No nonsense, direct feeding:
First: Tears and horses
Let's first look at how Zhuge Liang is described in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms as "tearful and horse-slur":
In the sixth year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang personally proposed 100,000 troops to qishan and the first northern expedition to Cao Wei. The Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui sent Zhang Hao to lead an army to resist. Zhuge Liang expected that Zhang Gao would definitely come to take the street pavilion where the Han army was throated, so he appointed Ma Mo as the forward and guarded the street pavilion. Although before leaving, Zhuge Liang repeatedly instructed Ma Mo: "Camp up near the mountains and waters, be cautious and careful, and do not make mistakes." But Ma Mo was proud of the enemy and took it upon himself to deploy his army on the street pavilion hill far from the water source. The deputy general Wang Ping did not listen, and as a result, Zhang Gao cut off the water source, cut off the grain route, and then set fire to the mountain, the Shu army collapsed without a fight, and the street pavilion was lost.
Ma Mo led the defeated army back to the camp and knelt down in front of the tent, and Kong Ming tearfully told him that the two were brothers and would take care of his son. Jiang Wan, who joined the army, pleaded, and Kong Ming replied tearfully: "So Sun Wu can be better than the world, and Fa Ming is also ... It's a good thing to do. As a result, Ma Mo was pushed out of the head by the samurai and sacrificed his head to the next step, and Kong Ming cried unceasingly.
Due to the wide circulation of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its position in the history of literature, many people think that this is a historical fact, but in fact, it is not, the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms Ma Liang" records, "... He fought with the Wei general Zhang Gao at a street pavilion, which was broken by Gao and the soldiers were scattered. Liang jin had no basis, and the retreating army returned to Hanzhong. When he was imprisoned, Liang wept for it, and Chinese New Year's Eve nine. In other words, Ma Mo died in prison and was not beheaded for public display. The "Biography of Xiang Lang" even pointed out that "Tan fled", that is to say, Ma Mo absconded in fear of crime after being defeated.
Therefore, many experts and scholars now believe that after the defeat of Ma Mobing, he did not tie himself back to the camp, but absconded in fear of crime, and was later arrested and imprisoned, although he finally died in prison, but was sentenced to death by Zhuge Liang.
Luo Guanzhong's description of "tears and horse rumors" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is probably just to highlight Zhuge Liang's remorse and selflessness.
Second: Xiang Yu burned the Afang Palace
It is said that Xiang Yu burned the Afang Palace, the earliest from Sima Qian's "Records of History", "Xiang Yu led the army to slaughter Xianyang in the west, killed the prince and baby; burned the Qin Palace room, and the fire was not extinguished for three months." "Although it is not explicitly stated that there is a Fang Palace in the Qin Palace room that Xiang Yu burned, xiang Yu can't just leave A Fang without burning, right?"
The Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu's "A Fang Gong Fu" clearly supports this view, "Six kings are bi, the four seas are one." Shushan Wu, A Fang out... The Chu people were torched, poor scorched earth. When this famous gift was selected for the middle school textbook, Xiang Yu's burning of the Afang Palace almost became a conclusive conclusion, and was widely recognized by the world.
Xiang Yu
However, a modern archaeological expedition overturned this conclusion.
In October 2002, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology jointly established the Qin Afang Palace Archaeological Task Force to conduct archaeological exploration and excavation of the "Front Hall" site of the Afang Palace.
In a year's time, archaeologists explored an area of more than 200,000 square meters, excavated an area of 1,000 square meters, and found only a few pieces of braised earth. This is completely inconsistent with the historical data of "burning for three months". Because if it is said that a large area of fire for three months of red burned soil should be everywhere, and there should be a lot of grass and wood ash.
Therefore, experts have given the conclusion that "Afang Palace was not burned"!
