Han Yuncai
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Since the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War on February 24, 2022, the UN Security Council and the General Assembly have continued to make motions against Russia. The results of each meeting all reflect the game of big countries, the choice of sides of small countries, the arrogance of strong countries, and the helplessness of weak countries. The United Nations is an arena for great powers to express their strength, appeal, influence and willpower. The United Nations is also the place where many small States show their loyalty to their leading big brothers. Of course, the United Nations is also the main place where justice and fairness in the family of nations are embodied.
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Past and present lives of the United Nations
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Creation of the United Nations
The predecessor of the United Nations, the League of Nations
The predecessor of the United Nations was the League of Nations. The organization was conceived in the context of the First World War. After the end of World War I, the Paris Peace Conference on January 28, 1919 passed the drafting bill for the establishment of the League of Nations, and a drafting committee headed by U.S. President Wilson drafted the Covenant of the League of Nations to prepare for the Formation of the League of Nations.
On April 28, 1919, the Covenant was signed by 44 countries. On January 10, 1920, the League of Nations was formally established under wilson's presidency, on the day of the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty between the victorious powers (the Allies) and the defeated powers (the Allies) after World War I, the main purpose of which was to weaken Germany. All the allies in the Great War (the Allies were military alliances formed by the German Empire, austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgarian Kingdom in the First World War. The Entente Group, led by the British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Russian Empire, formed the antagonism of the First World War. Both the countries that declared war and the newly formed nations were founding members of the League of Nations.
Although Wilson worked to promote the formation of the League of Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize, the United States did not join the League of Nations due to the failure to compete with Britain and France for leadership. On January 19, 1920, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations And the League of Nations, and rejected membership in the League of Nations.
The first parliamentary session of the League of Nations was held in Paris on 16 January 1920 (six days after the entry into force of the Treaty of Versailles). In November of the same year, the league headquarters was moved to the Palais Wilson in Geneva, and on November 15, the league held its first plenary meeting at the headquarters, attended by representatives of 41 countries.
The Chinese delegates to the Paris Peace Conference placed high hopes on the League of Nations
In 1922, the League of Nations issued Nansen passports to stateless refugees, which were eventually recognized by 52 countries. In the 1920s, the League of Nations successfully resolved minor disputes. But for the larger conflicts of the 1930s and World War II, the League of Nations was overwhelmed.
On 18 April 1946, the League of Nations was formally dissolved and replaced by the United Nations.
The signing of the Atlantic Charter — marking the beginning of the establishment of the United Nations
After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, the scope of the Second World War expanded, and Britain and the United States urgently needed to further coordinate their anti-fascist strategies. The two heads of state held an Atlantic conference in August 1941 aboard the USS August 1941 aboard the USS Augusta, a heavy cruiser in the Gulf of Akinsha in Newfoundland, northern Atlantic. On the 13th, the two heads of state conducted a signing ceremony for the Atlantic Charter on the back deck of the battleship "Prince of Wales", which was officially announced on the 14th.
The full text of the document consists of 8 articles, declaring the purpose of the war against Germany and the peaceful disposition after the war, while indicating that the two countries do not pursue territorial or other expansion, do not recognize the territorial changes caused by fascism through aggression, respect the right of the peoples of all countries to choose their form of government, restore the sovereignty of the peoples who have been violently deprived, enjoy equal treatment of all countries in trade and raw materials, promote the most comprehensive cooperation of all countries in the economic field, rebuild peace after the destruction of Nazi tyranny, freedom of navigation on the high seas, and countries must renounce force to reduce their armaments, Disarm the aggressor State.
Signing of the Declaration of the United Nations, the Moscow Declaration and the Charter of the United Nations
On January 1, 1942, during World War II, representatives of 26 anti-fascist allies in Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 26 other countries that were fighting the Axis powers met in Washington, D.C., and signed the Declaration of the United Nations to express their approval of the Atlantic Charter. For the first time, the document officially adopted the name "United Nations" proposed by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
On October 30, 1943, the Moscow Declaration was signed by representatives of the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and China in Moscow, the Soviet Union, calling for the early establishment of an international institution for the maintenance of world peace and security. On December 1, 1943, the Tehran Conference was held in Tehran, Iran, and the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom reaffirmed this goal.
