As we all know, Zhuge Liang was a famous strategist, military expert, and politician of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, and he expected things to be like gods, and astronomical geography was all familiar. But why is it that such a wise man and his son are generally inactive?
In the sixth year of the Shu Han Dynasty, the State of Wei launched a large-scale invasion of Shu, and the Wei general Deng Ai led 30,000 men of his partial division to smuggle them from the Yinping Dangerous Road into the hinterland of Yizhou. The dangerous moves of the soldiers have indeed achieved the effect of surprise and attack. When The Jiangyou defender Ma Mi saw that Deng Ai's army was like a divine soldier descending from heaven, he panicked and surrendered without a fight.
Deng Ai occupied Jiangyou, obtained supplies of grain and grass ordnance, and then fought south, with the army pointing directly at Chengdu. After receiving the war report, The Later Lord Liu Chan hurriedly gathered all the people and horses near Chengdu to resist. The commander of this unit was very special: because of his father, named Zhuge Liang. He is Zhuge Zhan.
Zhuge Zhan led his troops to Fuxian County to organize a defense, but because the forward troops were broken by Deng Ai, they retreated to Mianzhu. Deng Ai sent emissaries into the city to summon Zhuge Zhan, and the letter read: If Zhuge Zhan surrenders, he must be appointed by Emperor Wei as the King of Langya. After reading the letter, Zhuge Zhan was furious, beheaded the emissary, and led the troops out of the city to fight with Deng Ai to the death. Deng Ai arranged for his son Deng Zhong to lead a force to attack Zhuge Zhan's right flank, and Sima Shilu led a force to attack his left flank.
Deng Ai's army was unfavorable in the initial battle, and the two troops of Deng Zhong and Shi Lu were repelled by Zhuge Zhan, so they reported to Deng Ai that the thieves could not be attacked. Deng Ai was furious and said: The difference between survival and death, in this move, why not? He also threatened to deal with them by military law. So Deng Zhong and Shi Lu had to shake their spirits, turn around and fight again, and finally break Zhuge Zhan. Zhuge Zhan and his son Zhuge Shang, both father and son, died in front of the battle and were martyred.
Mianzhu was defeated, and the last bit of capital to guard Chengdu was exhausted. After the two proposals to surrender to Eastern Wu and retreat to the south were rejected by the capitulationists in the court, the later lord Liu Chan had no choice but to tie himself up and surrender Kaesong. Shu Han died.
It can be said that the defeat of Mianzhu was the direct reason for the surrender of the later lord Liu Chan without a fight. So why did the Battle of Mianzhu fail? The first is that there is a gap in the combat effectiveness of the troops. The troops led by Deng Ai were all elite generals who had been stationed in the border areas for many years, fought with the Qiang, Di and other ethnic minorities and the elite of the Shu state many times, and were the tiger and wolf divisions that survived the baptism of war.
The troops led by Zhuge Zhan were a ragtag group of well-treated Imperial Forest Troops and some troops stationed on the outskirts of Chengdu at zero o'clock. (The main forces of the Shu Han all followed Jiang Wei at the Sword Pavilion to resist Zhong Hui) The combat quality of the two armies was not on a horizontal line. The second is that the enemy commander is too powerful. The Wei general Deng Ai was one of the most famous generals in the post-Three Kingdoms period, experienced in hundreds of battles, extremely talented in military affairs, and experienced in combat, and Jiang Wei could not defeat him.
Zhuge Zhan was on the expedition for the first time, and his actual combat experience was too little. He beat Deng Ai, and it was a rookie who met an old driver. Then there is the high morale of the enemy army. Deng Aijun went deep into the land of death, there was only one way to win the battle, and if he lost, he would die. The art of war, put to death and be reborn. Therefore, Deng Aijun's desire to win is stronger. This also explains why Deng Aijun turned around and fought again because of Deng Ai's anger and finally broke the Shu army under unfavorable circumstances.