Moreover, another record in the "Records of History" also makes a "commentary" on this conclusion, in which it is said in the "History of the First Emperor of Qin", "The second emperor also went to Xianyang, that is, 'The former emperor was a small court in Xianyang, and he camped Afang Palace.' For the room hall is not finished, the meeting collapses, dismiss its author, and restore the soil to the mountain. That is to say, when Qin II ascended the throne, the Afang Palace "did not finish the room", because the first emperor "collapsed", he drove all 700,000 laborers to repair the Qin Tomb.
When he waited until the construction of the imperial tomb was completed and then prepared to repair the Afang Palace, Chen Sheng wu guang turned back. The Qin Empire was in danger, and the Afang Palace naturally could not be repaired step by step. When Qin II died, the project was completely stopped, and the Afang Palace only left a name of "Afang".
Qin II and Zhao Gao
Afang Palace was burned by Xiang Yu, which has been circulating in China for more than 2,000 years, and has been cited as an allusion by countless literati and inkers, but the fact is: Afang Palace is not burned!
It seems that Old Mr. Sima Qian is still relatively strict, and he did not say that he burned the Afang Palace!
Third: The SONG Dynasty's GDP accounted for 60% of the world's then
This statement has been quoted by countless Chinese, and Xiaobian is also one of them, and naturally the proud Chinese people believe it. But a closer look at the source revealed that this was not the case at all.
In this more than 300-page work, China's GDP data appears only once in an appendix chart, and the song dynasty's GDP estimate is 26,550 million international dollars, and the total world GDP is 116,790 million international dollars, accounting for less than 23% of the Song Dynasty.
Even if Maddison's estimate is correct (how did this data come from, Madison himself can't say clearly), the Song Dynasty GDP did not meet the standard of 60%, so how did 60% come about?
It turns out that Madison's chart also has a data called Asian GDP (excluding Japan). This figure is exactly 60% of the world's GDP. The earliest rumors were probably left in China, and then they took this as China's data.
And the people who are proud of having the old ancestor of the Song Dynasty will naturally not refute it with great embarrassment, so with false rumors, everyone will believe it.
Fourth: Qin Shi Huang completed the great unification
At present, almost all books say that Qin Shi Huang destroyed the Six Kingdoms and completed the great unification, but in fact there was a small country that did not perish until the second year after Qin II succeeded to the throne, and it was weiguo.
Qin Shi Huang
According to the "Chronicle of History", Weiguo was the last of the princely states to perish, and in 209 BC, that is, the second year after the death of Qin Shi Huang, the southern corner of the Weiguo junzi was abolished by Qin II as a Shuren, and the Weiguo was completely destroyed.
Wei Guo was a vassal of the Qin State, and it was the mother country of Shang Martin and Lü Buwei, and Qin Shi Huang read this incense, although it was not a matter of minutes to destroy the small Wei Guo, but in the end, he always allowed the existence of Wei Guo and did not infringe on it.
Therefore, strictly speaking, Qin Shi Huang did not complete the great unification.
Fifth: The Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty Was Due to the "Princes of Beacon Theatre"
According to the "Records of History", the faint king of Zhou You smiled at bomei and deceived the princes with a beacon. When Rong Di invaded and King You of Zhou lit the beacon again for help, no princes came to the rescue, and Western Zhou perished, which was the famous "Beacon Theatre Princes".
Due to the great influence of the "Chronicle of History", coupled with the reference significance of the story itself, especially the change of dynasties, for thousands of years, the world believed that the "Princes of Beacon Theatre" really existed.
But some scholars in modern times think that this is a huge lie. There are four reasons for this:
First, the earliest record of the "Princes of Beacon Theatre" is the "Records of History" written in the Western Han Dynasty. However, in historical materials that are earlier and closer to the Western Zhou Dynasty than the "Records of History", such as the "Qinghua Jian Zhi Nian" and "Zuo Zhuan", there is no record of the "Princes of Beacon Theatre".
Second, according to historical records and archaeological findings, beacons only began to be used in the military during the Warring States period, while large-scale use was the Han Dynasty. In the spring and autumn, no beacon was used, let alone the Western Weekend Year.
