Giraffa camelopardalis: is a ruminant cloven-hoofed animal that grows in Africa, and the Latin name means "camel with leopard print". They are the tallest extant terrestrial animals in the world. Standing from head to toe up to 6-8 meters, weighing about 700 kg, newborn pups are 1.5 meters tall; fur color patterns have spots and reticulated patterns, the forehead of the head is wide, the snout is pointed, the ears are large and erect, there is a pair of bony short horns on the top of the head, the horns cover the skin and fur; the neck is particularly long (about 2 meters), the back of the neck has 1 row of mane; the body is shorter; the limbs are tall and strong, the forelimbs are slightly longer than the hind limbs, the hooves are broad; the tail is short, and the tail end is black tufted. The teeth are primitive low-crowned teeth that cannot feed on grass, but only on leaves; the tongue is long and can be used for feeding; it has short horns, and the horns are covered with hairy skin.
There are 9 subspecies of this species with a relatively wide distribution range, and given that some giraffe populations are increasing, some are decreasing, and some appear to be stable, the most useful and suitable conservation actions for giraffes will vary with giraffe population dynamics, ecological stability, national policies and legislation.
Giraffes are protected by varying degrees of law within their range. Large populations occur in national protected areas and on private farms, but many also exist in unprotected and public areas. The main threats to protect giraffe populations are habitat loss, encroachment and diversion, and poaching.
Conservation measures typically include habitat management and conservation through law enforcement and community conservation initiatives. Successful habitat protection and stopping habitat encroachment through the use of fences and border protection can lead to the accumulation of large areas of herds within an area. However, the continued growth of these numbers is limited by the ecosystem's ability to support specific numbers of giraffes due to spatial, water and forage availability (i.e., limited carrying capacity).
In Niger, conservation projects and targeted community education and awareness programmes have facilitated the re-restriction of the giraffe population from 49 in the absence of official protected areas. However, habitat loss and drought remain major threats to the region. Importantly, the government was the first and still be the only country in the scope to develop a national giraffe conservation strategy, and in this way, the conservation of the species increased nearly eightfold in 20 years (1918).
Kenya is finalizing a national giraffe conservation strategy that aims to identify and implement a series of conservation interventions to protect the country's three giraffe subspecies (Giraffa reticulata, Giraffarothschildi, Giraffatippelskirchi). The Ugandan subspecies of giraffes are protected under the Kenya Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (Cap. 376) and the Republic of Uganda giraffes are protected by the Survival of Wild Animals (Conservation and Control) Act of 1959 (Cap. 198) and are included in Part A. The first schedule of the act is animals that may not have been hunted or captured.
Throughout Eastern and Southern Africa, increasing giraffe translocations have reintroduced giraffes, promoted wildlife enterprises, including tourism and consumer uses, and preserved the genetic diversity of small, closed and fragmented populations.
Although one of Africa's smallest populations lives in Zambia's Luangwa Valley, the species population has been stable for many years, so intervention may not be needed as a conservation action. On the contrary, continued population monitoring, coupled with efforts to limit and control mineral extraction and land conversion, would be useful.
In southern Africa, private ownership of giraffes sometimes facilitates gene flow between populations, as animals are bought, sold, and traded between farms. Perhaps a more controlled and systematic giraffe translocation pattern will help protect the giraffe.
Two subspecies of giraffes have few mature individuals and are considered endangered.
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