Per reporter: Bi Yuanyuan Per editor: Duan Lian, Wei Guanhong
The phenomenon-level hot drama "Dream Hualu" is about to usher in the end, but the "Song culture" refracted in the play is long-lasting.
Whether it is the bustling Beijing, the developed commerce, or the elegant tea art, the foundation that supports the attractiveness of "Dream Hualu" is the more readable Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty experienced a period of folk prosperity and cultural openness, and gave birth to many famous artists such as Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Yan Shu. Later generations of talents have repeatedly created plays based on the cultural history of the Song Dynasty, such as Guan Hanqing, the head of the "Four Great Masters of YuanQu".
The title of "Dream Hualu" is taken from the Song Dynasty Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Dream Hualu". The whole book adopts the form of notes, and restores the life scene of the Northern Song Dynasty from many angles, so some people comment that "Tokyo Dream Hualu" is a text version of the "Qingming River Map".
With the popularity of the TV series, Tencent Video Knowledge has launched a series of knowledge content based on the "Dream Hualu" IP, including "Zhao Dongmei Speaks about the History of the Song Dynasty" by Zhao Dongmei, a famous teacher of CCTV's "Hundred Tribunes", and she has developed from many chapters such as song dynasty institutional institutions, Song Dynasty tea culture, and Song Dynasty professional women to make an in-depth and simple interpretation of Song Dynasty culture.
Zhao Dongmei, professor of the Department of History of Peking University and the main speaker of "Zhao Dongmei On the History of the Song Dynasty"
Image source: Provided by the film
Zhao Dongmei is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the Department of History at Peking University, dedicated to the research, writing and dissemination of the Song Dynasty system, political culture and biographies of historical figures.
Recently, Zhao Dongmei accepted an exclusive interview with the reporter of the Daily Economic News (hereinafter referred to as NBD) to explain the historical dynasty behind the hot drama and the cultural inheritance that has lasted to this day.
There are pavilions and pavilions in the tea, and there are also verses in the Song Dynasty drinking tea"
If the tea soup is fragrant and long, it is natural to be appreciated by people. - Lines from "Dream Hualu".
In "Dream Hualu", the protagonist Zhao Pan'er is the first tea Wenjun in Qiantang, who conquers everyone with a wonderful "tea hundred plays" when facing difficulties.
Ordering tea is the hospitality of the Song people, and the literati and scholars judge the tea soup with bright white color and the length of time the tea foam stays. The Song Dynasty people "love tea as fate", Wang Anshi once wrote in the "Law on Tea": "Fu tea is used for civilian use, equal to rice salt, can not be a day without." ”
NBD: In "Dream Hualu", there are many cultural details of the Song Dynasty that are remarkable, such as ordering tea. As a traditional Chinese culture, did tea ordering reach its peak in the Song Dynasty?
Zhao Dongmei: Tea is a very important gift that Chinese contribute to the world. Tea originated in China and India, and tea has been drunk in some parts of Sichuan during the Han Dynasty, but it is a very regional, small-scale thing.
Further ahead, in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, northerners did not drink tea, and were influenced by nomads to drink milk products. Southern tea has a nickname, called "Tyro".
After the Sui Dynasty, the north and south were unified, and the custom of drinking tea expanded from south to north. In the late Tang Dynasty, we can see from the historical data that drinking tea became a national custom, and the upper class loved to drink tea more.
At that time, the high society practiced Zen was to learn Buddhism, and during this period, the pursuit of not snoozing required tea to refresh the mind. In the Tang Dynasty, tea making applied the Sencha method or the boiling tea method, taking a wide-mouthed jar to boil water on the fire, after the water was boiled, first scooped out a spoonful, and then put the tea foam into it to boil, forming a soup flower between the tea foam and the water. Even salt is added to the inside to taste, and finally the activity of dividing the tea is carried out.
In the Song Dynasty, there was a very important turn, from sencha or boiled tea to tea. The method of ordering tea is to put the tea foam into the tea cup, first add a little water to open, mix well and then take a hand punching pot, flush down in a relatively high position, and take a tea solution in the other hand, that is, a small brush, beat in the tea soup, so that the tea powder and water are fully mixed.
On the basis of ordering tea, the Song Dynasty also appeared to fight tea, "tea hundred plays" is to make something similar to today's coffee on the surface of tea soup, and the cultural pursuit is different.
Image source: Provided by the film
NBD: How do you comment on the restoration of "Tea Hundred Plays" in "Dream Hualu"?
Zhao Dongmei: The tea of the Tang and Song Dynasties and the tea we have today are actually different. The tea we drink now is the leaf, even if it is a Pu'er tea cake, it compresses the whole leaf together.
The tea leaves of the Tang and Song dynasties were steamed and ground into a powder, plus spices put into a metal mold, roasted on the fire, and finally prepared, the Song Dynasty people called it tuancha or slice tea, which may be a bit like a compressed biscuit.