Third, the princes closest to King Youwang of Zhou are also hundreds of miles away, plus the necessary preparation time, it takes at least ten days and a half months, or even a year and a half, for the princes to come to support from the flames, and this period of time can not always let the King of You and The Princess camp by the beacon platform, right? Besides, if the princes' armies did not see the enemy after they arrived, it could be fully understood that the enemy had withdrawn its troops and would only truce. After several months of camping, did she still have the mood to laugh when she saw a few armies coming? These do not make sense at all (from the views of Mr. Qian Mu in the Outline of National History)
Fourth, according to the Records of the Warring States Bamboo Jian collected by Tsinghua University, King You of Zhou took the initiative to attack the original Shen Hou (Queen Of Zhou You) in-laws Shen Guo, and Shen Hou contacted the Rong clan to defeat King Zhou You, and Western Zhou was thus destroyed. Since it was the King of You who raised an army to seek revenge, how could there be such a thing as the enemy's attack recorded in the "Records of History" and a warning that there was no way to save it?
Therefore, the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty was not due to the "Princes of Beacon Theatre", and even the story did not exist.
Sixth: The barbarian Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei has always given the impression that The Man who drank and retreated cao Cao's million soldiers in front of Changshanpo took the first rank of general, such as a mangy man and a barbarian who probed for things.
But in real history, Zhang Fei was not only not a reckless man and a barbarian, but also a gentle and elegant handsome man, and he wrote well in calligraphy and was good at painting and poetry.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhang Fei "loved and respected the gentleman", and it can be seen that he admired the gentle and elegant scribes; his two daughters successively became Liu Chan's empresses, if Zhang Fei looked "leopard head and ring eyes", I am afraid that his two daughters would not have been successively admitted to the room by Liu Chan.
In the Ming Dynasty Zhuo Erchang's "Interpretation of the Painting Essence", it is written: "Zhang Feixi paints beautiful people and is good at cursive writing. The Ming "General Record of Dan Lead" says: "Fuling has Zhang Fei Diao Dou Ming, whose plan is very workable, and the Fei Suo book is also." The scholar Deng Tuo also wrote an article about Zhang Fei's paintings and calligraphy. These historical materials all show that Zhang Fei not only can paint, but also a good calligrapher.
In addition, the Qishan County Museum in Shaanxi Province also has a rubbing of Zhang Fei's handwritten stele, which reads "General Han Fei, leading tens of thousands of elites, the first zhang of the great thief in the eight mines, and the immediate inscription" two lines of large characters. These 22 character strokes are full of vigor and vigor, and the momentum is strong and dignified. Historian Li Dongfang believes: "Such an inscription can only be written by a great hero like Zhang Fei." ”
There is a couplet on both sides of the statue of Zhang Fei in the Huanhou Ancestral Hall in Langzhong: "Garden Xie Hongtao, the eldest brother Xuande and the second brother Yu; the history of the country liuqing, the three points of the dingshi eight points of the book." This association was written by the poet Liushahe to evaluate Zhang Fei's literary and martial arts.
It is said that Zhang Fei could also write poetry, and after defeating Zhang Gao, he led his troops to tour ZhenduoShan, and could not help but write "Travels of Zhenduo Mountain": "Wang Fangping collected medicine for this mountain, and the heavy son sang Yulu Mountain Stream." Snow, the accommodation is OK. "Nineteen characters of the travel scripture, the scene blends, the words are concise and profound.
Although Zhang Fei's writing of poetry is only a rumor and has no historical support, his good calligraphy and good painting are enough to show that Zhang Fei is not a reckless man.
Seventh: Song Taizu's "Glass of Wine to Release Military Power"
Most historians of the Song Dynasty have been convinced of the fact that Song Taizu "released the military power with a cup of wine" and has been widely circulated among the people. However, after scholars' research, this matter is purely fictitious.
