I. Overview
The tomb of Tang Wutai, located on the east side of the north section of Sangjun Road in Chonghuang Township, Gaoling District, Xi'an City, was discovered in 2014 during archaeological work on the construction land of the Western Logistics Project. The flat shape of the Wutai tomb is "A" shape, which is composed of a tomb passage, a cave, a patio, a Yongdao, and a burial chamber, with a total length of 22.80 meters. The long slope tomb is facing south, there are 4 caves, the top is round arched, and there are 2 niches on the east and west walls under the second and third holes; there are 4 patios, and the plane is rectangular. Residual white ash surfaces can be seen on the two walls of the cave and the patio, and there should be frescoes, but unfortunately almost all of them have fallen off. The burial chamber is made of brick, and the burial tools and bones are no longer there.
Second, the main findings
Due to theft, only 15 relics were found, including 13 pottery figurines, which were excavated in the niches on the east and west sides of the second cave, and 1 porcelain bowl (M1:14) was unearthed in the Yongdao. (Figure 1) An important harvest was the discovery of a box of epitaphs on the north side of Yongdao near the burial chamber, and according to the contents of the epitaphs, the owner of the tomb was Ling Wutai of Tangchang County during the Wuzhou Dynasty.
The pottery figurines are all clay red pottery riding figurines, there are two kinds of male and female figurines, most of which are mutilated. The limbs and base plate of the figurine and horse are molded separately and then bonded into one. The limbs are supported by round iron bars. (Fig. 2) Riding female figurines, 5 pieces can be restored. Specimen M1:2, figurine head comb single knife half turned bun, cheeks rounded, phoenix eyes thin eyebrows, high nose winglets, small mouth tight. He wears a round neck narrow sleeve shirt with a neck circumference, a high-waisted chest-length skirt, narrow pants, and pointed flat shoes on the feet. The right arm is placed on the ventral side, the left arm is sagging and the elbow is bent, and the fist is clenched in the chest and sitting upright on the saddle. The horse is red throughout, the thick and long neck is obliquely upright, and the horse face is thin and angular. The ears are shrugned, the frontal bangs are separated, the brow bone is high and convex, the diamond-shaped eyes are rounded, and the half-mane is cut on the neck. The horse's body is thick and rounded, with a long flat tail slightly upturned, slender legs, and thick hooves, standing upright on a rectangular pallet. Bridge-type saddle with rounded square saddles lined under the saddle, and the saddles are black. The height of the pass is 35.6 cm and the length of the horse is 24.8 cm. (Figure 3, 1) Riding male figurines, 4 pieces can be restored. Specimen M1:6, figurine wearing a black head, rounded cheeks, high nose. He wears a red slanted collar narrow-sleeved shirt with his hands folded on the lower part of his abdomen, narrow pants on his lower body, and his feet wear pointed flat shoes, sitting upright on the saddle. Horses are similar to specimen M1:2. The pass height is 33 cm and the horse is 26 cm long. (Figure 3, 2)
The epitaph is bluestone, square, the side of the stone is 54 cm long and 9 cm thick, and the square top of the zhi lid is 8 cm thick. There are 30 lines of Zhiwen yin carving, each line is 30 words, a total of 1071 words, with square boundaries. The epitaph cover face is engraved with nine characters of the seal book "Epitaph of the Former Wujun of the Tang Dynasty". The four sides of the top surface of the epitaph cover, the four brakes and the four sides of the zhishi are all carved with tangled branches and honeysuckle ornaments. (Figure 4)
3. Epitaph Interpretation
The epitaph is an important harvest of this excavation. The following is an analysis of the tomb owner's life lineage and burial place around the epitaph record, and an in-depth discussion of the official system and medal system of the Tang Dynasty. (In the transcript□ indicates a word that is damaged or illegible, [] indicates a presumed word, / indicates a change of career)
(i) Epitaph transcript
The Tang Dynasty asked the doctor Pengzhou Tangchang County Lingzhu Guo Gongshi Wujun Tombstone
Taizhong Dafu former Yinzhou Thorn History Shuwenguan Bachelor□□□□ Shan County Founding Duke Wu Yanling wrote /