Drinking tea is also very complicated, to knock a piece down from the top of the tea cake, the sealing technology at that time was not enough, maybe the tea cake is not crisp, crisp, dry, you have to take the clip to cut a piece, and then go to the fire slightly roasted, bake crispy after using the tea mill to crush the tea cake into a crushed foam after sieving, the tea foam formed after the sieve is like pine pollen.
It was the pollen color of the pine trees in late spring, and the "light and tender as pine flowers" mentioned in the Tang poetry was the most advanced tea cake of the Tang and Song dynasties.
NBD: What is the difference between tea in the Song Dynasty and tea in today's tea?
Zhao Dongmei: The custom of ordering tea and fighting tea no longer exists in China. The production of Japanese matcha should have originated from the Song Dynasty.
As for making patterns on the surface of tea soup, in fact, there are records in the early Song Dynasty. For example, there are pavilions and pavilions, and there can be verses, which we may indeed find unimaginable today. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, the use of tea leaves became the mainstream, and the tea with loose leaves and the tea of the Tang and Song Dynasties had a huge difference in tea form, tea drinking method, and preparation method, and our tea culture has been progressing.
In 2017, Tea Hundred Plays was listed as the intangible cultural heritage of Fujian Province, and we strive to maintain its original appearance.
No matter what kind of thing it is, human beings are seeking new changes. Nowadays, for example, if you have boiling water at home, you can drink tea, or even buy a cup of cold-extracted oolong tea directly in the store, which is also considered to be drinking tea.
Restaurants and shops are lined up one after another, and the goods are full of goods and why the Song Dynasty is "elegant and popular"
Tokyo really is, rich and charming. - Lines from "Dream Hualu".
The hit of "Dream Hualu" recreated the prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Restaurants and shops are lined up one after another, the goods are dazzling, the people are bustling, and the bustling scenery and the full fireworks atmosphere are stunning.
Commodity economy, culture and education, scientific innovation, etc. were highly prosperous in the Song Dynasty, and the prosperity of the people and the prosperity of the social economy far exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty poet Shi Yaobi once said in the "Question of Strategy": "But in the more than two hundred years of the Song Dynasty, the prosperity of cultural relics spanned hundreds of generations. ”
NBD: In your understanding, what kind of dynasty was the Song Dynasty? What is its socio-cultural atmosphere?
Zhao Dongmei: In my understanding, the Song Dynasty was actually a "countryside". Culturally, the Song Dynasty was a relatively liberal era, embodied in the freedom of thought of scholars and doctors, and the freedom of discussion in the court.
Chen Yinke, a master of traditional Chinese studies, once commented on the Song Dynasty: "The culture of the Chinese nation has evolved over thousands of years, and it was created in the world of Zhao and Song. After the gradual decline, it will eventually re-oscillate. ”
Mr. Chen said this around 1943, that is to say, before that Mr. Chen felt that the Song Dynasty was a peak of Chinese civilization.
NBD: It is said that the Song Dynasty coexisted with great customs and elegance, how do you understand this sentence?
Zhao Dongmei: In the past, Tang poetry, Song ci, and Yuan qu were spoken of, but now scholars who study Chinese literature and history generally recognize that Song poetry and Tang poetry have twin peaks and different advantages.
The elegant intentions of Tang poetry have been exhausted, so some descriptions of daily life in Song poetry have begun to become the imagery of poetry. In Mei Yaochen's poems, we will see sewers, digging mounds, seeing him go to the toilet, seeing crows pecking at the larvae of flies, and so on.
In addition to poetry, the Song Dynasty also has words, paintings, calligraphy, the Northern Song Dynasty is an era of Chinese stars shining, behind the embodiment of freedom, activity, the pursuit of rationality.
NBD: How did the Song Dynasty achieve both great customs and elegance?
Zhao Dongmei: Or freedom.
Before the Song Dynasty, it was basically the family that decided the individual, and from the Song Dynasty onwards, it was the individual who decided the family. People who are full of poetry books realize their dreams by working hard, "Asagiri Tianshelang, Twilight Heavenly Son Hall".
Among them, excellent and idealistic people do not pursue promotion and wealth, they become officials in order to cultivate themselves and rule the country and the world. After becoming officials, they still retained the pursuit of scholarship, the pursuit of Confucian learning, and the pursuit of scientific knowledge, such as Su Shida's big night to go to the bottom of Shizhong Mountain to listen to how the voice came out.
NBD: The "Night Feast Map" that appears in "Dream Hualu" connects the entire plot, in fact, including "Qingming Upper River Map" and "Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" and other world-famous paintings also show the economy, culture and art of ancient China. What is the significance of the famous paintings of the Song Dynasty to future generations?
