This article is authorized to be transferred from: Global Geography (ID: Earth-Sci)
Body odor
Maybe in the impression of the Chinese people
That's the "patent" of blacks and whites.
And among 1.4 billion fellow citizens
It's very few
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There is a set of data that can be elaborated
White fox odor rate reaches 90%
Blacks are even as high as 99.5%
And in China
Only about 5% of people develop fox odor
According to incomplete statistics
The proportion of fox odor population in northeast China is about 1%
The proportion of fox odor population in North China is about 5%
The proportion of fox odor population in South China is about 10%
All the way south
The proportion of fox odor population in Vietnam and Myanmar is greater than 20%
(Global distribution of fox odor population)
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◤ Red represents the specific gravity of fox odor, and yellow represents refreshing
Curious
What is the cause of this phenomenon?
Modern medical research confirms
Genetic variations
This led to East Asians carrying the "fox stink gene"
Significantly reduced
so
What exactly induces genetic mutations?
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◤ According to Shutterstock
Originally
Our ancestors
Get out of hot Africa
About 30,000 to 40,000 years ago
After entering the cool temperate regions of East Asia
Settled in inner Mongolia to northeast China
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◤ The road map for humanity to get out of Africa @Wikipedia
30,000 to 40,000 years ago
It also coincided with the harsh cold environment of the last ice age
The average temperature was 5 to 6 degrees lower than today
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Note: The last glacial period began 70,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. During this period, there have been several advances and retreats of glaciers around the world. 30,000 to 40,000 years ago, the northern part of the continent was covered with ice and snow for a long time.
Face the natural environment of cold and frozen weather
Ancestral body in the internal genome
On the ABCC11 gene in the middle of chromosome 16
The 538th base has a genetic mutation
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◤ Human gene schematic diagram @Wikipedia
Causes decreased secretion of large sweat glands
Thus greatly reducing the proportion of Chinese people developing fox odor
Changed our fate of being surrounded by stink
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◤ Schematic diagram of human sweat glands @MAYO
Note: The sweat glands of the human body are divided into two types: small sweat glands and large sweat glands. Small sweat glands are mainly used for human perspiration, and most of the excretion is water and no taste. The sweat glands are related to fox odor, concentrated in the armpits, crotch, external ear canal, the secretions of the sweat glands contain proteins and fatty acids, easy to be decomposed by bacteria on the surface of the body, and produce a variety of unsaturated fatty acids to produce a strange smell, so there is fox odor.
Other words
The living environment is related to the evolution of life
so
Exactly what kind of living environment
Determines the direction of the evolution of life
Thus driving primitive life
From the birth of 4 billion years ago
Evolved into today's Yang Yang sentient beings
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◤@National Geographic
Note: The living environment includes the natural environment and the social environment. Primitive beings should also have their own social environment, such as the interrelationships between individuals.
one
The environment induces life
4 billion years ago
Cause and effect arise from harmony
Primordial Earth
Lightning and thunder in the sky, torrential rain pouring down
Volcanoes erupted on the surface and magma overflowed
Black smoke billowed beneath the sea and hot springs poured out
The pristine ocean is like a pot of "organic soup"
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Enriched with various organic molecules
Finally some time when the sun is rising
Organic molecules are focused around the black chimney on the ocean floor
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◤ The black chimney of the North Atlantic Ridge @Wikipedia
Assembled into a special macromolecule
Can do self-"copy" and "paste"
Let's call it a "replicator"
（Replicator）
Self-replication, endless
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◤ Animated schematic of RNA polymers @John Liebler
Like a virus today
The earliest life forms were formed
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◤ Virus @Maryna Olyak
Note: The earliest life on Earth may have originated from RNA molecules capable of self-replication. Due to the harsh environment of the early Earth, the resources required for the reproduction of primitive life were limited, so life began to compete soon after its birth. Because RNA molecules are unstable and DNA with higher self-replication efficiency is more conducive to survival, DNA gradually becomes the most dominant replicator.