From September 21 to October 7, 1944, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held in Washington, D.C., where representatives of China, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States agreed on the goals, structure, and function of a post-war international organization, and the Blueprint for the United Nations was outlined for the first time.
On 11 February 1945, the Yalta Conference was held in Yalta, Crimea, and the leaders of Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union said: "We have decided, together with our Allies, to establish, as soon as possible, a universal international organization to maintain peace and security... We agreed to convene a meeting of the United Nations in San Francisco on April 25, 1945, to draft a charter for the organization based on the proposal for the Dumbarton Oaks Dialogue. ”
Churchill (left), Roosevelt (center), and Stalin (right), heads of state of Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, met in Yalta
On April 25, 1945, the San Francisco Conference was held in San Francisco, USA, and representatives of 150 countries deliberated on the proposals made by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in The Oaks of Dunbarton, usa from August to October 1944, and on June 25, the Charter of the United Nations was adopted, and on June 26, the representatives of 50 countries signed the Charter of the United Nations. China, the first victim of Axis aggression, received the honor of being the first to sign.
Gu Weijun, the representative of the Chinese government, was the first to sign the UN Charter
Establishment of the United Nations
On October 24, 1945, after the ratification of the Charter of the United Nations by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and most other signatories, the Charter of the United Nations came into force and the United Nations was formally established. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly officially designated 24 October as United Nations Day.
On 10 January 1946, the first United Nations General Assembly was held in Central Hall, Westminster, London, England, attended by 51 countries. On 24 January, the United Nations General Assembly adopted its first resolution, focusing on the peaceful use of atomic energy and the elimination of atomic weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. On 17 January, the United Nations Security Council met for the first time in London, England, and adopted its rules of procedure. On 1 February, Norway's Trigwe Halfdan Rey was appointed the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.
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Organizational structure of the United Nations
The United Nations has six principal organs: the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The General Assembly of the United Nations is composed of all Member States and holds one regular session per year. The new regular session opens in September each year and usually lasts until mid-to-late December. The General Assembly may decide to adjourn the session provisionally during the session and may resume it at a later date, but it must close before the opening of the next regular session. Under the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly has the power to discuss any issue or matter within the scope of the Charter and to make recommendations to Member States and the Council.
【UN General Assembly】
The General Assembly, referred to as the General Assembly, is composed of all Member States. It is the deliberative body of the United Nations, and resolutions on "important issues" must be adopted by a majority of 2/3; for resolutions on "general issues", more than half of them can be adopted. Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly are not legally binding, but are sufficient to have broad political implications for Member States.
【United Nations Secretariat】
The United Nations Secretariat is the administrative secretarial body of United Nations agencies. The Secretary-General is the executive head of the United Nations and holds significant international political responsibilities. The Secretary-General is appointed by the United Nations General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term. The Secretary-General appears in international affairs as a representative of the United Nations, represents the United Nations in liaison with Member States and other international organizations, and can represent the United Nations in understanding and mediation in areas where international conflicts and disputes arise.
The Secretariat is composed of the Secretary-General and United Nations staff, whose responsibilities are to serve the United Nations and its subordinate agencies and to implement the programmes and policies developed by those bodies. The Secretary-General is the chief executive of the United Nations, and the current Secretary-General is the Portuguese António Guterres.
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The role of the United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and has the responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council has 15 members, each with one vote. All members have an obligation to fulfil the Council's decisions. The Security Council also recommends that the General Assembly appoint the Secretary-General and admit new Member States to the United Nations. The Council also joined the General Assembly in electing the members of the International Court of Justice. Each member of the Council must always have a representative at United Nations Headquarters. It is the only United Nations agency with the authority to take military action.
Establishment of the United Nations Security Council
The First Meeting of the United Nations Security Council was held on 13 January 1946 and on 17 January 1946 at the Church Building in Westminster, London. Since its first meeting, the Security Council has placed its permanent address at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The Council has also travelled to many cities, meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1972, Panama City, Panama, and Geneva, Switzerland, in 1990.
