottled (Mi). The plaque gene is a dominant gene, which means that as long as the offspring of the plaque gene gets a plaque gene, the hair pattern will have plaque performance. Generally, the flower barns, amber flower warehouses, violet plaques, camouflage, cows, white scarves, etc., which are actually just different manifestations of plaque genes, and their patterns belong to plaques. The plaque gene (Mo/Mi) is more easily obtained by the offspring of Campbell hamsters, so the offspring are basically the pattern of the plaque, and it is difficult to produce offspring without a pattern, with the exception of silver diamonds.
How to distinguish between these two plaque genes? 1, look at the pattern. The plaque gene (Mo) or should be called the plaque gene, the pattern of plaques throughout the body will appear irregular. In addition to the irregular patterns in the dark red eye patches (Mimi), there are more regular patterns, such as camouflage and white scarves. 2. Look at the eyes. Dark red eye patches (Mimi) are associated with dark red eyes. Dark red-eyed Campbell hamsters must be dark red-eyed plaques. 3. In addition, most of the plaques in China are dark red-eye plaques.
As shown in the picture: Black Bear Camouflage and Wild White Scarf are Ruby-eyed Mottled, Black Bear Plaque (Cow) (Black Eye) and Violet Patch (Red Eye) are Littled.
From the above, we know that there are two types of plaque genes, one is Mo and the other is Mi. Plaque Battle(Mo), a speckled pattern of Mo genes, whether or not they are dominantly paired, i.e. whether the gene is MoMo or Momo, has no effect on the health of the offspring. However, unlike Ruby-eyed Mottled (Mi) of dark red eye plaques, if the Mi gene is dominantly paired (that is, the gene is MiMi), it is a lethal gene pairing, which will produce a serious genetic defect of no eyes and no teeth and a full body of white offspring, generally living for about 2 weeks after birth, and is very susceptible to infection and death. Therefore, when pairing, do not pair two dark red-eyed patches.
As shown in the figure, these two are only due to the combination of two dark red eye plaques (Mi), resulting in the production of eyeless, toothless or toothless, pure white genetic defect offspring. This photo was taken on the 13th day after birth.
[Black-eyed White] Gene: Si-Mimi When the silver diamond gene (Si) and dark red eye patch (Mi) are combined, the offspring may appear pure white offspring that look like black eyes, which is what we call white bears. But in fact, due to the influence of the dark red eye plaque gene (Mi), white bears are actually dark red-eyed, which can be seen in well-lit places. There is also a black-eyed White that is truly dark-eyed, produced by the combination of dilute platinum and plaque genes, but is rare.
【Species Introduction - Hair Type】What is coat gene (coat gene), which is actually the texture of hair. Campbell's hair type genes are three: Satin Gene, Longhair Gene and Rex Gene.
[Satin] gene: Sasa is different from the bright hair gene of Syrian hamsters, and the bright hair gene of Campbell hamsters is a recessive gene. The bright hair gene will give the campbell hamster's coat an oily coat appearance, similar to a person's oily hair. If a shiny campbell doesn't bathe it in the sand for too long, the hair will become a "punk rat" like a hairspray. Some people will mistakenly think that the bright-haired Campbell hamster is sick to cause the hair to become like this, but in fact, this is a misunderstanding. Although the hair of the bright-haired Campbell hamster looks wet, its mental state and vitality are incomparable to that of a sick hamster.
The picture shows bright chocolate
Longhair (Wave) Long curly hair, also known as wavy hair. This hair-type gene is characterized by a longer coat than the average Campbell hamster, with curls and some beards. The long curly hair gene sometimes looks very similar to the bright hair gene (sasa), but unlike the bright hair, the long curly hair does not "stick together" like the bright hair. However, long curly-haired Campbell hamsters are more susceptible to skin diseases and often develop dander.
[Hairless (Rex)] gene: rxrx hairless Campbell hamster, can only see a layer of fine villi on the surface of the skin, almost equivalent to hairless. The cause of this gene mutation is unknown, and it is not clear whether it is a single gene mutation or a polygenic mutation.
Campbell's eyes are rich in color and can be divided into: black-eyed, red-eyed, and ruby-eyed. Dark red eyes are also called burgundy eyes or grape eyes. The eye color of campbell hamsters is often associated with coat color. In the case of single-gene panchromatic varieties, the eyes of wild-colored, purple-clad, and black bears are black, snowballs must be red because of lack of pigment, and pairs of amber genes will make the eyes of offspring appear red. Therefore, violet, purple amber, red-eyed cloves, etc. are red-eye because they have pairs of amber genes. Amber's coat color is yellow and the roots of the hair are dark black, indicating that amber does not have red eyes due to lack of pigment like snowballs. As for why it appears red, the current speculation is that the amber gene is a linkage gene between the two genes of red eye and yellow hair. If the amber gene meets the dark red eye plaque gene, then due to the influence of the dark red eye plaque gene, the eye color of the offspring will be lighter and redder, which is what we often call "bright red eye", and the offspring's patch coat color will be lighter than the full color. The last color of the eye, dark red eye, is the color of the eye is linked to the dark red eye plaque gene, and the eye color appears dark red in a well-lit environment. The color of the dark red eye is obviously obvious, and some are difficult to see, which is just a manifestation of the different color of the eyes. Some plaque genes due to the action of other genes, the color of the eyes will appear a redder and a very dark performance, that is, we often call "Mandarin duck eyes", in fact, it is also dark red eyes, but the color of the two eyes is different.
This article is excerpted and posted: foam ink