Principles of safety coordination
Starting from the theory of coordination, safety management should follow the following most basic principles of coordination in terms of organizational structure, personnel support and funding guarantee.
Safety management should follow the basic principle of coordination in the three aspects of organizational structure, personnel guarantee and funding guarantee.
First, the principle of organizational coordination
The principle of organizational coordination requires that the safety organization and institution should be set up reasonably; the functions of the safety organization should have a scientific division of labor, and the accident and hidden dangers should be classified management, and there should be the idea of hierarchical management; the safety management system should be coordinated and efficient; the management ability should be effective and efficient in self-organization and development, safety decision-making and accident prevention decision-making; and the overall requirements and coordination should be required and coordinated in terms of the function and efficiency of the accident emergency management command system.
Any activity that wants to complete a certain functional goal must be guaranteed by the corresponding organization. The establishment of a reasonable safety management organization is the organizational guarantee for effective production safety command, inspection and supervision. Whether the enterprise safety management organization is sound and whether the responsibilities and authorities of personnel at all levels in the management organization are clearly defined are directly related to the comprehensive development of enterprise safety work and the effective operation of the occupational safety and health management system.
1. The basic requirements of enterprise security work organization
Accident prevention is a planned, organized act. In order to achieve safe production, it is necessary to formulate a safe work plan, determine the safe work goals, and organize the employees of the enterprise to work hard to achieve the determined safe work goals. Therefore, enterprises must establish a safety production management system, and one of the basic elements of the safety management system is the safety work organization.
An organization is a system formed by a system of responsibilities and authorities at different levels established by several people to achieve a common goal and cooperate with different levels of division of labor. Organization is also a fundamental function in the management process. Organization is the process of reasonably determining the relationship between organizational members, tasks and activities in order to effectively achieve common goals and tasks in a specific environment, and rationally allocating organizational resources.
Because enterprise safety work involves a wide range, a reasonable safety management organization should form a network structure, and its vertical direction should form a unified safety production command system for the whole enterprise that commands freely from top to bottom; horizontally, the safety work of enterprises should be managed according to the professional departments and systems, and carried out layer by layer. Realize enterprise safety management vertically to the end, horizontal to the edge, full participation, the whole process of management. A sound, reasonable, and safe work organization that can give full play to the functions of the organization needs to properly solve the following problems:
(1) Reasonable organizational structure. In order to form a "horizontal to the edge, vertical to the end" safety work system, it is necessary to reasonably set up horizontal safety management departments and reasonably divide the vertical safety management level.
(2) Clarify responsibilities and rights. All departments, levels and even all workplaces within the safety work organization must clarify the responsibilities for safe work, and the corresponding rights are granted by the superior. This is conducive to the coordination of various departments and levels within the organization to achieve the goal of safe production.
(3) Personnel selection and allocation. According to the responsibilities of different departments and different levels of the safety work organization, select and allocate personnel. In particular, professional safety technicians and professional safety management personnel should have corresponding professional knowledge and capabilities.
(4) Formulate and implement rules and regulations. The formulation and implementation of various rules and regulations can ensure the effective operation of the safety work organization.
(5) Information communication. Within the organization, an effective information communication model should be established to make the information communication channels smooth and ensure that the safety information is transmitted in a timely and correct manner.
(6) Coordination with the outside world. Enterprises exist in a large social environment, and enterprise safety work must be affected by the external environment, and they must accept the guidance and supervision of the government. Coordination between the organization of enterprise security work and the outside world is very important.
Article 21 of the Work Safety Law specifically regulates the establishment of safety organizations and the allocation of safety management personnel. According to the nature and scale of production and operation of production and operation units, the specific normative requirements of the law are also different:
(1) Requirements for mining, metal smelting, construction, road transport units and the production of dangerous goods are engaged in, operated and stored. High-risk industries are prone to safety accidents and have strict requirements for safety management. Therefore, regardless of the scale of production, it should set up a safety production management agency or allocate full-time safety production management personnel to ensure safety in the production and operation process.
(2) Requirements for other production and operation units. For the safety organization and safety management personnel of mines, metal smelting, construction, road transport units and other production and operation units other than the production, operation and storage units of dangerous goods, according to the "Work Safety Law", the scale of production is mainly used as the basis for division and setting, and all production and operation units with more than 100 employees shall set up safety production management institutions or be equipped with full-time safety production management personnel; production and operation units with less than 100 employees shall be equipped with full-time safety production management personnel. Full-time or part-time safety production management personnel shall be allocated.