However, the disparity in strength between the two sides of the battle has not become a reason to cover up Zhuge Zhan's ability to be mediocre. Putting aside the above objective reasons, Zhuge Zhan's own incompetence was also an important reason for the defeat of Mianzhu. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. According to the biography of Huang Quan, when Zhuge Zhan led his army to Fu County, he had been stagnant.
A minister named Huang Chong once advised Zhuge Zhan to move forward quickly to defend the dangerous place and prevent the enemy from entering the land of Pingchuan. This would have been excellent advice. But Zhuge Zhan hesitated and did not adopt Huang Chong's suggestion. In the end, Deng Ai drove straight in, and did not even catch the only bit of fighter. It can be seen that the military ability of this young marshal of Zhuge is really mediocre, far inferior to that of his father.
At the same time, Zhuge Zhan's political behavior is also lackluster. Chen Shou, the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, wrote: "Self-zhan, qi, and jiantong affairs, Jiang Wei often marched outside, the eunuch Huang Hao stole the handle, the Xian Communist general protected, and was incompetent. It was believed that Zhuge Zhan should bear important responsibility for the demise of the Shu Han. This view is controversial in historical circles. But Zhuge Zhan's mediocre talent should be true. As the saying goes: Tiger father has no dog. However, in Zhuge Zhan's body, his father's aura of wisdom had completely faded.
Of course, we cannot deny that Zhuge Zhan's father and son finally sacrificed their lives for the country, and their righteousness was awe-inspiring, and their character and loyalty are worthy of respect and admiration by future generations. The descendants of the Shu Han Meritorious Elders were very moving in this regard, and those who died for the country in the Battle of Mianzhu were Zhang Fei's grandson Zhang Zun and Li Hui's son Li Qiu, Zhao Yun's son Zhao Guang followed Jiang Wei and died in the Battle of Puzhong, and Guan Yu's descendants were slaughtered by Pang De's son Pang Hui after the fall of the Shu state.
There was also Liu Bei's grandson Liu Chen, the King of The Northern Lands, who, on the day of Liu Chan's surrender, wounded the country and died, first killing his wife, then committing suicide, and using the life of his whole family to bury Shu Han. Like their heroic fathers, these sons shed the last drop of blood for the Shu Han regime. I think this is also the reason why many people are fans of Shu Han, in this divided regime, there is indeed a noble spirit, called righteousness. Guan Yun rode alone for thousands of miles, Zhao Zilong rode the savior alone, Zhuge Kongming bowed down and died, and now their descendants have sacrificed their lives to defend the dynasty built by their fathers with blood.
Reading history here, I can't help but weep, not only for the loyalty and backbone of these descendants, but also for the memory of their ancestors, those heroes who galloped on the battlefield and made meritorious achievements. The rolling water of the Yangtze River in the east, the waves exhaust the hero, and now that the hero is gone, the posterity of the descendants has played an endless elegy for this dynasty with blood and life.
However, reading history cannot blindly talk about feelings, but also requires rational analysis. These second-generation officials of the Shu Han Dynasty are not lacking in backbone, and the loyal martyrs are touching, not ordinary so-called clumsy children, but their abilities are mostly mediocre, far inferior to their heroic fathers. Why? Because the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" does not record what these second generations did in the field of civil rule and martial arts, it can be seen that they are lackluster. It should be known that the most important reason for the demise of the Shu Han Dynasty is that there is no successor and there is a lack of capable subordinates. So why can't these xungui disciples, who are not of bad quality, inherit their father's business, act alone, and solve problems for the Shu Han regime? The next interview takes Zhuge Zhan as an example for analysis, or can take a peek.
First of all, when Zhuge Liang died, Zhuge Zhan was still young, only eight years old. In addition, Zhuge Liang was busy with government affairs, and he led troops to fight outside for many years. There was not much time to educate him. Like Sima Yi, I have a high life expectancy and two sons who have reached adulthood early, and I can take them with me to hear about them. Therefore, Zhuge Zhan can only inherit his father's excellent genetic genes at most, and the family education of the day after tomorrow is lacking, and his father's life experience and political wisdom are simply too late to pass on to him.