Jun Zhentai, the word Liang, Taiyuan people also. He first came from Peiguo Zhuyi, and then moved to Jinyang, Taiyuan. Liang Zou opened his Maoxu, / Jing Bo zhao qi Huaji. Xi Bo NanDi Ji, the famous secretary of Wei Ri, gongxia was a champion of the Jin Dynasty. Jun Zengzu /Yong, with the appointment of Shangkaifu, Qi County Taishou, Zhuyi County Founding Man. Zu Ju (祖舉), Emperor Taiyuan Yuancong,from The Imperial Taiyuan Yuan,gong cao (功曹)/參军, jia chao san dafu, Yi County Ling, Jing Prefecture Governor Shi, Right Guard Lang General, Andong Duhu, and the founding duke of Jinyang County. Father/Model, General Xuanwei of The Emperor, General of Zuo Wu Wei Zhonglang, Shangzhu Guo, Founding Duke of Taiyuan County, and Grand Governor of Jian'an Province. And the degree of knowledge / far-reaching, the instrument bureau is smart, the yingling of the qing, the capital and the amount of Yu. The exercise of QiLing, from the year of hair, the wind of Jia Yong, manifested in the crown age. / Or send a long hub, or a heavy minion, and talent first, bit fresh on the day. The king shook the spirit of the soldiers and spit out the stars. Di Wang/Lin Lang, that is, silver and yellow and purple silk; talents are vulgar, and the blade of the hole is raised and the pine is promoted. There is Shudu's Hongcai, Negative Quan Mingzhi/Yaliang. Guan Parrot Yunsi, Wen Wei was not ashamed of Zhengping; Ju Yingcheng learned, and his knowledge surpassed that of Che Yin. Heavy with a broad mind, instrumental yu / drowning, Chuan Bing awe of its divine talents, poetry cultivation in the threshold. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, he became □□ honored Emperor Banglang. Famous line / early Akira, talent for a long time, towards the phoenix, the sunset dragon car. With the assets of a good family, he is allowed to negotiate the choice of officials. On April 12 of the first year of the Chu Gong Dynasty, Jin Prefecture was granted the title of Army. Filial piety is heavenly, words must be in accordance with the rules, honesty and prudence, and humility. On May 18 of the first year of the first year, Zhi Tong Zhilang was granted the title of Zuo Yuju (左玉钤衛兵曹). Good physique, profound knowledge, gentle and □□, / rigid and soft and straight, grace flows in the lower shu, righteousness is in friends. In the first year of Ruyi, the poor Yu Lin recorded things. Stand up and be careful, fuck/walk, fear its might, and think of its virtue. On May 12 of his year, Jia Chao requested [1] The Councillor, the Shangyi Bureau of Dianzhong Province, and the Duke of the First Rank. When the officials are purged, they are strict in their handling of affairs, and they are sympathetic to the orphans, and they are powerful and powerful. The road of screen power, Du please guru / the door. In September of the first year of the Book of Heaven, Jian Chong bai nanjiao was crappy. At the end of the matter, Jiaxun Supreme Protector. In the year of Long Live Tong/Tianyuan, he was refilled with the title of Shenyue And was awarded the Order of Emperor Sandafu and Tangchang County of Pengzhou. Long live the first year of the first month of the first month, to / post. Lead the silk three Shu, flow Huihua together; make Jin Erjiang, fan Ren wind in the hundred miles. Wei Xian's eclecticism, broad and fierce, Xia/Pan Shuangliu, the spring color of the Moving Wen River; Huaming County, the year of Kaishu Sai. Yuyu is prosperous, the officials are in love and respect, Peng/Men is in the soil, and the court is so purged. The streets sing the ballads of good governance, and the road is sung at dusk. In April of the first year of the Holy Calendar, / Jia Chao asked the Doctor, and the Order to the Pillar Kingdom. Dazu first year, rank full, spin the car road, return to the township pass, lying in the ruts and sobbing, climbing sprinkling / crying. The road of the horse will be far away, the pool of the shen rhinoceros will gradually drift away, the officials will talk about the three differences, and the beauty of the four knowledges of the government and the wilderness will also be explained. It has been Chang'an / May 5th of the fourth year finally Luoyi, Jun Chunqiu fifty have two. It is a false burial in Nan'ao, Los Angeles, and will be buried in Gaoluyuan, Gaoling County, on November 2, 2017. Move the fear of the sea to the mausoleum, move the continent /move the valley, carve the stone spring under the bottom, and use the words of Zhangwu Fan. Its inscription:/