3.8 billion years ago
The first layer of protection – the cell membrane
Hot, hypoxic, intense UV rays
This is the living environment of early life
Numerous replicators "live in groups" in the primordial ocean
After 200 million years of desperate life
Some of these "visionary" replicators
Pioneer in generating "organic matter membranes" on the periphery of individuals
Similar to the film formed on the surface of a cup of milk
Carry out more efficient division of labor and cooperation internally
Possesses RNA, DNA and proteins
Evolved a special hybrid of life
In turn, it is independent of the harsh external environment
Build a unique "protective film"
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◤ Schematic diagram of cell membrane
That's it
In an extremely harsh living environment
The first cells were born
The common ancestor of all life is formed
Ruled the earth for 3.8 billion years
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3.5 billion years ago
Energy plants
The descendants of the common ancestor multiplied for 300 million years
The early living environment is deteriorating again
Perhaps it is the dwindling of nutrients
Primitive life is once again confronted with the choice of fate
Face the oncoming sunshine every day
How to get nutrition effectively
Become a must-have skill for daily work
Some "intelligent" primitive bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Choose sunlight as the source of energy
Synthesize nutrients needed for life
Evolved the earliest factory of life
"Photosynthesis"
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◤ The algae living in seawater photosynthesis, induce red tides@NASA
But
Early photosynthesis provides only energy
Oxygen is not directly generated
30 to 2.5 billion years ago
Oxygen is toxic
Photosynthesis went through hundreds of millions of years later
Some cyanobacteria live on the surface of the ocean
Face intense sun exposure every day
Painstakingly contemplating the pain, evolving a new survival strategy
Still choose sunlight as the energy source
Water is used as a reducing agent
Converts carbon dioxide into two parts
Some of them are sugars, which provide nutrients for themselves
The other part is oxygen, which is emitted as a by-product
Form a small environment containing oxygen in locally shallow water areas
Similar to an oasis in the desert
Scientists call it an "oxygen oasis."
（Oxygen Oasis）
This oxygen quietly changes the natural environment
Primitive life that has long been accustomed to an anaerobic environment
At this time, oxygen is toxic
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2.45 to 2.2 billion years ago
Increased efficiency – aerobic metabolism
Billions of cyanobacteria
After hundreds of millions of years of tireless photosynthesis
Absorbs carbon dioxide and expels oxygen
Finally, it bears fruit
Oxygen began to fill the early atmosphere
Atmospheric oxygen concentration at this time
Surge to 1% oxygen content in the modern atmosphere
The history of science calls the "Great Oxidation Event"
The living environment has changed dramatically
Under the continuous excitation of the aerobic environment
Primitive life
By initially hating oxygen
Gradually fell in love with oxygen
After all
The addition of oxygen can significantly improve life efficiency
Energy utilization efficiency of aerobic metabolism
Much higher than the way anaerobic fermentation survives
(Schematic diagram of the evolution of atmospheric oxygen content)
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Note: From the perspective of the metabolism of organisms, the energy utilization efficiency of aerobic metabolism is much higher than that of anaerobic fermentation, that is, oxidation provides the energetic basis for the extension of the food chain. In other words, the aerobic food chain supports more trophic grades than the anaerobic food chain, so the extension of the aerobic food chain provides an important energetic basis for the complexity of the ecosystem food web.
2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago
Earth experienced the Great Ice Event
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◤ Imagination of the Great Ice Event @ESO
For the primitive life that occupies the ocean
(Bacteria and cyanobacteria)
This severe cold is undoubtedly a heavy blow
When the temperature continues to decrease
Cold freezes life
Caused a large number of primitive life to die
And some strong cyanobacteria
But in a harsh environment
Evolve new survival skills
Generates a special antifreeze substance
to ensure the operation of their own life functions
There are also some bacteria
Learned to sleep
To get through it
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◤ The river is covered @NASA snow and ice
2.1 billion years ago
Eukaryotic cells
The natural environment is starting to improve
The oxygen content in the atmosphere is relatively stable
Primitive life
After experiencing the grind of cold and cold
Some greedy large-bodied prokaryotic cells
Start giving up self-producing organic nutrients
Instead, open its own larger cell membrane
Quietly wrap (prey on) other small-sized cells
These cellular organisms are used as food
Absorb nutrients and fatten yourself
however
Small cells are not willing to be tied up
To prevent being preyed upon
A "protective film" has long evolved.
