Efficient cultivation and management technology of loquat "Morning Bell No. 6" in Yunxiao County, Fujian Province
Chen Dongfeng
Yunxiao County is located in the southern coastal area of Fujian Province, belongs to the marine subtropical monsoon climate, the annual frost-free period reaches 362.3 d, the annual average temperature is 21.4 °C, the annual sunshine hours are 2 098.8 h, suitable for planting loquat, is the main planting county of loquat in Fujian Province, and was officially named "the hometown of Loquat in China" by the State Forestry Administration in 2001. "Early Bell No. 6" loquat is a cross-breeding of the Institute of Pomology of fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1981 with the Liberation Bell as the mother and the early maturing Japanese fine seed Morio Early Birth as the father. This variety has a strong tree, the canopy is relatively upright, the branches are thick and sparse, the fruit is inverted oval to pear-shaped, the average single fruit mass is 52.7 g, and the largest can exceed 100 g. The fruit can be harvested around the Spring Festival, which is 15 to 20 days earlier than the Liberation Bell, which is an extra-early maturing variety. At the same time, it has both parents' large fruits, high quality, good yield performance resistance, strong retrograde and other excellent traits. In order to give full play to the location advantage of Yunxiao and produce high-grade loquat, it is necessary to manage the technical link of soil, fertilizer and water in cultivation.
Soil management
"Morning Bell No. 6" loquat is suitable for planting on the hillside of Yunxiao County, and should be selected on the northeast slope, north slope and southeast slope. The south slope of the garden, the slope shall not exceed 25 °, the soil layer is deep, the soil is loose, the humus is more, the water retention and fertility retention are strong, and the soil is not easy to accumulate water, for the loquat kindergarten, the tree tray should be covered, and the intercropping can be implemented, and the method of intercropping with bean crops can be adopted, the use of nectar nectar nitrogen fixation of legume crops to enhance soil fertility, intercropping should be kept more than 50 cm away from loquat seedlings, and maintain regular fertilization, loosening of soil, weeding, soil cultivation and hole expansion every year. Dig colonization holes with a length and width of 1 m and a depth of 60 cm, and fill each hole with 15 kg of weeds, 1 kg of lime, 1.5 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer, and 10 kg of decomposed chicken manure. Press the principle of coarse and fine, and sprinkle each layer with lime powder. When the backfill is 35 to 40 cm above the ground, the core soil and plant straw, organic fertilizer and lime layer are stacked in the position of the hole expansion, and finally the compound fertilizer or phosphate fertilizer is mixed in the topsoil and backfilled on the soil surface, and the soil of the whole park is improved in about two years. Adult loquat gardens generally use the clear tillage method, 5 to 7 times a year, so that the soil is loose and retain water, but the perennial use of clear tillage method, soil organic matter decomposition is fast, every year need to supplement more organic matter, otherwise the soil structure is easily damaged. Some low-lying grasses with shallow roots and nitrogen fixation can be planted between the rows of adult loquat gardens, such as clover. On the one hand, it can be combined with soil deep turning to provide green manure for loquat growth; on the other hand, it can play a role in covering the ground and regulating the humidity of the ground, which is conducive to root growth and activity. The application of organic fertilizer to improve the garden soil is the basis for the sustainable development of orchards, and the rational application of chemical fertilizers is to promote the vegetative growth of fruit trees, enhance crop disease resistance, reduce agricultural non-point source pollution, and protect the agricultural ecological environment. Scientific and reasonable soil management is of great significance for the planting and production of loquat "Morning Bell No. 6", so it is necessary to combine the actual situation, do a good job in soil management, and ensure that the soil can play its good role.