Idle in the art early, less in the machine. Famous and wild, it is located in the silk. There are two treasures in love, and the heart is cautious and knows four. The locusts are all out of the country, and they are aware of it/returning. People sing in the twilight, and the road is not left behind. Sorrowful and virtuous, eternally dying spring. The Yellow Spring is lonely and the day is heavy. The clouds are dark, / The fog is deep. Cypress is depressed and depressed, and pine is covered and towering. Look at the lonely clouds and look forward to the heart, and look forward to the evening to appreciate the heart. Pain/Xi Yong Xie, Russian into Xi Ancient and Modern. (Figure 5)
(2) The lineage of the tomb owner and related interpretations
1. The tomb owner's surname is Wu, the name is Tai, the character is Liang, the family's ancestral home is Peiguo, and later moved to Taiyuan, and four generations of officials. His great-grandfather Wu Yong was the Taishou of Qi County, and was awarded the title of founding man of Zhuyi County. His grandfather Wu Ju served as a military officer of Gong Cao of The Xiang Prefecture, and served as the Commander of Eun County, the Governor of Jing Prefecture, the General of Right Guard Lang, the Protector of Andong, and the Grand Master of Jia Chaoshan, and was awarded the founding duke of Jinyang County. His father, Wu Mo, was a general of Xuanwei and a general of Zuo Wu Wei Zhonglang, who was awarded the title of Shangzhu Guo and the founding duke of Taiyuan County. Wu Tai was born during the reign of Emperor Gaozong (653) and died in the fourth year of Chang'an (704). When he was young, he entered the palace as a "Bang Lang", and later served as a soldier in Jinzhou, a guard of Zuo Yuju, a recorder of Yulin, a director of the Shangyi Bureau, and until the Tangchang County Order. His appointment and promotion process is a good reflection of the process of entering and promoting the children of tang dynasty officials and eunuchs.
2. Bang Lang into the shi. The epitaph records that Wu Tai "honored Emperor Banglang" in the second year of the first century (675), and that Banglang was a person who drew coffins and sang elegies for the deceased emperor, concubines or princes, mostly the children of noble bureaucrats, and many high-ranking officials in the Tang Dynasty such as Yao Chong and Wei Gao were born in Banglang. In the second year of the First Yuan Dynasty, when the crown prince Li Hong died, Emperor Gaozong made an exception and posthumously honored him as emperor with the posthumous title of "Filial Piety", which is consistent with the epitaph records, and Wu Tai was 22 years old at the time. Later, in the first year of the Imperial Arch (685), Wu Tai conferred the jin state to join the army, during which a total of 10 years, the epitaph records that "Chao Xiang Feng Ren, Xi Shi Long Che", that is, Wu Tai later served as the emperor's bodyguard, and should be one of the guards, Yi Wei and Xun Wei. In the Tang Dynasty, the entry of Bang Lang and Sanwei was an important channel for the descendants of officials to serve, and the advantages and disadvantages did not vary, "There are those who have come from Tang Dynasty, and those who have been born into the Shi have written orders such as Xiucai, Mingjing, Jinshi, Mingfa, and Shushu. The second is to flow outflow. If you enter the army with the capital of the door, you will first be awarded the title of "Gongxun Yiwei"[2]. The New Book of Tang and the Biography of Wei Xuan: "Nowadays, all the sons and daughters of guiqi are early, hongwen, chongxian, qianniu, and reishi, etc., the cheng is shallow, the skills are also thin, and the door valve is well-established and high-minded." ...... He also honored the officials, the three guards, and the subordinates of the exiles, and did not wait for the actions of the prefectures and counties, and directly took the written judgment, not the friendship between the first virtue and then the words. [3] In the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty itself was the most important way for the children of officials and eunuchs to enter the career in addition to the imperial examination and military merit, and Wu Tai's becoming a banglang and a bodyguard was also the merit of his father.