Until one sunny afternoon
Large-sized cells are again captured to small-sized cells
But the action to ingest small cells failed
Short-lived predation evolves into eternal symbiosis
Predators have a symbiotic relationship with predators
A class of small-bodied cells
Ability to photosynthesis
It can provide raw materials for large-sized cells
Gradually evolved into chloroplasts
Another type of cell
Ability to perform aerobic breathing
and provides energy to host cells
Slowly evolved into mitochondria
(Schematic diagram of eukaryotic cell evolution)
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Note: Endosymbiosis theory holds that after primitive eukaryotic cells engulf bacteria, the two form a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship, and both mitochondria and chloroplasts originate from symbiotic bacteria and cyanobacteria within primitive eukaryotic cells, respectively.
finally
After countless "exercises and experiments"
The nucleus also begins to form and develop
A Small Step in Life (First Step)
Eukaryotic cells
Born in a fierce living environment
It is the basic unit that makes up high-level life
Marking the evolution of life into a new stage
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Note: 1. Atmospheric oxygen content is the basis of the external environment in which eukaryotes are born. Eukaryotes have a unique cell membrane (steroid) that contains a certain component of oxygenases, which do not work at 0.001% lower oxygen content than today's atmosphere. That is, the atmospheric oxygen content must be higher than this level at that time.
2. Genetic evidence also suggests that eukaryotes may be a fusion of bacteria and archaea, and there is research evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, but the closest relative of the mitochondria is a bacterium that can cause typhoid fever - Rickettsia przewalskis, and the DNA of chloroplasts is the same as that of cyanobacteria.
It is also this process
Atmospheric oxygen-rich environment
Forces a special anaerobic bacterium
It also burrowed into the host cells
Cancer cells that evolved today
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◤ T lymphocytes kill cancer cells imagination map
Note: There is evidence that endosymbiosis causes genes from anaerobic ammonia oxidis to enter the genomes of eukaryotic cells, allowing them to evolve independently into cancer genomes, respectively.
2.1 to 1.8 billion years ago
Multicellular organisms
When primitive life had a "nucleus"
Eukaryotes have achieved significant survival advantages
Primitive life rapidly differentiates into individual size differences
For smaller eukaryotes
The jianghu is still fighting
The pressure to survive remains
Life continues to think
"How can I live better?"
Face the danger of killing the rivers and lakes
A certain small life took the lead in coming forward
Be the first to make a loud cry
"Every day blind is waiting for death, uniting to fight may have a way to live"
thereupon
They pursue a better tomorrow
Unite, do their part and live together
Form a multicellular community
Early multicellular organisms (e.g., algae) were formed
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◤ Comparative test of green algae under or without predatory pressure
Note: How did single-celled organisms evolve into multicellular organisms? Because the fossil record is difficult to effectively document this crucial step, scientists systematically revealed the process through a set of interesting experiments. Herron et al. (2019) listed a large number of single-celled green algae Chlamydatidoros rheinosa as experimental subjects, divided into two groups.
One group introduces predators, a grasshopper that preys on green algae, and puts survival pressure on these poor green algae; the other group has no predators, only the green algae itself, and uses a time-lapse microscope for a long time to follow up, hoping to observe what exactly will happen? The results of the experiment confirmed the previous hypothesis that "predation exerts selective pressure on single-celled organisms to become stronger."
As shown in the figure above, the single-celled green algae has been muddled without predator pressure for a lifetime. B~D-Single-celled green algae clumps under the pressure of predators and evolve into multicellular life structures; only a few single-celled green algae remain inactive in front of predators and remain single-celled.