Zhao Dongmei: Historically, there is no night banquet diagram in "Dream Hualu", and I guess the reason why the screenwriter came up with this "Night Banquet Map" is because there is a "Han Xizai Night Banquet Map", which is the work of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and some people speculate that it may be later.
Image source: Provided by the film
However, there is a very important change in the "Han Xizai Night Feast Map" that reflects the Song Dynasty, that is, the living system. In the Tang Dynasty, it was most likely to sit on the ground, but by the Song Dynasty, people were already sitting on high tables and chairs like today.
Under the influence of the scholar-doctor culture, the Song Dynasty produced the most talented emperor in Chinese history, Song Huizong, and the "Map of a Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" was completed under the guidance of Song Huizong. Of course, he was also a king of the fallen kingdom.
I think what the Song Dynasty deserves special praise is the aesthetic it left behind, untamed and simple and natural.
NBD: Was the Song Dynasty's economy at its peak?
Zhao Dongmei: From a socio-economic point of view, Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty was the first capital city in Chinese history to have a nightlife, and Kaifeng was more open than Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty.
Kaifeng's business activities are the same as today, any place where you feel that the flow of people and logistics is dense, you can open a shop on the street.
The Song Dynasty was the era of the first information explosion in human history. Technically, engraving and printing in the Song Dynasty became an industry, initially printing Buddhist scriptures, and later commercial publishing, and also appeared in writing methods, and the variety of works was greatly enriched.
The Song Dynasty also saw an "urbanization" in Chinese history, with a large number of officials moving to the cities. Kaifeng and Lin'an in the Song Dynasty became large cities with a population of more than one million.
NBD: In "Dream Hualu", Zhao Pan'er, Sun Sanniang, and Song Yinzhang went to Tokyo for the first time, showing a lively and prosperous scene, is the real Song Dynasty like the one presented in the play?
Zhao Dongmei: When we watch costume dramas, we must explain that the brightness of ancient lighting is definitely not so high, and the streets cannot be so clean.
At that time, most of the north was dirt roads, so it was impossible to recover shooting in Hengdian or other places. But in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, 24 hours are indeed very lively.
Image source: Provided by the film
What I particularly like about "Tokyo Dream" is the restoration of the four seasons of the year in Kaifeng, where different seasons have different hilarities. For example, in the morning, the residents of the city went outside to buy flapjacks, which were a very expensive food at that time, and several cake shops were mentioned in "Tokyo Dream Record", and dozens of stoves were making them at the same time. Every morning, before dawn, the bakery's chef would get up to make the cake.
In addition, there are 72 main hotels in Kaifeng, that is, the highest level of hotels. The 72 houses appeared in the largest Fan Lou at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was three stories high and consisted of five buildings forming an M-shaped shape, one of which could see the Imperial Palace.
Image source: Provided by the film
In the Southern Song Dynasty, when people recalled their good life in the north, they would say, "Remember how happy the teenagers are, and go up to the Fan Building in the middle of the night." So as far as the bustle is concerned, the TV series has worked hard to make it. The TV series may be more lively than at that time, but there are some situations that the TV series cannot give, such as the consumption of pork in Kaifeng City is very large, and every evening there will be hundreds of groups of people outside the city driving pigs into the South Smoke Gate.
Historical beauty is by no means the appearance of the Qing Palace with pigtails, but has a place in the gallery of all human history
Women are self-reliant. - Lines from "Dream Hualu".
"Dream Hualu" has made a delicate balance between ancient puppet dramas and historical science popularization, achieving the effect of being able to watch without distortion.
However, if you do not really understand history, I am afraid it is difficult to understand the plot of Gu Qianfan's obsession with asking for a decree for his mother, and Song Yinzhang's painstaking search for escape. Zhao Pan'er, who was once a pariah, and Gu Qianfan, an important minister of the dynasty, came together, and how much resistance was there?
In order to allow the audience to better understand the historical background of the play, Tencent Video has also launched a series of derivative courses, in addition to "The Historical Details Behind Zhao Dongmei's Lecture", there are also such as "Song You A Little Knowledge", "From talking about the Song Dynasty Life Atlas", "Song Dynasty Vientiane Map", etc., so that film and television IP and knowledge content can realize the grafting of traffic and value.
Image source: Provided by the film
NBD: You also popularized the content of the Song Dynasty system and institutions in the program. Is there a gap between the identities of the two protagonists in "Dream Hualu", which can be understood in the historical Song Dynasty?
Zhao Dongmei: Song history is relatively a marginal discipline, and historians are often on the edge. As a scholar of Song history, I would like to express my gratitude to the producers of "Dream Hualu" and the previous TV series such as "Qing Ping Le" and "Know It or Not".
But I also want to say that because they are not professional historians, they cannot be asked to fully restore the Song Dynasty, but can only say that they are trying to get closer to the imaginary Song Dynasty. My attitude is encouragement, support and gratitude.
