The Qing army entered the customs and established the Qing Dynasty in China; After the collapse of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing regime in Taiwan in 1683, some Han Chinese who adhered to the anti-Qing and restoration position fled China, and they scattered in Thailand, the Nanyang Islands, the Malay Peninsula, North Borneo and other places, and maintained contact with the Chinese Heaven and Earth Society or tribes, planning to attack the coastal areas of southern China, and conspiring with the Heaven and Earth Society to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. This overseas conspiracy caused concern among the Qing government, prompting the Kangxi Emperor to issue an edict against the anti-Qinghua people overseas, strictly prohibiting them from returning to China. This group of early political exiles sowed the seeds of the development of secret societies in Southeast Asia and became branches of the Heaven and Earth Society or its tribal organizations.
The Heaven and Earth Society was a popular secret society in the early Qing Dynasty of China, named "Heaven and Earth Society" with "worshiping heaven as the father, worshiping the earth as the mother, the day as a brother, and the moon as a sister". The franchisees are all brothers, with the character "Hong" as the surname of the alliance, which is taken from the era name of Ming Taizu Hongwu. The alliance was called "Hongmen" and the word "Hong" was removed as "3821" as a secret acquaintance in the meeting. The rules of alliance are based on the brothers of the first comers and the younger brothers, and as the number of people increases, that is, the continuous "Tim Brothers" is also known as the "Tim Brothers Society".
Chinese emigrated to the Malay Peninsula to escape the rule of the Qing court and to seek economic development. Malacca is home to the oldest Remaining Chinese remain, BukitChina, and some of the ancient tombs on the hill date back to pre-16th century times. The rulers of the time (the Portuguese and Dutch governments) adopted the Kapitan system (Kapitan, Dutch, Or Captain in English, chinese for "Long"). The Chinese leader was appointed kapitan, whose duty was to properly administer the local people. Li Jia (甲 is the abbreviation of the title of Jia Bidan), one of the founders of The Qingyun Pavilion in Malacca, full name Li Junchang, also known as Li Weijing, was a native of Lujiang (Xiamen), Fujian. The Sanbaoshan Chinese Cemetery, which was purchased by Li Jia that year. Li Jia's son Zheng Trench succeeded him as Kapitan. Later, Zeng Qilu, the brother-in-law of zheng trench, alias Zeng Liuguan, served as Jia Bidan. Zeng Liuguan was an outlaw who fled China, he built and expanded the Qingyun Pavilion, and built the Guanyin Hall in the pavilion, and the four characters of "Qingyun Monument" on the wooden plaque in the hall are from Zeng Jia's handwriting. The Qingyun Pavilion enshrines his god-lord tablet, which reads "Refuge righteous soldiers", indicating that Zeng Liuguan would rather go into exile than be ruled by the Qing people. Because the descendants of political exiles formed the core of Malacca Chinese society and prospered the area in an autonomous environment, they realized that they could not compete with the power of the Qing court overseas, and that any chance of an uprising overseas was impossible, and the past anti-Qing stance was gradually forgotten with the passage of time and personnel changes. But the activities and organizational networks of this group of secret societies were brought into a different process, making them an integral part of the control of society.
In 1786, the British established the first colony on the Malay Peninsula in Penang, marking an important beginning for Chinese immigration to Southeast Asia. Penang's free trade policy has attracted many enterprising Chinese. The opening of the port of Singapore in 1819 and the acquisition of Malacca by the British in 1824 further stimulated the growth of Chinese immigration. With the establishment of the British Straits Settlements in 1826, Free Merchants of China were more confident that commerce in the region would continue to flourish.
In 1825, the Straits Settlement government discovered four secret societies, Nameheng, Haishan, Synthetic, and Watson. Initially, the secret societies were headquartered in Penang and had their branches throughout the Malay Peninsula, with the most important being the Sungai Hibiscus in Negeri Negeri, Natsu in Perak, the Reed Bones in Selangor, and later Kuala Lumpur and Kan Kham, which later developed. Because these areas were the source of Symi in the 19th century, many Chinese miners were the backbone of "Yixing" and "Haishan", and because of the conflict of power and interests, one after another big fights took place.
Singapore Yixing Company has five major dialect groups of Cantonese Macaos, Hakka Kehs, Hokiens, Teochew Tay Chews and Hainanese Hylams, who nominally belong to Yixing Corporation, but in fact they are independent, resulting in continuous armed struggles between the Singapore Hui party in the future, and finally let the British colonial government impose various regulations to curb the activities of the party. The British colonial government finally officially banned the Yixing Company in 1890.
