Pre-civilization Egyptian dwellings with bundles of reeds or wooden columns combined with mud bricks were an indiscriminate use of Egyptian pillar-style architecture. About 4500 years ago, the Egyptians began to use stone pillars in the tombs and temples of the pharaohs, which is the earliest stone pillar building of mankind. The column type is an important component of the Egyptian architectural style, which is rich and colorful, and is widely used in temples.
The mausoleum of the early dynasties, The Mastaba, used stone pillars. Stone columns were used in the passage entrance and temple of the first pyramid of the Old Kingdom. Around 2500 BC, the first pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, Usel Cave, built egypt's first temple, which had colonnades and symbolic reliefs on the pillars. During the New Kingdom period, that is, after 1500 BC, between 3500 and 3000 years ago, Egypt built a number of large pillar temples, including the Karnak Temple, the Luxor Temple, and the Queen Hatshepschut Temple. Later, the Ptolemaic dynasty also built Egyptian pillar temples, and the better preserved one was the Lephi Temple.
Karnak Temple
The Karnak Temple was first built in 2000 BC and is now seen by the Pharaoh Dud moses I of the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom period who rebuilt it on the site of the old temple in 1500 BC, and has been expanded by many pharaohs for more than 1,000 years to become the largest temple in Egypt.
Pillars of the Karnak Temple
The façade of the Karnak Temple, like the Mastaba, is oblique, and most of the other temples in Egypt use oblique walls. The temple has the largest multi-pillar hall in Egypt, with a total of 134 pillars, of which 12 columns are 22 meters high, other columns are 18 meters high, and the diameter of the columns is more than 2 meters.
Temple of Queen Hatshepuchut
The Temple of Queen Hatsheptchut was built during the New Kingdom period, around 1470 BC. The temple uses the terrain to form a multi-storey platform, like the feeling of a building, magnificent and solemn.
Colonnade of the Temple of Queen Hatshepschut
Artistic features of the Queen Hatshepschut Temple include symmetry, simplicity and power, and the use of colonnades.
Luxor Temple
The Temple of Luxor was built during the reign of Amenhotep III of the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom, circa 13th century BC, and is mainly characterized by diagonal walls and multi-pillared halls.
Lefi Temple
Colonnade of the Temple of Leffy
Built during the Ptolemaic period, the Temple of Lephi dates back about 2200 years, and the shape, walls, walls, and colonnades follow the style of Egyptian columnar architecture, although the colonnades appear to have some Greek architectural rhythms.
Egyptian pillar style
The column sections are square, circular, 8-sided, 16-prismatic, and bundled columns composed of small columns; the surface of the column has both undecorated glossy surfaces and arc grooves, as well as reliefs and three-dimensional sculptures of human beings and animals; there are pillar foundations and simple stone slab pillars, and there are also rich decorative column head pillar foundations.
Almost all structural columns are endowed with a definite artistic function, with particular emphasis on the symbolic expression of the column heads, both sculptural figures of plants, animals or gods, as well as abstract shapes.
Egyptian column buildings have many columns, dense arrangements, large diameters, and high heights. Because the top of the column is made of stone beam slabs and the tensile strength is low, it is impossible to expand the column spacing and use a large span.
Egypt was the first country in the world to build a rock-drilled building (pharaonic mausoleum). The construction of the pyramids consumed too much labor and material resources, the pharaohs lost their authority during the social unrest, and the pyramids were destroyed and repeatedly stolen. Pharaohs during the New Kingdom period (after 1539 BC) replaced the pyramids with chiseled rock tombs. The famous Valley of the Kings has the rock-hewn tombs of 62 pharaohs of the Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties. The construction of the rock-drilled mausoleum is to dig a hole in the rocky hill, with passages and burial chambers, and the passage is long, up to a maximum of more than 200 meters. There are paintings and reliefs on the walls of the tomb chamber.
The rock-chiseled shrine of Abu Simbel Ramses II
Interior view of the temple of Abu Simbel Ramses II
The most famous rock-chiseled temple is the Temple of Abu Simbel Ramses II, built between 1279 BC and 1213 BC, with giant sculptures on the outdoors and sculptures and reliefs on the inside.
Obelisk of the Karnak Temple
The obelisk is a slender stone stele sculpted in granite, which is opposed at the entrance of the temple. The spire resembles a pyramid, covered in metal, and shimmers, a metaphor for a connection with the heavens, and is a symbolist structure with obelisks originating in the Fifth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom and associated with the worship of the sun god.
The obelisk has inscriptions on the surface, and the Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered from the obelisk of the Temple of Philae, which has both Greek and hieroglyphs. The obelisk is the beginning of the monument, from the ancient Roman column to the Washington Monument, the concept is derived from ancient Egypt, napoleon directly put the Egyptian obelisk on the square of Paris. Modern high-rise and supertall buildings also have many references to obelisks, or physical references, or spires.