The 15 members of the Council currently have:
The five permanent members are the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the French Republic, the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
10 non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term (with end year): Albania (2023), United Arab Emirates (2023), Ireland (2022), Brazil (2023), Ghana (2023), Gabon (2023), Kenya (2022), Mexico (2022), Norway (2022, India (2022).
Rules of procedure of the United Nations Security Council
Each member has 1 vote, and procedural issues require at least 9 votes to be adopted. The five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States) all have veto power over substantive issues and cannot be adopted with only one vote against. This is the principle of great power unanimity, often referred to as the "veto" right. Non-permanent members have no veto. However, on procedural issues, the permanent members of the Council also have the right of veto. Because when the members of the Council disagree on whether the issue is a "point of order" or a "matter of substance", the issue can be identified as a "matter of substance", which is also known as the "double veto".
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The relationship between the United Nations and NATO and the Warsaw Organization during the Cold War
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Churchill's Iron Curtain speech coincided with the beginning of the Cold War prologue
Churchill and his people
Churchill was born in 1874 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. Churchill was a premature baby, and because his father, Randolph Churchill, was busy with politics and his mother was obsessed with communication, Churchill rarely felt the love of his parents in his youth, and only formed a deep affection with his nanny. Churchill was sent to the school for the children of the nobility at the age of 7, and Churchill was one of the most mischievous, gluttonous, and poorest students in the school, so he was often physically punished by his teachers and later had to transfer to another school.
During secondary school, Churchill attended Harrow College, second only to Eton College, but his grades remained poor. His father then decided to send his son Churchill to the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst after graduating from secondary school.
In August 1893, Churchill entered the school to study cavalry. In 1895, Churchill's politically ill-fated father died prematurely. In February 1895, Churchill graduated from the military academy and was assigned to the Fourth Hussar Regiment as a lieutenant. Churchill, who had just become a lieutenant, took advantage of his vacation to cuba with friends to experience first-hand the war of the uprising between Spain and the local people of Cuba. Because of his father's connections, Churchill was favored by British intelligence and put him in charge of collecting intelligence on the guns and bullets used by the Spanish army. The Daily Chronicle also hired him as a military correspondent to publish for the newspaper. In November 1895, Churchill, who had endured the war and was carrying a Spanish Red Cross, returned to England, and the trip to Cuba made Churchill fall in love with the life of writing and journalism.
In September 1899, Churchill, who had resigned from the army, traveled to South Africa as a reporter for the Morning Post to cover the Anglo-Boer War. Captured on his way with British soldiers, Churchill, who later became the Prime Minister of South Africa, was a journalist with the army, but the Boers refused to release him because of his weapons and fighting. In December 1899, Churchill had the audacity to escape from prison alone, escaping to the British consulate in Lourenço-Maguis (present-day Maputo, Mozambique) with the help of a local British expatriate. This incident made him famous in Britain; in March 1900, Churchill, who had experienced several more battles, finally returned to England, and Churchill, who had become famous throughout the country through the prison escape, decided to seize the opportunity and enter politics from then on.
Churchill, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955, is considered one of the most important political leaders of the 20th century, led the British people to win the Second World War, was one of the "Three Giants of the Yalta Conference", and issued the "Iron Curtain Speech" after the war, officially opening the prelude to the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. He wrote "The Unwanted War", which won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature, and wrote 16 volumes of "Memoirs of the Second World War" and 24 volumes of "History of the English Nation". Churchill, one of the most proficient English words in history (more than 120,000), was listed by the American magazine People as one of the world's eight most persuasive orators in the past hundred years, and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. From 1929 to 1965, he was President of the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom for 36 consecutive years. Churchill died of a stroke on 24 January 1965. In 2002, the BBC held a survey called "The Greatest 100 Britons", which resulted in Churchill being voted the greatest Briton of all time.