When the British colonial government banned the activities of secret societies, it asked the Sultan of Johor (King of Turkey) to also ban the Yixing Company, but the Sultan not only did not comply, but also wrote to the colonial governor explaining that the Yixing Company was an officially recognized organization under his permission, which was useful and beneficial to the Chinese living in Johor, and he did not agree with the British government's repressive policy. He pointed out that the existence of secret societies cannot be eliminated by law, but it is better to gradually change its nature over time. The control proposed by the Sultan was that although the Yixing Company was a Teochew organization, it must be open to all Chinese, and all Chinese Kapitan and Chinese port owners must become its members.
It was a time when the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century and the development of the textile and leather industries stimulated the value of honey (a small tree that climbs the edges of a tree, boils its branches and leaves into a paste, and will question and turn into a reddish-brown color, which can be used as a dye for tanning and dyeing cloth), setting off the interest of Chinese growers in honey. Due to the British government's strict control of secret societies, in 1846 The leader of the Yixing Company, Tan Tak Hoi, led more than 4,000 congregations from Singapore to Johor to grow sweets and peppers. At that time, there was a certain relationship between the development of the hong kong ownership system in Johor and Yixing Company, such as several famous Hong Kong owners in Johor, such as Chen Kaishun, Chen Xunian, Chen Dehai and Lin Yaxiang, who were once the leaders of Yixing Company. Therefore, Johor Yixing Company is the only party organization in Johor with legal status, although it is mainly Teochew people, but its exclusive status, other ethnic groups of origin have gradually joined, making it a localized non-governmental organization across dialect groups, and also enabling Johor's economy to develop and develop steadily.
Although the secret societies in Singapore and Malaya are part of the local community, there are certainly similarities and differences with the Chinese Heaven and Earth Society. However, the influence of the China Tiandi Society on the Secret Society in Southeast Asia is still enormous, from the organizational structure, management model to gang etiquette, code words, waist and vouchers, all of which are affected by the Tiandi Society. From the beginning of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Hongmen was no longer a secret organization, but still implemented a voucher system, and the transmission of letters was still a means of maintaining the survival of the organization. The secret society in Singapore and Malaysia once minted 6 "Hongmen coins", these so-called coins, because its shape is a Chinese coin style with a hole in the outer circle, it is not a coin. In fact, it is a "Hongmen relic", which represents the function of the title or identity certificate within the organization. These 6 pieces of keepsake are based on the layout of Hongmen copper, locally selected materials, and cast in reverse molds of tin alloy. Here are the metaphors and identities of the six coins:
1. Hong Honghong / Sheng:
Hongmen, also known as Hong Gang, "Hong" and "Red" are common, called "Red Gang". Believed to be related to Zhu Yuanzhang, "Red is Zhu Ye", which also represents Zhu Yuanzhang, and calls himself the Red Gang in honor of him. Heaven and earth will have a text: "A red scarf in the hand, wrapped in the head to visit the hero", is the identity of the lord of incense, also known as "dragon head" or "black stick".
Codename: 四八九 (Because four plus eight plus nine is twenty-one, the spelling of the Hong character. ）
2. Hongmen Gang / Heaven Downcoming:
"Vice Xiang Lord" is also known as "Marshal of the Second Road"
Codename: 438 (because four plus three plus eight is fifteen), it means to commemorate the five ancestors in front of the Hongmen Gate, the five ancestors in the middle and the five ancestors in the future, a total of fifteen people. The left side of the Hong character is three points of water, and the bottom of the common word is the eight characters, which means three eight). Singapore Yixing Company headquarters has a Shegong Temple, ancestral altar to worship the five ancestors, also known as the Five Tigers (Go Foo), also known as the "Five Tigers Temple", for the majority of members to worship.
3. Hongmen Brothers / Support each other
is a law enforcement officer (also known as a red stick)
Codename: 426 (Because four times twenty-six plus four equals one hundred and eight, it means one hundred and eight generals of Liangshan.) When the punishment is executed, it alludes to the thirty-six heavenly gods and seventy-two earthly fires, and the total number is also one hundred and eight).
Fourth, Yixing Company / all roads are safe
Manage internal affairs, called "white fan" or "military division" or "master". Ya is called "sir". When there is a diplomatic involvement or planning of an armed struggle, the task of dispatching troops and dispatching generals is negative.