The Tang Liudian records: "Those who choose those who are high in their own capital are the guards, and take the sons of more than three products and the grandchildren of more than two products." The second is the Xun Wei and the pro-guards of the Fu Dynasty, and the great-grandchildren of the four pins, the three pins, and the two pins or more. The seconds are Yi Wei and Xun Wei of the Fu Dynasty, the Four Pin Suns, the Five Pin Sons of the Ministry, and the Sun. Sanpin's great-grandson, Ruoxun official Sanpin had a title, and the son of the Duke of Guo. ...... All three guards are limited to more than 21 years old. [4] The emperor's personal guards needed his father's official position to be Sanpin(三品), or his grandfather as Erpin (二品), and Wu Tai's grandfather (武太) as a right guard general (右衛郎將軍), who was a five-pin (五品). His father was General Zuo Wu Wei Zhonglang (左武衛中郎), who was a shoji pinshita (正四品下). Therefore, Wu Tai's subordinate should be Xun Wei or Yi Wei, and his grandfather and father served as the Right Guard Lang General and the Left Wu Wei Zhonglang General, both of whom were officials in charge of Su Wei. The right guard is the higher rank of the Su Guard, "Where the Great Dynasty will be ..., for the left and right chambers of honor." ...... Both sit under the east and west corridors. If the main hall is seated, it is standing on two steps"[5]. Zuo Wuwei was ranked after the left and right guards and the left and right guards. Therefore, the ability of Wu Tai to become a bodyguard must be related to the appointment of his elders.
3. Assessment and promotion. On April 12, 685, Wu Tai granted Jinju the ranks of the army. In the Tang Dynasty, the prefectures and prefectures were placed to join the army, and the rank of posts and ranks varied according to the official offices under their affiliation, ranging from two or three to five or six people, seven to nine pins, no fixed positions, for dispatching envoys, and most of the first-timers occupied this position. Therefore, joining the army is a low-level military position. The Tang Liudian records: "The five battles up and down and the guidance of the driver, the detailed introduction of the examination to five, the left and right guards of his position and the left and right of the house of the Xun Wei examination to six." Left and right lead the three guards of the house to fight the five battles up and down, also five examinations. The Guards and the Yi Wei of the Imperial Household were tested for eight. When the examination is complete, the military department school examination, if there is a text, it is a timely affair, then it is sent to the official department; if there is no text, it is added to its senior rank, and it is transferred to the true color, if there is talent, the examination can be supplemented by the commander and the lieutenant and the chief of the prison. Those who have passed the three examinations on the left and right sides of the house and have passed the three examinations on the left and right sides may make up for the guidance and introduction; when the examination is completed, the simple test is like the three guards. [6] At this time, Wu Tai should have passed the military school examination, was sent to the official department, and was granted the title of soldier, which was on the one hand a talent selection system, and on the other hand, it also limited the number of years of service of the guards, ensuring that the guards were young and strong. Wu Tai went from serving as a bang lang to serving in the army for 10 years, when he was 32 years old, in line with the Tang Liudian record that "all the tenth anniversary is limited to the tenth anniversary, listen to its simple test, the literary and rational high is sent to the official department, the rest remain in the division, and the whole under the command is returned to the true color" [7].