In addition, he inherited his father's title at a young age, and the high-ranking officials Houlu and Jinyi Yuyi prematurely lost the goal of striving forward. The history books record that he studied and was good at calligraphy and painting, which shows that he was only a talented noble prince, not a great talent for governing the country and the country.
Then there is Zhuge Zhan's lack of experience and lack of experience. Military experience has been slowly accumulated after countless bloody battles. Like those outstanding generals of the Shu Han Dynasty, such as Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, and Later Jiang Wei, who were all tough men who had experienced hundreds of battles, licked blood on the knife edge, and crawled out of the pile of dead people, their natural abilities aside, their on-the-spot experience was very rich. And Zhuge Zhan, as Zhuge Liang's only son and the son-in-law of the later lord Liu Chan, grew up in a honeypot since he was a child, how willing to let him easily go into battle to rush to kill.
Since you are not on the battlefield, where is the experience of the battle front? Military talent, like other fields, requires theory and practice. It is not only necessary to study military theory well, but also to accumulate long-term actual combat experience. Some people will say that Zhuge Liang was only 28 years old when he came out of the mountain, and he had no combat experience, so why could he fight the world as soon as he came out of the mountain?
In fact, this is a misreading of history, Zhuge Liang joined Liu Bei's camp in the early days, either to give advice, or to stay in the rear, adjust his taxes, in order to replenish the army, and did not single-handedly lead an army to fight. Leading the troops in the battle were Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun, who were the generals. It was not until Liu Bei's death that Zhuge Liang led troops to conquer the rebellion in the south, which was the first time he led an army. It had been almost twenty years since he had come out of the mountain.
During this long period of time, he gradually began to familiarize himself with military knowledge, combined with his own theoretical study, and gradually improved his military capabilities. With these twenty years of experience, he was already very mature militarily when he led a hundred thousand troops in the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Zhan had been a civilian official before, and in a hurry, he temporarily dispatched him as a general. The first time he went out on the expedition, he faced a top general like Deng Ai, who was naturally fierce and less auspicious.
Finally, Zhuge Zhan's foundation is not solid and his promotion is too fast. Let's take a look at his resume, he married a princess at the age of seventeen and served as a knight lieutenant. In the following year, Yu Lin was promoted to the rank of General of Zhonglang, and later to Qingyun, and was promoted all the way to the rank of Lieutenant commander of shooting, shizhong and Shangshu servant, and general of the Canadian army division. In today's words, it is called marrying Bai Fumei, becoming CEO, and embarking on the peak of life.
This is a typical road for the promotion of the second generation of officials, if it is in the era of peace, it is natural to mix seniority, as the years grow, gradually familiar with the business, perhaps can also be trained to become a qualified senior leader. However, Zhuge Zhan was in a chaotic world where wars were frequent and strong enemies were surrounded, and his talent was completely insufficient to support such a complicated and difficult political situation. With his talent, if he served as a magistrate, he might be a qualified sheriff. But let him serve as a member of the Central Committee now, to be honest, he is not qualified enough.
Since Zhuge Zhan's talent was overwhelmed, why did Liu Chan still let him lead the army to go out? The reason is also simple, loyalty. Zhuge Zhan's loyalty was without any problems. In such a situation, Shu Han was facing disintegration at any time, and it was possible to send any other minister to lead his troops to surrender to the Wei army. Only Zhuge Zhan was the one that the Later Lord Liu Chan could fully trust. Perhaps Liu Chan still retained a trace of illusion in his heart: this person, after all, he is Zhuge Liang's son. Yet the miracle did not happen.
Zhuge Zhan is actually a tragic figure under the great wheel of history, his talent is not as good as Zhuge Liang, and there is nothing to be ashamed of, because there is only one Zhuge Liang in the entire Three Kingdoms. He did not have his father's talent, but in a specific situation, he was pushed up by the situation, and had to bear the responsibility that his father had undertaken, facing a strong enemy that even Jiang Wei, who inherited his father's mantle, could not be said to be a great sorrow for him personally.
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