Multicellular organisms
It is one of the major events in the history of the evolution of life
A crucial step forward in the subsequent evolution of more complex life
A Big Step in Life (Step 2)
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◤ Multicellular Clump Micrograph @Armin Hallmann
But
Take the second step, move to the third step
But it lasted 1 billion years
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◤ Multicellular life world
1.8 to 800 million years ago
Boring for a billion years
The atmosphere contained oxygen at that time
Long-term maintenance of 0.1% of the oxygen content of the modern atmosphere
The low oxygen content inhibited the pace of life's evolution
Thus delaying the process of diversification of life
Multicellular life did not develop further
In particular, typical multicellular animals have not evolved
(Epizoa)
Dubbed "a billion years of boredom" by academics
（BoringBillion）
But
This time may not be really "boring"
1.5 billion years ago
sexual reproduction
In "A Billion Years of Boredom"
The pace of life's evolution has not stopped
Primitive life pursues the meaning of living
One is for a better tomorrow
The second is to breed more offspring
The way to breed offspring early is simple and crisp
For example, the way of mitosis
Split the body directly
Each part develops and grows individually
But with the change of living environment
The rate of evolution of this mode of reproduction is low
As a result, species diversity has been very slow
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By chance
Two germ cells of the same type
After a simple fusion
Separate after adequate exchange of genetic material such as DNA
It produces offspring with strong vitality
Early sexual reproduction patterns were formed
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◤ Sexual reproduction (sperm running towards the egg) imagination diagram
Note: The nature of sexual reproduction is to seek change. Whether this becomes useful or not, save it first. Sexual reproduction promotes the genetic diversity of offspring, is conducive to the inheritance and development of excellent genes, increases the diversity of organisms, and accelerates the pace of evolution of life.
800 million years ago
Flora and fauna "separated"
Life evolved to this moment
It has always belonged to the category of primitive fungal algae
From the formation of cells to eukaryotic cells
From eukaryotic cells to multicellular organisms
There were no evolutions of multicellular animals
When the pace of time moves towards 800 million years ago
Photosynthesis continues to accumulate
Atmospheric oxygen levels have reached 6 to 7 percent of today's oxygen levels.
Oxygen forms an ozone layer at high altitude
The ozone layer is like an umbrella for life
Protects against all harmful UV radiation
It is with this umbrella
Life evolved into multicellular animals
Primitive post-animals came into being
Early resembles worms and sponges
After the "separation" of animals and plants
Quickly differentiate between producers and consumers
Evolved predators and predators
The appearance of animals
This is the third step in life towards an advanced level
Extant ciliates are similar to the ancestors of animals
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◤ Ciliate microscopic photos
Note: 1. Protozoa are single-celled animals; protozoans (true protozoans) are characterized by multicellular animals with cellular tissues. Earlier, multicellular organisms before that belonged to the category of plants. 2. Protocera belonging to the order Lastigobra are perhaps the most similar to the ancestors of animals that are still alive today. They live in groups, and cells have begun to have a different division of labor.
750 to 580 million years ago
There is pressure to survive before there is a motivation to evolve
The land empire, the continent of Rodinia, disintegrated
Formation of the continent of Panocia
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◤ Pannosian continent imaginary map (view from the South Pole)
Increased the extent of the continental margin sea
Enhanced continental weathering
Promotes the original productivity of a variety of organisms
Increased organic carbon deposition on a global scale
This leads to a sharp drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide
As a result, the temperature of the Earth's surface has dropped considerably
The primordial Earth suffered a severe freeze
So much so that the world's land is completely covered by glaciers
Earth's oceans are also almost completely frozen
The whole earth is like a giant "snowball"
The scientific community figuratively calls it that
"Snowball Earth"
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◤ The International Space Station overlooks the winter @NASA of the Northern Hemisphere
Environmental catastrophe
Once again, the evolutionary process of life is hit hard
But
Life never succumbs to setbacks
Will be harsh survival pressure
Evolve into a driving force for progress
In fact
Primitive life
Before snowball earth happened
Most individuals are tiny and invisible to the naked eye
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◤ Early suspected source fossil micrograph puzzle
After the snowball earth occurred
After a cold and freezing stress test
Once the environment improves, the figure grows rapidly
580 to 540 million years ago
Left and right symmetry
After the earth came out of the world of ice and snow
Atmospheric oxygen levels also reached 10 percent of today's values.
There are huge amounts of microbial organisms floating in the ocean (food)
The oxygen content in seawater has also increased significantly
thereupon
Life lurks for better blooming
Rapidly evolving individual larger organisms
The vast majority are creatures visible to the naked eye
No more subtle early life
Some animals want to better obtain oxygen and food
The body develops rapidly laterally or vertically
Develops into a flattened pancake-like shape
Some of the animals began to dance their teeth and claws
It grows appendages and is symmetrical on both sides
(Arthropods)
The famous Ediacaran biota was formed
For the first time, a large number of primitive life with symmetry on both sides appeared
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◤ Edibelal biological restoration map
so
Why did primitive life have symmetry on both sides?