2. The form of enterprise security work organization
Different industries, different sizes of enterprises, the form of security work organization is not exactly the same. The safety work organization of the enterprise shall be established in accordance with the above requirements of the safety work organization and combined with the scale and nature of the enterprise. Figure 2-3 shows the general composition network of the enterprise security management work organization, which is mainly composed of three major systems to form a management network: the security work command system, the security inspection system and the security supervision system.
Figure 2-3 Enterprise security management work organization network
(1) Safety work command system. The system is entrusted by the factory director or manager to a deputy director or deputy manager (usually in charge of production) to be responsible, and the head of the functional department, the workshop director, the section chief or the team leader implement vertical leadership to ensure the effective implementation and implementation of the enterprise occupational safety and health plan and goals.
(2) Security inspection system. The safety inspection system is an important organization specifically responsible for the implementation of the tasks of the "inspection and corrective measures" link in the occupational safety and health management system, and the main body of the system is composed of the deputy director in charge, the safety technology section, the security section, the workshop safety officer, the workshop firefighter, the team safety officer, and the team firefighter. In addition, the command system for security work also has the responsibility of safety inspection. In practice, some functional departments assume dual responsibilities.
(3) Safety supervision system. The safety supervision system is mainly a security defense line composed of trade unions. Some enterprises have formed a security defense line for the party, government, workers, and regiments, that is, the women's labor departments of the trade unions of enterprises are responsible for building a security defense line of "women grasping the gang"; the organization department is responsible for building a security defense line of "the party organization grasping the party"; the Youth League Committee is responsible for building a security defense line of "the Communist Youth League grasping the post"; the production protection department of the trade union is responsible for building a security defense line of "the trade union grasping the net"; and the office of the factory director is responsible for building a "administrative grasping" security defense line. Specifically:
(1) Party organizations grasp the Party. That is to say, party organizations at all levels should regard safe production as one of their main tasks, and list safe production as one of the contents of the performance appraisal of the party organizations to which they belong, as well as the education, appraisal, and target management of party members, and as one of the conditions for evaluating advanced party branches and outstanding party members.
(2) Administrative chief. That is to say, the administrative posts at all levels must be the first responsible person for the safe production of the unit, and they must be responsible for safety management at different levels, grasp the first level at one level, and sign a letter of responsibility for safe production contracting at each level.
(3) Trade unions catch the net. That is, to mobilize and organize employees to carry out safe production labor competitions, support the implementation of workers' rights to safe production, and grasp the implementation of the responsibilities of the labor protection supervisors and inspectors of the squad.
(4) The Communist Youth League grasps the post. That is, to mobilize the majority of youth members to actively participate in safety production management and safety production activities, combined with the characteristics of young people, carry out "no accidents around the league members" and "communist youth league safety production post" activities, so that the league emblem shines on the post.
(5) Women grab gangs. That is, to organize and educate women to continuously improve their safety awareness, around the goal of safe production, carry out various types of competitions among female workers for wives to help their husbands in safe production, and give full play to the role of "helping women in the world" in safe production.
Second, the coordination principle of the professional security system
It is necessary to establish a qualification guarantee mechanism for security professionals: through the development of academic education and the setting of a separate column of the title series of safety engineers, there must be specific and strict requirements for the entry and exit of security professionals; the internal safety management of the enterprise should establish a part-time personnel network system: the enterprise from top to bottom (team) set up a comprehensive, systematic, effective security management organization and personnel network.
In order to ensure the effectiveness of the safety management organization, it is necessary to rationally allocate relevant safety management personnel and reasonably define the responsibilities of various departments and levels in the organization.
1. Allocation of safety management personnel
According to the different industries, there are special safety management departments in the functional departments of the enterprise, such as the Safety Department, the Safety Section, etc., or the departments that have both safety management and other aspects of management, such as the Safety and Environmental Protection Division, the Quality and Safety Division, etc. Set up full-time or part-time safety officers in workshops and teams.
The Enterprise Safety Department (Section) is the staff and assistant of the enterprise leaders in safety work, specifically responsible for supervising and inspecting the implementation of enterprise safety and health regulations and various safety rules and regulations; organizing the preparation of the enterprise's occupational safety and health policies, objectives, plans, and supervising the implementation; organizing regular or irregular safety inspections, organizing investigations and regularly testing dust and poisoning operation points, formulating measures to prevent occupational poisoning and occupational diseases, doing a good job in industrial hygiene and documentation; participating in the investigation and handling of various accidents. Work with relevant departments to propose preventive measures and supervise their implementation; participate in the review, acceptance and trial operation of design plans related to safety technology and occupational health in new, reform, expansion and major repair projects; carry out safety publicity and education, safety competitions, evaluation activities, etc.