Background to Churchill's Iron Curtain speech
After World War II, the United States became the world's number one capitalist power, both economically and militarily. However, at the same time, the comprehensive strength of the Red Soviet Union is also getting stronger, especially in the performance of defeating Nazi Germany in World War II, which greatly enhances its international status, many countries in Eastern Europe have embarked on the socialist road under its influence, coupled with the Soviet Union's vigorous export of ideology, the sphere of influence in Europe has been expanding, and the contradictions between the United States and the Soviet Union have deepened.
For this reason, the Western countries clamored for the use of all means except a direct armed offensive to contain communism, and a "cold war" quietly unfolded between the United States and the Soviet Union and the capitalist and socialist camps to which they belonged.
The main content of Churchill's Iron Curtain speech
On March 5, 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, accompanied by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, went to Truman's alma mater, Westminster College in Fulton, USA, to deliver a speech entitled "The Pillar of Peace." In this speech, Churchill used the word "Iron Curtain" to describe the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe at that time "shrouded in an Iron Curtain", so the speech was called the "Iron Curtain Speech".
In his speech, Churchill said: "The United States is at the top of the world's power at this moment. This is a solemn moment for American democracy. To have the greatest power is to have an awesome responsibility for the future. Looking around, you not only feel that you have fulfilled your due responsibilities, but also feel worried, I am afraid that future achievements may not be able to reach such a high level. For both of you and me, there is now an opportunity here, a clear, glorious opportunity. If this opportunity is rejected, ignored, or squandered, we will be blamed for a long time in future generations. ”
Churchill added: "From Steting [Szczecin] on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea, an Iron Curtain across the European continent has descended. At the back of this line sits the capital of the ancient countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia – all these troubled cities and their inhabitants were all within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, not only succumbing in one form or another to the influence of Soviet power, but also under the increasing repressive control of Moscow. Only Athens, radiating its immortal brilliance, freely determines its future in the present of everyone in England, america, and France. ”
Churchill concluded: "Please do not underestimate the ability of the British Empire and the United States to persevere. ...... If the population of the United States were to be added to the population of the English Federation, and to the cooperation involved in the air, sea, science and industry involved in such a cooperative relationship, there would be no unstable and unreliable balance of power that would have left ambitionists and adventurers in a state of flux. ...... If all the moral and material forces and convictions of England are brotherly united with yours, it will bring a broad future not only for us, for our time, but also for all men, for the century to come. ”
The core idea of Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech
In his speech "Pillars of Peace," Churchill made a big attack on the Soviet Union. "From Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea, the Iron Curtain across the European continent has been pulled down," he said. Behind this Iron Curtain sits the capitals of all the ancient countries of Central and Eastern Europe – Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia. These famous cities and the surrounding populations were all within the Soviet sphere of influence, all in one way or another, not only under Soviet influence, but increasingly under the control of Moscow. "In almost every place the police government has the upper hand." So far, there has been no real democracy at all except in Czechoslovakia. ”
Churchill also claimed that outside the Iron Curtain, Communist spies were spread across the country, "everywhere constituting a growing provocation and danger to Christian civilization." Churchill strongly called for Britain and the United States to unite to establish a "special relationship" and promote the "unity" of Western democracies.
The influence of Churchill's Iron Curtain Speeches
A stone strikes a thousand waves. Churchill's Iron Curtain speech immediately became the focus of the world and attracted the attention of the international community. The reaction was strongest in the Soviet Union, where Stalin said Churchill "now adopted the position of a war monger"; the United States was also extremely shocked, and Truman was very proud. But there was also fierce opposition in the U.S. Congress, arguing that Churchill was going to lead the United States to the "most terrible war" in order to make Britain reap the benefits of the fishermen.
Churchill's Iron Curtain speech was the most open and daring attack on the Soviet Union by one of the most powerful people in Western politics after World War II, and it was also the initial signal sent by the Western world led by the United States to the beginning of the "Cold War" against the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union. Many experts believe that Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech opened the prelude to the Cold War that lasted for more than 40 years.