Originally
The early Ediacaran fauna
Live in Eden
The nutrients in seawater are exceptionally abundant
They don't need to prey deliberately
There is also no need to avoid predation from others
Just pose and lie down to filter the seawater
You can absorb nutrients and live with taste
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◤ At that time, the Charn pan worm resembled the haibi family today
however
The social environment between living individuals began to deteriorate
There are always some greedy guys
After getting used to eating "meat"
Never want to eat iftar again
Rapidly evolving into a strong predator
But
Other beings are not willing to sit still
They began to practice the ability to quickly escape
Evolved a body shape that is optimal for movement in water bodies
This is the symmetrical streamline on both sides
Friction can be greatly reduced
thereupon
Predators are in need of fleeing for their lives
Predators due to the need to strike quickly
The body has evolved into symmetry on both sides
Although life shows a thriving flourish
But a natural disaster crept in
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◤ Hubei Yiling insect restoration map @Chen Z
Note: Yiling insect lived in Hubei 550 million years ago, the overall chain-shaped, body width of 7 ~ 25 mm, body length of 76 ~ 608 mm, body three points, symmetry on both sides, not only body rings, but also body segments, the number of segments can exceed 50 knots.
When the natural environment deteriorates again
Most of the Ediacaran creatures disappeared
This is the first time that life has developed towards macro-integration
It was also an unsuccessful attempt
But to accumulate experience for subsequent successful attempts
Environmental catastrophe
Once again, the trajectory of life's evolution is changed
Don't
Life is so vulnerable?
Note: The Ediacaran biota (580 to 541 million years ago) was the most distinctive macro organism on the eve of the Cambrian explosion, consisting mainly of a large group of molluscs, multicellular invertebrates. Including 8 families and 22 genera, including 8 families and 22 genera, including coelenterate phylum, arthropod phylum and link animal phylum, 31 species of low-grade invertebrates.
two
The rise of life
541 million years
The earth has entered a new era
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◤ Schematic diagram of geological era since cambrian
Witness the tenacity of life
Bloodshed and slaughter
Outbreaks and extinctions
Primitive life has experienced many environmental disasters
Endured five mass extinctions
Embark on a spiral of evolution
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@World Science Festival
541 to 485 million years ago
Life exploded
The Earth has entered the Cambrian Period
The world's land is torn apart
The coastline has increased dramatically
The climate is warmer and the glaciers are melting
Sea levels rise and large areas of lowland are submerged
A widely distributed shallow sea zone is formed
Especially the shallow lagoons of this period
It is the "Garden of Eden" of primitive life.
Primitive life is no longer confined to a small number of populations
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◤ Animal Tree of Life @Leonad Eisenberg
The inside began to swell rapidly
In just 20 million years
20 phyla living animals evolved
(38 phyla phyla)
and 6 extinct phyla
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◤ Chengjiang Fauna Phyla Species Abundance Pie Chart (n=228 Species) @ Zhao Fangchen
Among them are the ancestors of human distant ancestors
(Haikou fish or Fengjiao Kunming fish).
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◤ Fengjiao Kunming fish restoration map
In the distance, the dark shadow is the famous odd shrimp @Nobu Tamura
Note: Cambrian time spans between 541 and 485 million years ago, and the most famous primitive habitat of this period is the "Chengjiang Fauna" in Chengjiang County, Yuxi City, located southeast of Kunming City, Yunnan Province.
