General Ili, as the highest military and political governor in Xinjiang, premiered the Affairs of the Tianshan South-North Road, especially the Affairs of the South Road, and the edict specifically states that "the Hui Department and the Ili Are Connected, since the Yeerqiang ... There are ministers stationed in various places, and they are still handled as usual. ”
It is precisely this supplement, and the fact that the administrative affairs of southern Xinjiang have actually been the responsibility of the Kashgar Counsellor Minister, although General Ili has the power to administer southern Xinjiang on paper, in fact, from the date of General Ili's establishment to the outbreak of the Ush Incident, General Ili has not substantively intervened in the affairs of southern Xinjiang.
This also led to the Kashgar Counsellor's minister Nashitong daring to send troops to lead troops to refuse reinforcements from the Ili general Mingrui during the Ush Incident, thus indirectly expanding the influence of the Ush Incident and making it the biggest turning point in the power of general Ili.
Therefore, what happened at the turning point in the cause, handling, and power of General Ili in this Ush affair?
The cause of the Ush Incident
From the present, the fuse of the Ush affairs is that the son of Su Cheng, the minister of wushi affairs, wants to return to Beijing, so he used the official mission of transporting Xinjiang jujube trees into Beijing and requisitioned 240 Hui people to help him transport his luggage into Beijing.
In the process of transportation, Su Cheng's son wantonly beat up the transporter and the young Berkra and Mutula who accompanied the team, and the humiliated little Berkray and MuTula, because their wives had been hated by Su Cheng, instigated them to revolt together when the people were angry, and led the people to attack the city of Ush, imprisoning abdullah at that time Achim Burke Abdullah.
After the destruction of the city, Su Cheng, the minister of affairs of Ush, first killed his own son and then committed suicide. The Ush Incident soon spread to other cities in Xinjiang, and Nashitong, counselor general of Kashgar in southern Xinjiang, sent Bian Tahai to lead troops to suppress it.
Without understanding the truth of the incident, Bian Tahai ordered his officers and men to fire guns at the city of Ush, and the people in the city closed the city gate out of panic, so that the phenomenon of everyone in The city was opposed, and the nature of the Ush incident also took a turn.
Among the causes of the Ush Affair, there are two questions that are easily overlooked, one of which is why did Little Berkeley and Mutula encourage the people to revolt? The second is whether General Ili's supervision of Ush Achim Burke and the Counsellor General is in a vacuum.
These two questions seem to be answered in the Records of the Qing Dynasty and the Records of the Western Regions, because according to the records of these two books: Ush Achim burke Abdullah was cruel, greedy and bribed, often flogged and humiliated Hui people for pleasure, and his servants were bullied and bullied, and they were mighty and blessed in the city of Ush;
As the Qing court's minister of affairs sent to supervise the return to Xinjiang Achimubok, the former Ush minister of affairs, Su Cheng, not only failed to play the role of supervising Abdullah, but instead became obsessed with women with his sons and released them after "many months".
The people in The city of Ush hated these three people to the bone and wanted to sleep on their skin and eat their flesh, but they were unable to appeal, because Ush Achim Burk Abdullah was the younger brother of Hami Burk Yusufu, and the Yusufu family of Hami and the Emin and Zhuo families of Turpan were the first to submit and contribute the most when the Qing court pacified Xinjiang, so it was highly valued by the Qing court.
Therefore, the Qing court may have deliberately ignored Abdullah's illegal behavior in order to co-opt the Yusufu family, but this explanation did not apply to the minister of affairs Su Cheng, because the Qing court set up ministers in the cities of southern Xinjiang to supervise Achimu Burke, and the Qing court may tolerate Aqimu Burke's illegal behavior to a certain extent, and the illegal behavior of the minister of affairs must not be accommodated.
Therefore, the crimes of Abdullah and Sucheng's father and son were only discovered after the Ush Incident, which shows on the one hand that the Kashgar counselor in charge of the affairs of southern Xinjiang did not fulfill his duties of supervision, and on the other hand, it also shows that the authority of General Ili was not actually exercised in southern Xinjiang.