Codename: 415 (because four times fifteen plus four equals sixty-four, representing eight seals, is the conspirator).
5. Hong Shun Tang Order / 38 21
Hong Shun Tang is a subordinate of Hongmen, responsible for communication and liaison, because it is necessary to move around and connect, so it is called "straw shoes".
6. Kim Ranh Society / Yi Bo Yun Tian
The Kinran Society is also a hongmen clan.
The Hung Mun keepsake money appears at the Qingshui Temple in Jaken Lorong Kullia, Malacca. The small number that was still in place at that time could be put together in a different group of 6 pieces, and there were other scattered pieces. This small temple is located in a quiet side street, looking like an ancient Chinese wooden boat moored, the right side is connected next to the two-storey townhouse, and on the other side is an alley, two stories high, which is actually a double-storey townhouse, the outer wall of the alley has three juxtaposed windows, and the front entrance is a three-stage iron folding door. Inside the house is a wooden boat-style structure, all of which are mainly three, such as the upper floor is three vertical poles, the floor slab is nailed, like the deck of the ship, the front hall is equipped with altar incense, the right wall hangs a flag, from the left door can enter the middle room, the lintel hangs a glass frame, write "Hong Shun Tang" three big characters, the left wall hangs the community registration certificate of the 1950s (photocopied enlargement), there are the names of the directors at that time. On the right side of the entrance room, there is a 2-foot-high wall platform covered with wooden planks, which can be uncovered block by block, and the inside resembles a dark grid mechanism. There is a small dark ditch on the ground in front of the stage, covered with wooden planks, and the ditch is deep and dark (it is said that cold weapons such as Tibetan cold knives or short spears are placed). The rear section is a patio with a trellis of three pillars, and an open-air well with clear water and small fish swimming in it. A small wooden staircase leads straight upstairs, and it is said that there is a hidden passage for escape.
Malacca was the earliest port of residence for the Chinese, as early as 1511, before the Portuguese occupation, the Chinese had established a small settlement here, and during the Dutch period, the Min people were the main ones, and the scale expanded. When the British established the "three state capitals" on the peninsula, due to the development of Southeast Asia by the Europeans, the coolie labor trade market arose, and the market used it as a stronghold for exporting coolies to the Western world or the colonies in Southeast Asia. The needs of a large number of coolies, many of whom are either lured or kidnapped from the countryside, once they know that they have been deceived or abused, they will violently resist and flee. Most of them were illiterate and superstitious, and the Secret Society happened to be a controlling organization. The Qingshui Temple and Hong Shun Hall in Coolie Lane are the remnants of the area managed by the Coolie Guest.
From the construction structure of the three in the view, it can be seen that Hong Shun Tang is a branch of the triad. The triad was founded by Su Hongguang, and the triad took the meaning of heaven, place, and people. Su Hongguang created a triad and renamed it "Hong Tianyou" to help protect Hongmen in response to the will of heaven. He recruited the wise and the righteous from all over the world to come to his aid. It grew to 300,000 people, including more than 4,000 women, and the momentum was huge, causing the Qing army to suffer the biggest blow in history. The Qing army sent fu da and Tian Jian, two traitors, to lead strong men and horses to surrender, and the men and horses led by the two men were very heroic in fighting against the Qing army, and won the trust of Hong Tianyou. At that time, the triad army was organized in "platoons", and Hong Tianyou appointed Fu Da as the fourth platoon in the meeting, and Tian Jian as the seventh platoon, and entrusted him with the heavy responsibility of deputy army division. In the end, when the two men were in an emergency battle, they turned against each other, causing heavy damage to the triad army. The two traitors were captured by the three female generals during the confrontation, and the Zhongyi Hall was opened that night to worship the fallen soldiers. Hong Tianyou suffered a heavy setback due to his own negligence and credulity, and he became seriously ill due to guilt and died in the White Tiger Mountain. The remnants of the triad army were repeatedly defeated, and finally completely defeated, and the Hongmen brothers scattered and fled, scattered overseas. After experiencing this bloody lesson, Hongmenzhong took Fu Da and Tian Jian as a precept, and from then on avoided using four or seven rows. The Triad and the Peace Conference were on a par with overseas and had strong support for Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary cause.
In order to make themselves successful in the new land, Chinese immigrants have overcome their emotional attachment to China, changed their spiritual world by clan associations, dialect organizations and secret societies, preserved the traditional customs and habits of the Chinese, and integrated into the local multi-ethnic and multicultural society with distinct cultural characteristics.