Look at the six roads
Changes in atmospheric composition
Changed the amount of light the Sun reached Earth
The external environment required for visual evolution quietly changes
Those primitive animals that are "prophetic and prescient"
Rapidly evolved eyes
Vision brings convenience to three meals a day
Induces predators and defenses in nature
Because predators are able to see, hunt, and kill prey
In turn, the foundation was laid for the later equipment of various "predator suits"
Like teeth and jaws
In response
Some smaller primitive animals
Equip protective hardware such as shells
to protect smaller bodies from predators
trilobite
It was the first primitive animal to evolve a true eye
There are a pair of compound eyes on either side of the head
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Each compound eye is made up of many lenses
(Some more than 15,000)
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485 to 443 million years ago
March to land
With the disintegration of the land kingdom of Gondwana
Split into several different islands
Primitive life since the Cambrian explosion
Most live in shallow seas around the land margin
They drift with the currents to the periphery of different lands
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◤ Map of the global sea and land distribution 450 million years ago
The climate is suitable and the shallow sea is widespread
Descendants of the same ancestor evolved in different seas
Differences in the environment lead to the differentiation of species
Eventually evolved into different new species
The Ordovician biological radiation was formed
Since then, the living group has begun to flourish
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◤ The ordovician period of the ocean @Masato Hattori
Plant landing
As different species continue to emerge
The shallow sea area is starting to get crowded
Face this dilemma
How will life respond?
finally
A grain of algae in seawater
Gradually gave birth to the "original intention" of exploring the land
Every day, I look at the vast expanse of land
On a dark and windy night in a month
Primitive plants took the lead in marching to land
It originally grew along the water's edge at the junction of rivers and land
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◤ Plants grow along the riverbank belt @NASA
Note: Vegetation that landed early on and distributed on both sides of the estuary. If you can take a satellite image of a plant landing, it may be the scene in the picture. This image is a satellite image of St George's Bayson in present-day northwestern Australia.
Animal landing
Some arthropods follow
Similar to centipedes or malu
Begin to step into the land of silence
Live by digging holes in the dirt under the mossy bushes
Feeds on mossy plants and spores
The earliest terrestrial ecosystems were built
from now on
Primitive life opened up new territories on land
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◤ Early arthropods were active on land
443 to 419 million years ago
It feels so good to have a chin
Primitive life occupied the land at the time
At this time, the ocean is the main battlefield of life
Early life has always had a primitive way of eating
Eat directly "inhale" with your mouth
Competition in the living environment between living individuals
Forcing some "visionary" fish
Tired of this inefficient way of eating
There is an urgent need for a more efficient approach
In order to occupy a place in the fierce competition for survival
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◤ Sea scorpions and jawed fish in the Silurian period
So I began to meditate and exercise diligently
Finally evolved the "chin" (jaw)
Large mouths can be opened quickly during foraging
Then quickly raise the jaw and swallow the prey
In order to get more food
These fish evolved into the order Shieldfish
(Placormi)
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◤ There are jawed shield fish in the genus Dunn's fish in the predatory @Karen Carr
The appearance of the jaw
Marks vertebrates
Transition from passive filter feeding to active predation
Greatly improve the predatory and adaptability of vertebrates
Thus making vertebrates "top predators"
Climb to the top of the entire food chain
Jaw-like vertebrates quickly took to earth's stage
Note: From fish evolved amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and even a variety of jawed vertebrates, including our own. Such a magnificent history of animal evolution, the emergence of the jaw is indispensable
419 to 359 million years ago
A fish exploring the land
With the early advent of arthropods
Terrestrial ecosystems have diversified
There is such a fish
Tiktaalik
Frequently shuttles between the shallow banks of streams
Look up at the vast land scene
Vibrant and full of food
Look down at the environment in this shallow water area
Life is tight and food is scarce
I can't resist the urge to go forward
"The land is so big, it wants to see"
Finally on a windy and sunny morning
Try to land and explore a new life
▼
◤ The Titalik fish restoration map @Wikipedia
Titalik fish have strong flesh fins
Similar to today's mudskippers
▼
Breathe with gills in the water
When the water dries up, use the flesh fins to hunt prey in the mud
Became very comfortable with life on land
It landed successfully in adulthood
They then return to the water to lay their eggs and hatch their offspring
Evolved into tetrapods
This is the origin of amphibians
In fact
We humans
It's a super-improved version of the "fish."
Swing the tool with the "pectoral fin"
Walk around with "ventral fins"
▼
359 to 299 million years ago
First there are eggs, then there are chickens
After the first fish landed
Rapidly evolved into amphibian reptiles
Amphibians can only reproduce in bodies of water
They reproduce in a manner similar to today's frogs laying eggs
Facing the natural environment of lack of water and heat on land
This mode of reproduction severely restricts its survival radius
Once again, the evolution of life is constrained by the environment
Don't
Will life's progress stop here?