On May 18, 689, Wu Tai conferred the title of Tong Zhilang (通直郎) and Xingzuo Yuju (行左玉钤) as a guard of Cao. Tsunade is dismissed as a civilian and is considered to be subordinate to The Six Pins. Yu Juwei was one of the Sixteen Guards of the Tang Dynasty, originally the leading guard, responsible for the honor guard of the Imperial Council, etc., ranking after Xiao Wei and Wu Wei. "Left and right leading guards... His position, the Great Dynasty, was divided into left and right chambers of honor, and was subordinated to the rear of the imperial guard by qingjia armor, bows and arrows, swords, shields, etc. "In September of the first year of the Guangzhai (684), the change was ... The left and right leading guards are the left and right jade guards".[9] Bing Cao was a low-ranking military attaché under the Yu Qiwei, and his rank was Zhengjiu Pin (正九品).
After three years in zuo yuju wei's tenure, in the first year of Ruyi (692), Wu Tai granted Yulin the record. Yu Lin was also a military attaché, and the Yu Lin Army was mainly responsible for the interior of Miyagi castle, defending the emperor and the royal security. "The seventeenth day of May of the first year of the arch. Place the Yulin Army left and right. 6,000 people led by Yu Lin Lang. Until February 30 of the second year of the Heavenly Mandate. Changed to Left and Right Yulin Wei"[10]. "If the Great Dynasty will meet, lead its honor guard to Zhou Wei Jie. If you are lucky, you will be in the middle of the road and become an internal war" [11]. Yulin Wei's status was slightly higher than that of Yu ZhaoWei, and the recorder was at the same level as Bing Cao, and Wu Tai's transfer was a flat transfer.
On May 12, 692, in the first year of Ruyi (692), Wu Taijia (武太加朝律郎), Dianzhong Province Shangyi Bureau Zhi (尚衣局直), and was given the rank of Duke of the First Rank. Asagiri Lang is the department of The Imperial Household, and the Shangyi Bureau is the department where the Shangyi Fengyu provides the Tianzi's clothes, with two subordinates and four straight chiefs. Wu Tai should belong to the Straight Chief, under the Seven Pins, plus the Duke Officiate Rank. Ruyi's era name was the second year of Wu Zetian's title as empress dowager, and it was changed to April of that year, "In April, amnesty for the world, change the yuan to Ruyi, and forbid the slaughter of the world".[12] Therefore, Wu Tai's promotion this time, especially the first rank of The Duke of Jia, may be related to Wu Zetian's change of yuan.
4. Worship and promote officials. During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zhou were keen on worship and zen worship, especially during the Wu Zetian period. Wu Zetian had been sacrificed in the Jianming Hall in Luoyang, and his era number Long Live and Long Live Dengfeng were all manifestations of his sacrifice and sealing actions in the past two years, and Wu Tai's epitaph also confirmed this.
The epitaph records that in September of the first year of the First Year of the Celestial Book (695), Wu Tai served as a foot in the worship service in the southern suburbs, and he was the supreme protector of the Army. In the first year of the Banzai Tongtian Dynasty (696), he was refilled with the title of Shenyue (神岳辇), and was awarded the title of Emperor San dafu (朝散大夫), and the order of Tangchang County, Pengzhou.