The earliest surviving records of "releasing military power through a cup of wine" are the "Records of the Discussion of The Duke of Ding Jin" written by Ding Shu, the chancellor of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the "Records of Wang Wenzheng" written by The Chancellor Wang Zeng of the Northern Song Dynasty, both of which indicate the same fact: Zhao Kuangyin only began to dismantle the general's military power after being persuaded by Zhao Pu, and there was no such a dramatic banquet.
However, half a century later, Sima Guang made a more detailed record of this matter in the "Chronicle of Shuishui", in which Sima Guang said that on the second day of the banquet, Zhao Kuangyin's subordinates understood every heart, "All are called diseases, please relieve the military power." All of them are scattered officials." And Sima Guang also capitalized the old plot of the banquet in the "Chronicle", painting the sound and shadow, as if he was in the scene, the farther away from the era of the person concerned, the more detailed the record, it is difficult to make people believe.
Moreover, the northern Song Dynasty historian Guan xiu's "Records of Taizu" and "History of the Three Dynasties" do not see the word "cup of wine to release military power". At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the "Records of the History of Song And Taizu" compiled by historians did not pay much attention to this matter.
In fact, this is very easy to understand, such a major thing, must go through a long period of communication and interest exchange, how can it be solved in one sentence on the wine table? Therefore, there is a right to release the soldiers, but if you think about drinking, you will know!
Eighth: The three northeastern provinces are the dowries brought by the Manchu Qing after entering the customs
As an ethnic group that came out of the white mountains and black water region of northeast China, the Manchus unified the three eastern provinces, and then entered the Central Plains and unified China. After the Manchu Qing Entered the Customs, the border was demarcated with Russia, and the northeast was officially incorporated into the Chinese territory.
In addition, the territory map of the Ming Dynasty in many sources now does not include the land north of Shanhaiguan.
Based on these two situations, there are not a few people who hold the view that the three northeastern provinces are the dowry brought by the Manchu Qing.
In fact, this view is very wrong, for two reasons:
First, a long, long time ago, the northeast was incorporated into The Territory of China, dating back to the founding of the Zhou Dynasty.
After the success of King Wu's cutting, he did not treat the shang dynasty's widows and widows badly, and he arranged for king Wu's uncle Jizi to go to the Korean Peninsula to establish Jizi Korea. In the Warring States period, King Yan Zhao sent Qin to conquer Eastern Hu and take more than 2,000 miles of land, and from then on, the lands of Liaodong and Western Liaoning were incorporated into the territory of the Yan State, and counties such as Liaodong and Western Liaoning were established here. After Qin unified the Six Kingdoms, liaodong county and dai county were established here.
Although the later Central Plains Dynasty sometimes lost control of the northeast, most of the time it was still in the hands of the Central Plains Dynasty.
Even the Ming Dynasty did not completely lose the three northeastern provinces. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang set up a wide range of health centers in the northeast region, and set up a Dingliao Wei Duwei, which had jurisdiction over the twenty-five wei and one hundred and thirty-eight wei in Liaodong, and the Ming Dynasty vigorously developed handicrafts and agriculture here, and the current Liaoyang area was at that time "a rich place where the years are envied, thousands of miles are connected, and tunbao are facing each other." The 30,000 Wei in Liaodong were the three major iron smelting centers that were famous throughout the country at that time.
Even at the end of the Ming Dynasty, Daming had unquestionable sovereignty over the three northeastern provinces. In the memoirs of Khabarovsk, the commander of the Russian invading army, the chiefs of the Nebuchu region admitted during interrogation by the Russian army that they were originally the people of Daming and accepted Daming's jurisdiction.
Therefore, Nurhaci and the Jurchens of Jianzhou can, in a sense, only be said to be regional government organizations controlled by the central government of the Ming Dynasty, but in the end this place organized a rebellion successfully, replacing the original central government, and its original "base area" cannot be said to be its dowry.