Although this situation of inadequate supervision has improved since the Ushi Incident, it has not curbed the corruption of local officials in Xinjiang, so that in southern Xinjiang there has been a similar movement to that of Su Cheng's father and son.
Handling of the Ush Incident
After learning of the Ush Incident, the then Ili general Mingrui on the one hand played Qianlong, on the other hand, he sent Guanyin Bao to lead five hundred soldiers to help Ush via Mussol Ridge. Na Shi Tong wanted to make meritorious contributions and hide his defeats, so he wrote to Qianlong without the assistance of the Ili general Ming Ruichi, and placed Guanyin Bao's five hundred ding defensive pass.
Qianlong saw Na Shitong's intentions and stated that "Mingrui is the general in charge of Yili and other places" and "Why did Yi write to stop Mingrui?" The xianzhi Nashitong and others regarded it as easy to handle the ush thing, and if Mingrui went forward, he was afraid of sharing the merits with it, so he stopped the ear. There is such a reason", "Yi et al. do not use the soldiers led by Guanyin Bao, but only use the self-led soldiers, with the intention of enjoying their merits exclusively after they have become successful." ”
In fact, Nashitong was unable to enjoy his own merits, nor could he hide the fact that Bian Tahai had been defeated many times and caused the entire people of Ush to turn against him, and under the thorough investigation of the Ili general Mingrui and the Chincha minister Ah Gui, Nashitong and Bian Tahai were put to justice by the military.
Objectively speaking, although Qianlong's accusations against Nashtong were reasonable, they did not conform to the actual situation in southern Xinjiang at that time, and although Nashstone served as the kashgar counselor minister, he was also called the prime minister's counselor minister for xinjiang affairs, which was the highest official position set up by the Qing court in southern Xinjiang.
Therefore, even after the establishment of general Ili, the affairs of southern Xinjiang have actually been the responsibility of the Kashgar Counsellor.
In addition, there is a legal basis for this practical division, namely, that "its local affairs, with its stationed ministers, are still handled as usual." ”
Of course, we cannot deny that Qianlong once gave a clear instruction: "Mingrui is in charge of Ili and other generals, not only in charge of Ili, but also in the city of Huicheng, etc., although each stationed in a city to handle affairs, all belong to the general, a matter should be subject to the general's moderation, as a general, should not have the mind to only manage the Ili local area does not govern other cities, and if the city ministers and other ministers think that they are not general Ili's subordinate, they are absolutely not allowed to do their own." ”
However, this also shows from the side that General Ili did not exercise his authority in (or slackened) southern Xinjiang before the Ush Incident. Moreover, Qianlong's instructions were directed at Mingrui personally, and Nashitong could not know.
Taking into account the above factors, if we simply think that Kashgar Counselor Minister Nashitong is vying for power and seizing power, without considering the actual powers of General Ili, then the conclusion must be biased.
The Ush Incident and the turning point in the power of General Ili
Kashgar Counsellor Nashitong, under the supervision of the Ili general Mingrui and the Chincha minister Ah Gui, was in front of the army to rectify the law, although the city of Ush had not yet been breached by the Qing army at this time, but the problem of unclear powers exposed by the Ush Incident was solved, and it was only then that General Ili was actually the prime minister of the Tianshan Mountains.
In addition, Qianlong also set a custom that General Ili must go to southern Xinjiang every one or two years to inspect, and feared that the successor Kashgar Counselor Minister would consult General Ili on matters, so Qianlong once again issued a decree to clarify the relationship between the two powers, that is, General Ili was mainly responsible for the deployment of troops in southern Xinjiang, and general administrative affairs were still handled by the city ministers themselves; at the same time, if there was a sudden emergency, the city ministers could also transfer troops and consult with General Ili at the same time.
This relatively clear division of powers could undoubtedly strengthen the Qing court's control over Xinjiang. The above is the direct impact of the Ush Incident on the authority of General Ili, in addition to some indirect effects, mainly in General Ili's handling of the aftermath of the Ush Incident.