Wu Zetian made the capital Luoyang in the first year of the Tianzhi Dynasty (690), so in 695 Wu Taibai to the southern suburbs of The Foot, should refer to Luoyang South, according to historical records, "In the autumn of September, the southern suburbs were pro-shrined, and the Emperor of the Golden Wheel of the Holy Spirit of the Heavenly Book was added, the world was pardoned, and the Yuan was changed to Long Live the Heavenly Book" [13]. Subsequently, "Long live dengfeng in the first year (696) of the month of The Moon Jiashen, Shangdeng feng in Songyue, amnesty of the world, change the Yuan, the ninth day of the Great Harvest." Ding Hai, Zen in Shaomu Mountain. He is ugly, and he also makes internal and external officials give the second class above the three grades, and the four or less plus two orders" [14]. That is, Wu Tai participated in the activities of the southern suburbs of Luoyang and the fengchan Song Mountain, and served as a foot,, responsible for pulling the car. As mentioned above, most of the posts were performed by the sons of officials when they were young, similar to Bang Lang, at this time Wu Tai was more than 40 years old and had served for many years, and acting as a reed may be related to the similar position he had held when he first entered the palace.
In addition, Wu Zetian sealed the Zen Song Mountain, and gave officials and other ranks. Here, the ranks and ranks should correspond to the knighthood and the rank respectively. The official position of Wu Tai was less than four pins, so he was awarded the rank of Emperor San, and the actual post of Tangchang County Was also awarded. In the Tang Dynasty, the counties were divided into Shangxian County, Zhongxian County, and XiaXian County, which were divided by population, and there were also JingXian County, QiXian County, and WangXian County. The county of the three counties is known as Jing County within the city and the county outside the city. The rest are more than 6,000 households in the upper county, more than 2,000 households in the middle county, more than 1,000 households in the middle and lower county, less than 1,000 households are in the lower county[15], and the level of Wangxian is higher than that of the upper county. The ranks of county officials were also different, and Tangchang County, where Wu Tai served, belonged to Pengzhou and was a shang county, which was promoted to Wangxian County in December of the tenth year of Zhenyuan (636). When Wu Tai took office, he was shangxian (上县), and the county order he was granted should be congliupin (從六品). The epitaph records that when Wu Tai was in office, he "held the silk of the three Shu, flowed huihua together, made the Jin Erjiang, and fan Renfeng in the hundred miles". It shows that the local production of silk and Shu brocade also reflects the prosperity of the country of Tianfu on the other hand. Thereafter, in April of the first year of the Holy Calendar (698), the Emperor was invited to the throne and the pillar state. The Holy Calendar is Wu Zetian's new change of yuan in that year, and the change of yuan also pardons the world, and Wu Tai's ascension and order of rank may be related to the change of yuan. Wu Tai served in Tangchang County Until the first year of Dazu (701), when he returned to his hometown, serving as a county commander for a total of 5 years.
5. About the burial place. Wu Tai died in Luoyang in May of the fourth year of Chang'an at the age of fifty-two, and was buried in luoyang south, and four years later in the second year of Shenlong (706), moved to Gaoluyuan, Gaoling County. Wu Taizu was born in Pei County, Taiyuan, and although he spent most of his life serving in Luoyang, his ancestors and their youth should have lived in Chang'an for a long time, so moving back to Gaoling may reflect that his family has migrated from Taiyuan to near Chang'an. At the time of Wu Tai's death and burial, it was during the abdication of Wu Zetian and the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong, and his relocation and subsequent tombs were vandalized, which should be closely related to the political turmoil at that time.
6. Tang Dynasty Minjue Examination. In the Tang Dynasty, the ranks of officials were mainly divided into real ranks, ranks, ranks, and titles, of which the ranks were divided into two types, namely, wen and martial, and there were corresponding grades in addition to titles. Wu Tai's actual positions were banglang, Jinzhou army, and Tangchang county order, and the highest was congliupin. The rank of the order is successively the Upper Protector army and the pillar state, the upper protection army is regarded as the same as the positive three products, and the pillar country is regarded as the second product. The scattered order is the Wensan order, tongzhilang, asahi lang until the asaka doctor, the highest is from the five products. In terms of titles, Wu Tai's great-grandfather conferred on the founding man, regarded as from the five pins, grandfather and father are both founding county dukes, regarded as from the second pin. The title of Wu Tai was only conferred the title of "Duke of the First Rank" after the sealing of Zen Song Mountain in 696.