Moreover, the term "Iron Curtain" was used by Churchill and has since become a special term for the confrontation between the East and the West in international relations after World War II. Of course, Churchill's harshly worded speech was by no means a temporary idea, still less a whim, but a true expression of Churchill's anti-communist sentiments in response to the international situation at that time and from the British standpoint.
Before and after the end of World War II, the new world pattern had already taken shape, the United States and the Soviet Union had suddenly emerged, the British Empire had lost its former glory, and the United States had replaced Britain as the world's first power, seeking to command the world. The Soviet Union, as the leader of the socialist countries, not only became the most powerful country in Europe, but also only had the strength to confront the United States on a global scale. Although they were anti-fascist allies in World War II, as the war drew to a close, conflicts of interest gradually surfaced.
The essence of Churchill's Iron Curtain speech
In the new post-war world pattern, the United States constantly sought to command the world, but every move of the United States was always resisted and constrained by another power, the Soviet Union, especially in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Greece, Turkey and other regions, and the struggle between them was very fierce. Moreover, the United States realized that the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union was also forming, so it stepped up its policy of how to deal with the Soviet Union. At this time, Britain, which had become a second-rate country, could only hope to win the support of the United States and rebuild the Balance of Power in Europe in order to ensure its own interests in Europe.
Churchill's speech was orchestrated by U.S. President Harry S. Truman at the time. He wanted to use churchill' speech, a well-known anti-Soviet and anti-communist fighter, to throw out propositions that the U.S. government was inconvenient to say publicly, in order to ask for directions. After some controversy and speculation in the political circles and public opinion circles, although there are still differences, at least the US ruling clique and the people feel that the expansion of the Red Soviet Union is not a good thing for the United States. This paved the way for Truman to throw out the "Truman Doctrine".
Churchill's Iron Curtain speech is considered to have officially kicked off the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. That's the essence of this Iron Curtain speech. The Cold War refers to the political, economic, and military struggle between the capitalist camp dominated by the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the socialist camp dominated by the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact between 1947 and 1991.
On March 5, 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered the "Iron Curtain Speech" in Fulton, the United States, officially opening the prelude to the Cold War. On March 12, 1947, the introduction of the Truman Doctrine in the United States marked the beginning of the Cold War. The establishment of the Warsaw Pact in 1955 marked the formation of a bipolar pattern. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union marked the failure of the Soviet model, marking the end of the Cold War and the end of the bipolar pattern, a total of 44 years. The United States has become the world's only superpower, and the world pattern has become "one superpower and many powers" in the process of world multipolarization.
At that time, the United States and the Soviet Union were both "superpowers" in the world, and in order to compete for world hegemony, the two countries and their allies waged a decades-long struggle. During this period, although the differences and conflicts were serious, both sides tried their best to avoid the outbreak of a world-wide large-scale war (World War III), and the confrontation was usually carried out through "cold" methods such as local proxy wars, scientific and technological and arms races, space races, and diplomatic competitions, that is, "mutual containment, no use of force", hence the call of "cold war".
The Cold War was mainly manifested in the confrontation between two major military blocs, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The rivalry between the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union is the main source of the world's long-term instability. The two major military blocs are equal in strength, and neither of them dares to easily use force to end the other's struggle for world hegemony. Both countries have stockpiled large quantities of nuclear warheads, mutually assured of destruction. After the end of the cold war, coupled with the ordeal of the previous World War I and The Second World War, the peoples of the world aspired to peace and opposed war.
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The introduction of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of the Cold War
On 21 February 1947, the United Kingdom sent a note to the U.S. Department of State, claiming that after 31 March, Britain could no longer provide economic and military assistance to Greece and Turkey due to domestic economic difficulties, and hoped that the United States would continue to provide assistance. On March 12, U.S. President Harry S. Truman delivered a speech hostile to socialist countries by reading what came to be known as the "Truman Doctrine" at a joint session of congress. Claim that the United States has a mission to lead the "free world" to prevent the infiltration of "communism." It put forward "containing communism" as the guiding ideology of the country's political ideology and foreign policy. This latter guiding ideology is known as Trumanism.