To 340 million years ago
The living environment forces life to improve again
A new type of reptile emerges
Its appearance resembled that of today's lizards
▼
◤ Hylonomus restoration @John Sibbick
Produce eggs (eggs) covered with a layer of amniotic membrane on land
The offspring are then hatched directly
In turn, we got rid of our dependence on water
Evolved into amniotics
This earliest "egg"
▼
◤ Structural diagram of eggs (amniotic eggs) @Wikipedia
Unlock innovations in the mechanics of life
Since then, the pace of marching inland has begun
Occupy the wider ecological realm on land
Create a new world
And real chickens
It will be 250 million years before it comes to Earth
Note: Although the original amniotic eggs did not contain a hard shell, the evolution of amniotic eggs allowed eggs to be laid on land, which is the survival advantage of quadruped embryos and also allows amnioids to separate from amphibians. After another 30 million years, lizards (which include birds and non-birds, non-mammalian reptiles) were isolated from the hygropods (including mammals). Archaeopteryx evolved 150 million years ago, and only 85 million years ago evolved a chicken-like animal, the order Heliomorph.
From this point of view, eggs already existed in the Carboniferous Period, and chickens will not appear until more than 200 million years later.
299 to 252 million years ago
Mass extinction of life
The Earth Land Kingdoms are vying for territory
Absorb the major islands in the ocean
Start the "Hug-Squeeze-Bump" mode
Volcanic eruptions, lava spills, and smoke and smoke
Finally 252 million years ago
Massive volcanic eruptions have led to environmental catastrophes
Many lives have not yet had time to respond
Suddenly murdered in his homeland
▼
◤ 260 million years ago sea and land pattern
Note: The pentagram represents three important igneous provinces of the Permian, namely Tarim, Mount Emei, and Siberia. During the Permian period, the Pan-Ocean was twice the size of the present-day Pacific Ocean (Tusken et al., 2014).
This environmental catastrophe was wiped out of the face of the earth
About 95% of marine life species
About 75% of terrestrial biological species
It is the most tragic mass extinction event in history
▼
◤ Permian marine mass extinction imaginary map @Julio Lacerda
This was the Permian mass extinction
It has left a huge ecological space on the earth
however
Will life leave so easily?
252 to 201 million years ago
Fly to the blue sky
After the Permian mass extinction
Another 30 million years have passed
The Earth's ecosystem has only been fully restored
The remaining life has withstood the harsh tests of the environment
Start moving at a more rapid pace
A rapid recovery began to take place on land and sea
On land, however, it was a bloody and slaughtering
Ancient crocodiles were the land overlords of this period
There is a lizard-like reptile
In order to survive and avoid pursuit
Running every day, tired of self-protection
Leisure time is spent looking up at the sky
See insects flying around in the sky
Began to follow the original intention of "wanting to move"
In the early morning when the sun is rising in the east
Let out an angry roar, "I can't live like this anymore!" ”
A lifetime leap to the blue sky
Explore the vastness and depth of the sky
Evolved into a flying pterosaur
▼
◤ Early Pterodactyl Restoration Diagram @HombreDHojalata
Almost the same period
Dinosaurs also came to Earth
Initially it was only the size of a puppy
Mammals also began to appear
It is smaller
Maybe it's only the size of a paper clip
Shivering as she lived under the clutches of the Predator
▼
◤ Wu's giant skull beast restoration map @Wikipedia
201 million years ago to 66 million years ago
When eating becomes the greatest pleasure
"Fat" is an inevitability
Global temperatures are starting to rise
The vegetation of the land began to change significantly
Ferns were gradually replaced by conifers
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◤ Mamen Xilong in foraging, the foreground is cycads
These gymnosperms belong to carbon three plants (C3)
Mesophyll cells are more dispersed and less lignified
For plant-eating dinosaurs
Undoubtedly an easy-to-digest and absorbed dish
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◤ Brachiosaurus
Note: According to the carbon sequestration method of photosynthesis, it is divided into carbon three plants (C3Plant) and carbon four plants (C4 Plantt). Carbon three plants are a class of plants that form three carbon compounds in photosynthesis, the division of labor between carbon three plant cells is lower than that of carbon three plants, photosynthesis efficiency is lower, to a certain extent, it can be considered that carbon three plants are "prokaryotes" in plants, and carbon four plants are more like "eukaryotes".
