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Jenne Natural Tribes: 1500 years ago, the nomadic Avars suddenly appeared in Eastern Europe, crushing the remnants of the Roman Empire and ruling for two centuries. Who are they? It turns out that they were Mongols, who built an empire centuries before Genghis Khan.
Attila: I was the leader of the Huns in ancient Eurasia, I made Europe tremble, I was called "God's Whip" by Europeans... Avar: Come on, I'll teach you how to do it quickly.
This article is 2333 words. It takes about 8 minutes to read, and the English PDF version of the natural science tribe internal communication is used for learning.
Use ancient DNA to elucidate the origins of the Avars
Mapper Society April 1, 2022
The Avars are less well known than the Huns of Attila, who are their more successful successors. They ruled most of Central and Eastern Europe for nearly 250 years. We know they came from Central Asia in the sixth century AD, but ancient writers and modern historians have long debated their provenance.
Reconstruction of armored cavalry from the Avar period
According to the Tomb of Dresco Bikas Vineyard Ruins 1341/1503 reconstructed armored cavalry of the Avar period (Debrecen Delhi Museum). Image credit: Ilona C. Keith
Now, a multidisciplinary team of geneticists, archaeologists and historians, including researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has obtained and studied the first ancient genomes from the most important site of the Avar elite found in contemporary Hungary. The study traced the genetic origins of the Avar elite to a distant region in eastern Central Asia. It provides direct genetic evidence for one of the largest and fastest long-distance migrations in ancient human history.
In the 560s, the Avars established an empire centered on the Carpathian Basin for more than 200 years. Despite much academic debate, their original home and origin remain unclear. Today, the knowledge of the Avars is mainly from the historical sources of their enemy at that time, the Byzantines, who wanted to know their origins after the sudden appearance of the terrible Avar warriors in Europe. Were they from the Mongol steppe of the Rouran Empire (which had just been destroyed by the Turks), or should they believe the Byzantines who strongly opposed this legacy?
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Historians wonder whether this was a well-organized group of immigrants or a mixed group of fugitives. Archaeological studies have pointed to many similarities between the Carpathian Basin and the artifacts (weapons, ships, harnesses) of eurasian nomads, such as the crescent-shaped golden breastplate used as a symbol of power. We also know that the Avars introduced stirrups to Europe. So far, however, we have not been able to trace their origins in the vast Eurasian steppes.
Source: Guido Gönec Ruscone et al
In the study, a multidisciplinary team— including researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, ELTE University and the Budapest Institute for Archaeological Genomics, Harvard Medical School in Boston, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, Austria— analyzed 66 remains in the Carpathian Basin. The study included eight of the richest Avar tombs ever found, filled with gold objects, as well as others from the region before and during the Avar era.
Source: Guido Gönec Ruscone et al
"We solved a question that had been a mystery for more than 1400 years: Who was the King of Avar, the mysterious founder of a vast empire that nearly destroyed Constantinople and ruled for more than 200 years? The empire included modern Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Austria, Croatia, and Serbia. Johnnes Krauss, senior author of the study, explains.
Graves of vineyard ruins
Grave of the Ruins of the Vineyard of Dresco Bikas 1341/1503 (Deli Museum, Debrecen). Image credit: Sylvia de Brunti David
The fastest long-distance migration in human history, straight to Rome.
The Avars left no written records of their history, and these first genome-wide data provided a powerful clue to their origins. "The historical context of the archaeological results allows us to narrow down the proposed Avar migration time. They covered more than 5,000 kilometers from Mongolia to the Caucasus within a few years, and settled in what is now Hungary for another decade. This is the fastest long-distance migration in human history that we can reconstruct to date," explains Zheng Chongyuan, co-senior author of the study.
The golden pot of treasure from Nagyszentmiklós Avar Image: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
One problem remains. From the fall of Rouran to the arrival of the Avars in the Carpathian Basin, it took less than twenty years. By the standards of ancient migration of large groups of men, women and children, this was not long. With the possible exception of their stops in the northern Caucasus, the Avars seem to have made a rather deliberate straight line for the lands of the embattled Roman Empire. Why not settle down on the 6,000-kilometer journey from Mongolia to Hungary?
Guido Gneci Ruscone speculates: "They are a defeated people, on the run, but perhaps they have some knowledge of a rich empire and a land full of gold in the West." "Perhaps, propelled by this dream, they reached the borders of the collapsed Roman Empire, where they settled, plundering the gold they so longed for, the same gold we now find in their graves."
Lead author of the study, Guido Gneich Ruscone, added: "In addition to their apparent kinship to Northeast Asia and possible origins due to the decline of the Joran Empire, we also see the Avar-era elites in the 7th century exhibiting 20 to 30 percentages of other non-native ancestry, possibly related to the North Caucasus and West Asian steppes, which may indicate their further migration from the steppes after arriving in the 6th century." ”
East Asian ancestry has been found at several sites in the core settlement between the Danube and Tisza rivers in modern central Hungary. Outside the main settlements, however, we found large differences in the level of mixing between individuals, especially at the Colked ruins in southern Hungary. This suggests that the immigrant Avar elite dominates a diverse population with the help of heterogeneous local elites.
These exciting results suggest that there is great potential for geneticists, archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists to collaborate unprecedentedly on the "migration period" of the first millennium AD.
Brief introduction
New ancient DNA research reveals 5,000 years of Xinjiang's population history
Further information: Johannes Krause, Ancient Genome Reveals origins of the Avar elite in the 7th century and rapid migration across Eurasia, Journal Info: Cells
Courtesy of the Max Planck Society
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License and can be used, distributed and reproduced unrestricted in any media, provided that the original author and source are indicated.
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