The U.S. Congress debated the March 12 State of the Union Address and passed bills on Aid to Greece and Turkey on April 22 and May 8, respectively, allocating $400 million to the Greek and Turkish governments to help them suppress the people's revolutionary movement.
The Truman Doctrine was the guiding principle and expansion plan of the United States in its quest for world hegemony after World War II. Truman doctrine is widely regarded as a new and dramatic shift in U.S. foreign policy, and the Soviet Union saw It as an open threat from the United States to Soviet-controlled areas and Soviet Russian expansion. The "Truman Doctrine" was an interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and is considered by scholars to be an important sign of the official beginning of the Cold War between the capitalist camp dominated by the United States and the socialist camp dominated by the Soviet Union. It is a typical great power doctrine after World War II.
On March 12, 1947, the "Truman Doctrine" of the United States aimed at curbing communism and seeking world hegemony was introduced, marking the official beginning of the Cold War between the capitalist camp dominated by the United States and the socialist camp dominated by the Soviet Union.
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The establishment and development of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization , or NATO for short , is an international military bloc established by North American and European countries to achieve defense cooperation, founded on August 24, 1949, and headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. NATO has a large number of nuclear weapons and conventional forces and is a globally important military force.
On April 4, 1949, the United States, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, and Italy signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington. The Convention provides that an armed attack on either State party shall be considered an attack on all States parties. On August 24 of the same year, the Treaty of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) entered into force after being ratified by various countries.
In September 1996, NATO published the Study on the Eastward Expansion Plan. In July 1997, NATO's Madrid Summit decided to admit Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary to NATO for the first time. On March 12, 1999, NATO held a ceremony in missouri, USA, officially accepting Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic into the Union.
On March 29, 2004, the NATO Summit in Prague reached the second wave of eastward expansion decisions, and Lithuania, along with Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria, officially became new members of NATO, expanding the number of NATO memberships from 19 to 26 at the beginning of the 21st century. This is the largest expansion of NATO since its founding in 1949.
On April 1, 2009, Croatia and Albania officially joined NATO, increasing the number of member states to 28. On April 1, 2009, Croatia and Albania officially joined NATO, increasing the number of member states to 28. On June 5, 2017, Montenegro officially became the 29th member of NATO. On 27 March 2020, North Macedonia officially became the 30th member of NATO.
On February 24, 2022, Russia took military action against Ukraine, and Finland and Sweden broke the traditional line of military non-alignment in their history. Formally submitted the matter of joining NATO. Finnish Prime Minister Marin said that "when Russia attacked Ukraine, everything changed".
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The establishment of the Warsaw Pact for NATO marked the formation of a global bipolar pattern
Background to the establishment of the Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact was a political-military alliance established by the Soviet Union against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After the end of World War II, with the establishment of the Yalta system of the world strategic pattern, the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union and the Western capitalist camp led by the United States were in a state of confrontation in the Cold War.
After the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, joined NATO in 1955, the countries of the European socialist camp (including the German Democratic Republic, i.e., East Germany) signed the Warsaw Pact, the full name of which is the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance of the People's Republic of Albania, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Hungarian People's Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People's Republic, the Romanian People's Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Czechoslovak Republic (also known as the Soviet-Eastern Treaty).
The Warsaw Pact was drafted by the former Soviet leader Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev and signed on 14 May 1955 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, and all the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, with the exception of Yugoslavia, joined the Warsaw Pact;
Member States include the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic, the Socialist Republic of Romania, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the People's Republic of Albania.
Main functions of the Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact stipulates that the purpose of the Warsaw Pact is: "In the event of an attack by any State or group of States against one or more States Parties in Europe, each State Party shall exercise its right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, individually or by agreement with the other States Parties, and in all ways it deems necessary, including the use of armed forces, to render immediate assistance to one or more States which have suffered such attack".
The establishment of the Warsaw Pact marked the establishment of a global bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union's establishment of the Warsaw Pact against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization marked the official beginning of a Cold War-style military confrontation between the Western camp led by the United States and the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union.