2. Scientific fertilization
Young trees should master the principle of "thin fertilizer and diligent application". Fertilize once every 20~30 days, mainly water and fertilizer, add a small amount of compound fertilizer to promote early growth and rapid onset. As a result, the trees were fertilized four times a year, and the first time was mainly organic fertilizer in the first 9-10 months before flowering after the flowering spikes. It can promote good flowering, improve the cold resistance of plants, and the fertilization amount accounts for 10%~20% of the annual fertilization amount. The second time was fertilized 1 month after fruit thinning, which promoted the growth of young fruits, reduced fruit fall, and promoted and enriched spring shoots, and the fertilization amount accounted for 20%-30% of the annual fertilization amount. In the rapid expansion stage of young fruits, fast-acting fertilizer was applied to promote fruit expansion, improve yield and quality, and 3% superphosphate + 0.3% urea liquid was sprayed twice to promote fruit expansion. Increasing potassium nutrition before the fruit expands rapidly can increase the sugar and color of the loquat fruit. The fertilization amount accounts for about 30% of the annual fertilization amount, and the fertilization method can be carried out according to the methods of furrow application, hole application and irrigation, or foliar spraying. Foliar spray fertilizer is directly absorbed by leaves, and the absorption is fast with fertilizer province, which can avoid certain elements from being fixed in the soil, and foliar spraying is directly effective when some deficiency diseases occur in the tree. Foliar sprays include urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, etc. The fourth time was after fruit picking and during the summer shoot extraction period, mainly to restore the tree momentum, promote the robustness of summer shoot extraction, and create conditions for flower bud differentiation.
3. Moisture management
Loquat requires more rain and moist air. Excessive precipitation can easily cause rotten roots and leaves, tree decline, affect yield, and even death. Pay attention to ditching and drainage. During the long rainy period, it is also necessary to inspect the garden on rainy days, find that there are ditches silted, dredge in time, and repair the ditches in time. Insufficient precipitation, especially high temperature accompanied by drought, low air humidity, prone to crumpling fruit, affecting yield and quality. The expansion period of the fruit has more water requirements, such as long-term sunny and little rain in the early stage, and then sudden heavy rain, it is easy to split the fruit, and it is also important to do a good job in drought resistance. In the event of a drought, some remedial measures can be taken to water after the temperature drops in the evening. Summer and autumn drought, often make the flower spikes smaller, flowering early, pay attention to irrigation or tree tray cover, conditional places should be set up sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, ditch irrigation facilities, winter irrigation can be combined with loquat garden application of bottom fertilizer comprehensive irrigation 1 time, can use large water flood irrigation, after irrigation in time to loosen the soil and cover grass, soil moisture too much or too little, will have a greater impact on loquat growth. Too little water, leaf wilting or deciduous leaves, treetop growth stopped or withered, fruit growth weakened or shedding, yield and quality decreased, severe cases can lead to the death of the whole plant, therefore, water management is also an important guarantee for loquat production.
4. Tree management
(i) Pruning of whole branches
1. When pruning the canopy of the whole tree, it is necessary to perform the pruning 2 times after the fruit is harvested and the flower spikes are extracted. The first pruning needs to clean up the dead branches and diseased branches in time, and the second pruning needs to prune the long branches and dense branches.
2. Pruning after harvesting. This time the technical content of pruning is relatively high, about 10 cm from the base of the branches, and then the back-pruning is carried out to cultivate the growing and robust fruit branches.
3. Prune the fruit after picking. This pruning is mainly to prune the germinating new shoots, the selection of new shoots generally needs to be spaced 20 to 40 cm, the new shoots will grow in May to August of each year, at different growth stages, there will be axillary buds appearing at the top of the shoots, so it is necessary to remove the new shoots before they are formed.
(ii) Thinning flowers and fruits
1. After the completion of fruit harvesting, if the growth momentum of the tree, no need to apply nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer, to the flower bud differentiation, the need to carry out branch pulling inducement, before the formation of flower buds, the need to spray the foliage, spray the drug is potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water-soluble borax 800 times liquid, the number of sprays is determined according to the actual situation, generally not more than 3 times. During the growth process, if the plant grows too vigorously, it needs to be shallow ploughed under the canopy, and the near root group is truncated. In order to ensure the differentiation of flower buds, it is necessary to do a good job of shading.