During the Ush Incident, the Qing court found the following problems in southern Xinjiang: first of all, in Burke, such as Achimu Burke's power was too large, and the recusal system was not implemented during appointment; Burke's etiquette for meeting with ministers was not stipulated, and Burke's relatives were too large. Secondly, in terms of taxation, the difference in the payment of returnees is uneven, there is a phenomenon of arbitrary apportionment of taxes, and there is a lack of channels for appeal.
Finally, in terms of residence, the Qing court believed that the Hui and Han mixed residences in southern Xinjiang would become a hidden danger hindering their rule. In response to the above questions, General Mingrui of Ili, together with the Minister of Chincha, Ah Gui, drew up eight aftermath charters:
Disperse the powers of Archim Burke, strictly implement Burke's recusal system, apply the rules of the general and deputy governors to Burke's meeting etiquette with the ministers and officials, and limit the number of Burke's retinue;
Stipulate the taxation of Hui people in southern Xinjiang, prevent arbitrary apportionment, and formulate corresponding appeal channels; it is clearly stipulated that Hui and Han people are separated, and it is strictly forbidden for Han People to interact with Hui people.
Among the above measures, such as the provisions on Burke and taxation, they have played a huge role in the stability of Xinjiang; but such as the policy of "huihan segregation" has been left to this day.
epilogue
To this day, although there is a consensus on the characterization of the Ush Incident, that is, "the officials force the people to rebel", there are still objections to the fuse.
The mention of the transport of jujube trees is only a relatively recognized theory at present, and there are also historical records that the fuse of the Ush Incident was a heavy rebuke for Abdullah. In any case, we can no longer accurately investigate, because after the destruction of The city of Ush, the Ili general Mingrui and the Chincha minister Ah Gui killed all the first criminals, and the real answer cannot be known from the mouths of the parties.
But we must think about the question of how a rebel group composed of ordinary people of all walks of life, with a total of no more than a hundred people, can quickly complete the killing of officers and soldiers, the occupation of ush city, the organization of confrontations against thousands of well-trained officers and soldiers, and the holding of the city for more than half a year? Did the 20,000 people in Ush Really have a scene of all the people rebelling just because Bian Tahai had hastily fired cannons?
Whatever the chaos of ush's taxation before the Ushi incident, we must admit that it has been reduced compared to the taxation before the Qing court pacified Xinjiang.
If it is said that the reduction of taxes is only for the Qing court to win over the lower-class people, then the retention of the southern Xinjiang is the co-optation of the upper echelons, and this kind of parallel policy of the upper and lower levels should naturally reduce the pressure of the Qing court to rule southern Xinjiang, so that the people will not have excessive behavior, and the tragic lesson of the Dzungar Department's "ten miles without seeing felt accounts" is still in sight.
So what else could be the reason for the Ush Incident, in addition to the qualitative "officials forcing the people to rebel"?
Qianlong's guess is the following two guesses:
One was that Khojis's men were in trouble or that Khotis instructed his men to revolt; because Khotis, in following the Qing court in pacifying Amir Sana, also exposed his ambition to establish himself as a khan, Qianlong placed him in the capital.
If Hodges wanted to get rid of the control of the Qing court, he could use the Ush Incident to invite soldiers into Xinjiang, after all, Ushi was the place where Hoggis had been operating for many years, and Hodges used this trick when he betrayed The Size and Zhuo.
The second is the secret support of Kokand, Brut, etc.; because in the process of the Qing army besieging Ush, there are constantly emissaries of Ush sending letters to Kokand and Brut for help, but they are all captured by the Qing army, and Kokand, Brut and other countries have no signs of sending troops to help.
Qianlong had asked Emin and Zhuo about this issue, but had not received a satisfactory answer. But in any case, we have to admit that the Ushi Incident made General Ili's authority in southern Xinjiang further confirmed, and the prime minister's affairs of the Tianshan Mountains and the North and South Roads were truly realized at this point, and it was more rigorous to discuss General Ili's powers in combination with the influence of the Ush Incident.
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