The medals conferred by Wu Tai are the highest rank, which is related to the large-scale addition of medals in the Tang Dynasty, especially during the Wu Zetian period. Wu Zetian liked to sacrifice and seal Zen, and during sacrifice and sealing Zen, more rewards were carried out, so the frequency of large-scale sealing during the Wu Zetian period was unprecedented. As evidenced in the first year of the Holy Year, Liu Zhiji, a lieutenant of Huaizhou County, said: "... However, in the Han Dynasty, there was a first-class knighthood and a marquis of Grace, which was a great grace in a thousand lifetimes. Not is the frequent annoyance of Oz, every year of the regular walker also. Today's royal family began with civilization and has only been holy for more than ten years. Hai Nei Has liao, nine products or more, every year of forgiveness, will be given the order of honor, no merit reward. [17] It shows that Wu Zetian's rewards for scattered ranks and medals were very frequent. This is also reflected in the successive addition of Wu Tai's seals within two years of the Heavenly Book and long live ascension, as well as the change of the yuan seal in the first year of the Holy Calendar. In the Tang Dynasty, there were two main ways of awarding knighthood and adding medals,... The Tang Dynasty established a complete system of honorary officials, but the system of honorary officials was awarded to officials, not for civilians. At the same time, most of the knighthoods were awarded only to high-ranking officials. In the Tang Dynasty, most of the knighthoods were given to the first rank of three or more pins, and only the four grades below were added, and Wu Tai was basically a low-level official when he was in Luoyang, so he could only add the rank of the order, which also caused the situation that the rank of the order was higher, while the actual rank and the rank of the title were lower.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were nine grades of knighthood, the lowest of which was the founding county man. The epitaph mentions that Wu Tai's great-grandfather was the founding man of Zhuyi County, and Wu Tai was added the "Duke Knight First Rank" when he was enshrined in Song Mountain. The Duke was originally the lowest rank among the twenty-rank knights set for rewarding military merit during the Shang Martingale Transformation Law. The Han inherited the Qin system, and it was also used in later generations. "Knight: Duke of the First Rank." [18] Northern History of Wei Jisan: "In the autumn and July, he was appointed as the crown prince, and the emperor was given the title of first-class prince and a duke of the latter rank." ”［19］
When Tang Gaozu ascended the throne, "the second year of Sui Yining was changed to the first year of Tang Wude." Officials and commoners, knighted of the first rank"[20]. When Emperor Gaozu passed on the throne to Emperor Taizong, "those who have no knighthood above the fifth grade of civil and military officials are given the first rank, and those below the sixth grade are given a knighthood".[21] It can be seen that the number of knighthoods granted this time is small, and only the rank of knighthood is added below the five pins, which is different from the time of the ascension to the throne, and the title should not be granted at the time of the ninth rank, but the civil knighthood. In the first year of Qianfeng (666) during the Gaozong period, the yuan was changed, "three pins or more were given the second class, four pins below, seven pins above the plus rank, eight pins below plus one order, and the first rank was turned." ...... Ding Ugly, formerly Enbo, Pujin Knight and Rank, Xun, etc., men gave gu knighthood"[22]. Emperor Xuanzong Tianbao VIII (749) "Plus Emperor Xuanyuan Emperor Xuanyuan ... He was given the rank of military attaché and knight, and the people were the ancient knights of the household".[23] In the fourteenth year of the Daizong calendar (779), "The amnesty for the whole world ... Internal and external civil and military attaches of the first rank of three grades or above, and the rank of meritorious officers below four pins is given the same rank as the appointment, and the people of the world are given the first rank of the ancient knights" [24]. Here , " gujue " should also refer to " duke " .