We can't ask the TV series to be very accurate, for example, Gu Qianfan was promoted to five products in "Dream Hualu", but in the early Northern Song Dynasty system, the status of officials did not use the term "official body", and "official products" were shut down in the Tang Dynasty. According to my research, Gu Qianfan's official status should be called "military election official". In the social evaluation system at that time, civilian officials were the mainstream and core of the bureaucracy, and they determined the bureaucratic culture of the Song Dynasty.
Zhao Pan'er was once in the music book, that is, the untouchable, even if congliang, there is indeed a huge identity difference between the two, this identity difference is difficult to formally marry, but it is not impossible.
Image source: Provided by the film
For example, in the Tang Dynasty's "Pipa Line", the pipa woman said: The color of the twilight dynasty is the same, and the boss marries as a merchant woman. Marrying a businessman is a second-class and helpless choice.
But Bai Juyi's younger brother Bai Xingjian wrote "The Biography of Li Wa", which is about a dusty woman who framed Shusheng and made him a beggar, but later the woman's conscience found out, saved Shusheng, for him to study for him to take the exam, and left after the exam, saying "I don't deserve you." Finally, Shusheng's father said that you saved my son, so Ming media was married.
NBD: What do you think of the promotion of film and television dramas to Chinese history and culture?
Zhao Dongmei: The TV series is a particularly comprehensive display, and more and more young friends will know that Chinese history is by no means the same as the braids in the Qing Palace. We have a more unique beauty, which can still be placed in the gallery of the whole world, all mankind, and the real beauty must be universal.
Another point is that literary and artistic works can lead the audience to the Song Dynasty, but we must not take the TV series as history, "Dream Hualu" was adapted from Guan Hanqing's "Zhao Pan'er Wind and Moon To Save the Wind and Dust", but the audience regards it as history, there is a problem, the audience should understand that there is another state of our history and culture. Film and television drama is just an auxiliary tool for understanding history.
NBD: How do you think China's excellent culture can be brought into more young people?
Zhao Dongmei: We have more and more scholars come out, for example, I have a column on the B station, and I have also settled in Douyin, including my cooperation with Tencent Video, and I have a strong and clear desire: to pass on some common knowledge and concepts in history to Chinese, and to understand the best and common things of mankind.
Image source: Provided by the film
It is the responsibility of our historians to sort out China's cultural heritage, and our results should be shared with the public.
Chinese often speak of the past, there are often two extremely contradictory statements: one that feels that there is a dark tradition in the past, and the other that our five-thousand-year civilization is brilliant. Both of these statements are overly simplistic, and our culture has never been pitch black, nor has it always been bright.
Chinese civilization is a very resilient civilization, which absorbs a large number of heterogeneous factors in the long and uninterrupted development process, and can be transformed into me.
NBD: In addition to feelings in "Dream Hualu", we can also see that it can be called a group portrait drama of women engaged in careers, which restores the occupation and work status of many Women in the Song Dynasty. How to view the working status and status of women in the Song Dynasty?
Zhao Dongmei: The Song Dynasty was a traditional period, and the mainstream idea was still that the male protagonist was outside and the female protagonist was inside. At that time, women in the mainstream upper class still had to realize the value of their lives by becoming wives and mothers.
On the other hand, we do see that women have jobs in the city, such as Zhao Pan'er, who opened a tea house in "Dream Hualu", and Sun Sanniang, a kitchen lady.
The kitchen lady is a particularly typical Song Dynasty professional woman, and she can also come out and show her face. But to say that the professional advantage I do not agree, in any case, the traditional period means that there is a difference between men and women in the social structure.
NBD: Some people say that the Song Dynasty is the most desirable dynasty, do you agree with this view?
Zhao Dongmei: You can yearn for it, but if you want to 'cross' it is not necessary, now is the best time.
The Song Dynasty was indeed a cultural peak in history, but it is difficult to say that the people were able to have enough food and clothing. When we talk about history, we tend to talk about the lives of the upper classes of scholars and bureaucrats.
The people's lives are based on the power of God, the power of the government, the absence of war, and the absence of excessive exploitation. If the wind and rain are smooth, the people can live a life of "Mo Xiao farmhouse lax wine, and stay in the guests in the good year".
The standard of living in ancient societies was generally subject to the level of productivity at that time. Because the Song Dynasty paid more attention to agriculture, the productivity level of the Song Dynasty made some progress over before, especially the Southern Song Dynasty made progress compared with the Northern Song Dynasty.
As a modern person, we must thank modern science and technology and modern civilization.
Reporter |Bi Yuanyuan
Edited | Duan Lian Wei Guanhong Du Hengfeng
Proofreading | Lu Xiangyong
| the original article of the daily economic news nbdnews |
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