The historical end of the Warsaw Pact
In August 1968, the "Prague Spring" reform movement took place in Czechoslovakia, and the Warsaw Pact armed forces, led by the Soviet Union, invaded Czechoslovakia on a large scale, causing widespread protests. The Soviet Union and Albania fought each other, and Albania announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact on September 13, 1968.
On 3 October 1990, after the merger of germany, the GDR withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.
On 25 February 1991, the Extraordinary Session of the Warsaw Pact Political Consultative Committee in Budapest decided to terminate the validity of the military agreements signed within the scope of the Warsaw Pact and to abolish the military apparatus of the Warsaw Pact with effect from 1 April 1991. On 1 July of the same year, the States parties to the Warsaw Pact met in Prague and announced the formal dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.
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The relationship between the United Nations and NATO and the Warsaw Organization during the Cold War
The U.S. military's invasion of North Korea was not really authorized by the United Nations
In the early morning of June 25, 1950, the Korean Civil War broke out. The United States saw this as a challenge to its hegemony by the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union, and immediately sought military support for its containment policy in accordance with the provisions of the National Security Council Document No. 68 of the United States.
In the afternoon of the same day, the United States convened the United Nations Security Council without the participation of the Soviet Union and adopted Resolution 82 in violation of the law. This is inconsistent with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, namely that the resolution of the Security Council requires the unanimous consent of the five permanent members, which determines that the armed attacks carried out by North Korean forces against the Republic of Korea "constitute a breach of peace", "demands an immediate cessation of hostilities, and urges the North Korean authorities to immediately withdraw their troops to thirty-eighth degrees North latitude". It also referred to "urging all Member States to do their utmost to assist the United Nations in the implementation of this resolution"
On the afternoon of June 27, 1950, the United States asked the United Nations Security Council to meet to discuss the U.S. proposal that "urgent military measures are urgently needed." At 23:50 that night, the U.S. proposal was adopted in the absence of the Soviet Union.
On July 7, 1950, the 476th Session of the United Nations adopted Resolution 84 by seven votes to none, in which Egypt, India, Yugoslavia and three other countries abstained. The Soviet Union was absent from the congress. Resolution 84 expressly recommends that all Member States providing military and other assistance pursuant to the above-mentioned Security Council resolution place such troops and other assistance under the command of the Joint Command under the auspices of the United States of America.
Reinstate voting in the Seat of the People's Republic of China on the United Nations
On October 25, 1971, at the 1976th meeting of the United Nations, the United Nations voted on the proposal to "restore all the legitimate rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations"!
The resolution was adopted with an overwhelming margin of 76 votes in favour, 35 against and 17 abstentions!
NATO military operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo
On 12 April 1993, NATO carried out a "no-fly patrol" operation over Bosnia and Herzegovina and engaged in an exchange of fire with Serb armed forces, citing the implementation of the United Nations resolution establishing a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Between March 24 and June 10, 1999, NATO airstrikes against Yugoslavia resulted in the deaths, 5,173 wounded, and 52 missing on the Yugoslav side, the Yugoslav army lost about 120 tanks, 220 armored personnel carriers, 450 artillery pieces and 121 aircraft, and between 1,200 and 5,700 civilians killed in the airstrikes, totaling $29.6 billion. Nato was shot down 3 jet fighters (including one F-117A), 2 helicopters and 21 drones, three more combat aircraft were damaged, two others were injured in a helicopter accident and 3 captured. On May 7, 1999 local time and May 8, 1999 Beijing time, the US military bombed the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia, and 3 journalists were killed in the bombing.
On June 10, 1999, the United Nations Security Council adopted the resolution on Kosovo submitted by seven Western countries and Russia by a vote of 14 in favor and 1 abstention (China). Before the vote, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia began to withdraw its troops from Kosovo, and NATO announced the suspension of air strikes against Yugoslavia. Operation Allied airstrikes officially ended.
On June 20, 1999, NATO officially announced the end of its bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Operation Allied airstrikes officially ended. The Kosovo War ended in the defeat of the Serbs.
(To be continued)