This period
For dinosaurs
Beautiful environment, lack of natural enemies, abundant food
This is heaven
thereupon
"Eating" becomes a hobby and enjoyment
Plant-eating dinosaurs in order to improve the efficiency of eating
Eat leaves on a larger scale
Directly evolved a neck of astonishing length
They even gave up the chewing function
After the mouth bites the leaves
Directly through the long neck into the stomach
The body develops towards the path of jumbo
The size can reach 30 to 40 meters long
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◤ Brachiosaurus
And carnivorous dinosaurs are not to be outdone
In order to prey to prey
Can eat more meat
They have evolved into huge hunters
They struggled to maintain the ecological environment at that time
Together, they ruled the Earth at that time
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Note: The reasons for the giant dinosaurs should also include the temperature at the time and the body's various functional innovations to adapt to the environment, such as a highly efficient respiratory system.
And the mammals of this period
The body resembles a mouse
Long lived in the shadow of dinosaur rule
Patiently wait for the environment to change
they
Need a chance
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◤ Restoration of Archaeopteryx from 125 million years ago
three
The environment changes destiny
66 million YEARS BC
Blessings and misfortunes lie
Maybe it's a starless night of the month
When a Tyrannosaurus rex is somewhere in North America
After a big meal
Spot a twinkle in the night when a star twinkles
It's getting brighter
The Tyrannosaurus Rex didn't care at first
Just glanced at it with the corner of his eye
Maybe in its memory
It is the king of this land
You can be without fear of any risk
So I lay down carelessly
Maybe it's dawn
The asteroid is about 10 kilometers in diameter
Set off a "giant thunder"
Blow up a giant hole in the atmosphere
Crashed into mexico's Yucatan Peninsula
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The equivalent of 7 billion atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima
Unleash the power of an explosion of 100 trillion tons of TNT bombs
The Tyrannosaurus Rex didn't have time to react
Together with other dinosaurs
Buried in thick dust
▼
The whole earth is like a fireball
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Environmental upheavals have changed the fate of mammals
from now on
The history of life on Earth began to rewrite
Woe to the blessed
Some mammals are petite
Or lurk underground to avoid bad luck
They survived this great doom
It quickly occupied the ecological space left by the dinosaurs
Turn over the serfs to sing
The road to rise has begun
Rapidly evolved primates
55 million years ago
Achilleschi monkey
Travel through the jungles of the Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province
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◤ Achillesky Monkey Restoration Map @ Ni Xijun
18 million years ago
Proto-Consur ape in Africa
It became the common ancestor of gibbons, orangutans and humans
13 million years ago
The human subfamily was separated from the orangutan subfamily
Catalan Pierraine Ape
It is the common ancestor of people and various orangutans
10 million years ago
The Terrans were separated from the Gorilla Race
Seven million years ago
When the climate starts to get cold and dry
The continuous forest is gradually disappearing
Grasslands began to spread over large areas
A chimpanzee restless with the status quo
Jump and jump to the ground
The Shah people of Chad africa were born
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from now on
The human subfamily was separated from the chimpanzee subfamily
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The era of human takeover of the earth began
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◤ The ancestors of mankind greeted the light @RodolfoNogueira
So far
life
Adapt and innovate in the natural environment
Unleash competition and collaboration in a social environment
With 4 billion years of hard work
Tell us about all sentient beings
When you are in adversity
Please don't give in and learn to innovate
When you are on the right side
Please do not forget the original intention and forge ahead
nutshell
The environment changes destiny
Innovation leads the future
Best wishes
Such as the distant ancestors of mammals 66 million years ago
Long-term dormancy to get to their own stage
Or like the ancestors of 7 million years ago
Strive to start a gorgeous life in one leap
Key References:
1. Rong Jiayu. Biological evolution and environment. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China Press.]
2. Xu Guirong et al., 2006. Co-evolution of organisms and environment. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press.]
3. Ohashi et al., 2011. The Impact of Natural Selection on an ABCC11 SNP Determining Earwax Type.