In summary, it can be seen that the Tang Dynasty once awarded the ancient knighthood of the common people on a large scale, that is, the title of "duke", and the duke knight had no food and no grade, which was suitable for awarding low-level officials and commoners. When they ascend the throne, change the yuan, grant amnesty, etc., they will be granted to some people. Due to the low official position of Wu Tai, he should be awarded the title of Civil Lord, which is not one of the ninth rank titles. Wu Tai conferred the title of Minjue in the first year of Ruyi, and there is no record of the large-scale granting of The Minjue in that year, but in April of that year, Wu Zetian changed his title to Ruyi and granted amnesty to the world, so the granting of the Minjue should be related to the change of the Yuan, and it may be a small amount of awarding, rather than a large-scale knighthood. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, there should also be a situation where the people's lords were awarded to low-level officials separately.
IV. Conclusion
The burial chamber of Wutai Tomb and the brick structure of yongdao were seriously damaged, the paving tiles are no longer there, and more bricks have been excavated in the filling, most of which have been broken, and it is speculated that the tomb was deliberately damaged shortly after its burial.
The epitaph shows that the tomb owner Wu Tai was born during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, died in the fourth year of Wu Zetian's Chang'an, was first buried in Luoyang, and was buried back to Gaoling during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. His life was mainly divided into three stages, namely, when he was young, he became a lang through his father's generation; then he entered the Three Guards, and ten years later passed the examination and served in the official department, Wu Zetian said that the empress dowager served as a servant in two sacrificial activities; and then he went to Tangchang County to serve as a county commander until he left his post, and the highest official position was six pins. Among all the ranks of Wu Tai, the highest rank was from the second grade, which was much higher than other ranks. The highest actual official rank is only from Liupin County Order, and the civilian official rank is from Wupin Dynasty to ask for doctors. Its tomb has four patios, a total length of more than 20 meters, and the corresponding rank is higher than that of the actual county order from six pins, which is consistent with the rank of four and five pin officials. Due to the relatively relaxed conditions for the award of the tang Dynasty, after Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, the conferred the medal was often tens of thousands, and Wu Tai could also benefit from the second grade of the order. Therefore, whether the scale of the tomb of Wutai Tomb is excessive, whether its tomb has been artificially destroyed is related to the overrun, the specific circumstances of its family migration to Gaoling, and whether there is a family cemetery need to be further studied.
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[1] The word "please" is derived. As mentioned above, the rank of "Tong Zhi Lang" (通直郎), then the official must be "Chao Yi Lang".
Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Official I. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:1804.]
[3] Song Qi, Ouyang Xiu, et al. New Book of Tang: Chronicles 42: Wei Xuantong. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:4253.]
[4] Li Linfu, et al. Tang Liudian:Shang Shu Bingbu. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1992:155.]
[5] Li Linfu, et al. Tang Liudian:Zhu Wei. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1992:616.]
[6] Same as [6]:155.
[7] Same [6]:156.
Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Officials III. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:1900.]
[9] Same as[3]:1788.
WANG Pu. Tang Hui wants: Volume Seventy-Two. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1955:1291.]
[11] Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Officials III. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:1903.]
[12] Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Then The Empress of Heaven. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:122.]
[13] Same [13]:124.
[14] Same [13]:125.
Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Officials II. Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1975: 1825
Wang Pu. Tang Hui wants: Volume Seventy. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1955:1241.]
WANG Pu. Tang Hui wants: Volume Eighty-One. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1955:1495.]
Bangu. Book of Han: The Seventh Table of the Hundred Officials and Secretaries of State. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1999:622.]
Li Yanshou. Northern History: Wei Benji III. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1974:110.]
Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Gao Zu Benji. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:6.]
[21] Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Emperor Taizong's Book of 1st Chronicle. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:30.]
[22] Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Emperor Gaozong's Book of 2nd Century. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:90.]
[23] Song Qi, Ouyang Xiu, et al. New Book of Tang: Xuanzong Benji. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:147.]
Liu Xun, et al. Old Book of Tang: Dezong Benji. Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1975:321.]
(Author: Cao Long, Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology; originally published in Huaxia Archaeology, No. 5, 2021)