2. Loosen the buds. The bud picking is carried out manually, and the general time node needs to be controlled to cut 1/3 of the end of the flower spike when the end of the peduncle opens during the growth period of the flower spike, so as to promote its early ripening.
3. When thinning fruit, it is necessary to determine the grain retention of each panicle according to the strength of the branches, generally
In this case, 3 to 5 capsules are left per panicle to ensure quality.
(iii) Bagging
The choice of bagging method is double bagging, that is, the inside and outside of the bag are foam mesh bags and paper bags, the use of double bags can improve the quality of the fruit, but also can effectively prevent frost. But after bagging, you can't apply pesticides again, and farmers must pay attention to this.
5. Antifreeze treatment
In the winter when the temperature is low, antifreeze work is very important, so it is necessary to do a good job of antifreeze treatment. First, it is necessary to strengthen the management of the hospital and enhance the tree potential; second, it is necessary to cover the tree tray with straw to maintain the temperature of the soil and not be affected by low temperature frost damage. In the event of low-temperature frost damage, the small trees need to be treated with bunch leaves, and to prevent frost from occurring, smoke is carried out in the garden.
6. Integrated pest and disease control technology
Doing a good job in the control of loquat pests and diseases is of great significance to improving the quality and yield of loquat, and during the prevention and control period, it is necessary to follow the basic principle of "prevention first, comprehensive management". Standing on the overall situation of orchard ecosystem, various control measures are comprehensively used to reduce the influence of pests and weeds on loquat growth, and provide a good environment for loquat growth. At the same time, in order to maintain the balance and biodiversity of the loquat garden ecosystem, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive control method of agricultural control and physical control to control pesticide residues in orchards to the minimum.
Pest control should also be carried out in accordance with certain methods: First, leaf spot disease. The best time to control leaf spot disease is from April to September of each year, and the drug needs to be sprayed twice in the new shoots. Second, the branches rot disease. The time period for the prevention and treatment of this disease is in the winter and early spring, and the diseased branches should be pruned in time. Third, the yellow caterpillar. The best season for the control of yellow caterpillars is in summer and autumn, and it is necessary to observe the new shoots and spray them in time. Fourth, the boat-shaped caterpillar. The best time period for prevention and control is in autumn and winter, and these two time periods should be well observed in the field, and scientific spraying should be done. Fifth, insect pests at the flower and fruit stage. Spray in mid-to-late October each year, and control of young pests in the flower and fruit stage. Sixth, purple spot disease. Increase the application of lime and organic fertilizer, try not to spray or spray less pesticides before bagging at the young fruit stage, and use manganese pesticides with caution.
7. Harvesting
After the "Morning Bell No. 6" loquat is ripe, the color of the sepals is green, and the color of the peel is golden yellow, these two colors are also the best quality of the variety, so it needs to be harvested at this time. Loquat "Morning Bell No. 6" is more likely to be injured, so it needs to be careful in storage, otherwise it will affect the beauty of the fruit. At the same time, the harvester should be careful not to force the fruit to prevent damage to the surface of the fruit. The length of the fruit should be appropriate, not too long, and attention should be paid to handling lightly. After the harvest of the fruit, the fruit should be placed in a plastic box, and the box should be kept breathable. Finally, pay attention to the temperature of storage, the storage time at room temperature is shorter than that of refrigeration, so it is best to refrigerate in an environment with a temperature of 0 ~ 2 ° C.
VIII. Conclusion
"Morning Bell No. 6" loquat is favored by the market and is of great significance for increasing farmers' incomes. In order to improve the yield and quality of "Morning Bell No. 6" loquat, it is necessary to do a good job in daily management, soil fertilizer and water management is the focus of management work, so farmers need to do these work in daily life, and for the specific situation, carry out the corresponding tree management, antifreeze treatment, and to ensure the reliability of harvesting. At the same time, the management of loquat soil fertilizer and water in "Morning Bell No. 6" is an important way for the economic prosperity of rural areas, and it is also the key to China's comprehensive poverty alleviation.