The proportion of safety management personnel can be determined according to the nature of production of enterprises, and the "Safety Production Law" only stipulates the allocation of safety management personnel in principle, and there is no clear provision on the specific number of personnel. According to the provisions of relevant administrative norms, the number of full-time safety management and safety technicians should reach 2‰ to 5‰ of the total number of employees.
The requirements for the quality of safety management personnel are: (1) good political and ideological quality, adherence to principles, love occupational safety and health management, and good health; (2) master occupational safety and health technical expertise and labor protection business knowledge; (3) understand the production process and process technology of the enterprise, understand the risk factors and sources of danger in the production of the enterprise, and be familiar with the existing protective measures; (4) have a certain cultural level, have strong organizational management ability and coordination ability.
2. Registered Safety Officer and Duties
With regard to safety management and the allocation of technical personnel, the relevant areas on the mainland have made many exploratory reforms and gained a lot of experience. Shenzhen took the lead in implementing the registered safety director system, according to the provisions of the "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Safety Management Regulations", enterprises should hire a registered safety director in accordance with the relevant provisions, as the legal representative of the enterprise or the assistant of the person in charge of the unit, regular supervision and inspection of the implementation of safety production laws and regulations, and supervise the safety existence procedures of each position of the enterprise and the safe operation of various equipment.
The registered safety director shall pass the qualification examination, obtain the "Safety Director Qualification Certificate" issued by the safety supervision department, sign an employment contract with the enterprise, and report to the local safety supervision department for registration and filing in accordance with the administrative affiliation. As the assistant of the legal representative or person in charge of the enterprise, the registered safety officer is responsible for the daily work of the enterprise safety management, and its work is directly responsible to the legal representative or person in charge of the enterprise, but the registered safety director cannot assume the legal responsibility for safe production on behalf of the legal representative or person in charge of the enterprise. The main responsibilities of a Registered Safety Officer are as follows:
(1) Submit written opinions on production safety to the legal representative or person in charge of the enterprise on a regular basis, mainly including preventive measures, hidden danger rectification plans, and expenditure plans related to safety technical measures and funds proposed for the safety status of the enterprise;
(2) Participate in the formulation of measures to prevent casualties, fire accidents and occupational hazards, as well as the safety operation procedures for dangerous positions and dangerous equipment of the enterprise, and be responsible for supervising the implementation;
(3) Frequent on-site safety inspections, timely handling of hidden dangers of accidents found, major problems should be reported in writing in a timely manner, once an accident occurs, it should actively organize on-site rescue, and participate in the investigation, handling and statistics of casualty accidents;
(4) Organize and guide the publicity, education and training of employees on safe production.
According to the actual situation, the enterprise shall set up a full-time or part-time safety officer of the workshop (team) to assist the person in charge of the workshop (team) and carry out the daily safety supervision and inspection of the workshop (team) under the guidance of the registered safety director.
3. Rights and Responsibilities of Registered Safety Engineers
In September 2002, the former Ministry of Personnel of the Mainland and the State Administration of Work Safety promulgated the Interim Provisions on the Qualification System for Registered Safety Engineers and the Measures for the Qualification Recognition of Registered Safety Engineers, which established the Certified Safety Engineer system in the mainland, requiring production and business units to work in safety production management, safety engineering and technical work, and intermediary institutions that provide technical services for safe production. A certain number of registered safety engineers must be staffed. Registered safety engineers may practice within the scope of safety production management, safety supervision and inspection, safety technology research, safety engineering technology testing and inspection, safety attribute identification, safety assessment of construction projects, and intermediary institutions providing technical services for safe production in production and business units. In professional activities, we must strictly abide by laws, regulations and various regulations, adhere to principles, and abide by professional ethics.
Registered Safety Engineers have the following rights:
(1) Put forward opinions and suggestions on the problems existing in the safety production management, safety supervision and inspection, safety technology research and safety testing and inspection, safety assessment, hazard identification or hazard evaluation of production and business units;
(2) Review the report on production safety reported by the unit where you work;
(3) When an emergency situation endangering personal safety is found, it shall promptly recommend to the production and operation unit to stop the operation and organize the operators to evacuate the dangerous place;
(4) Participate in the review and completion acceptance of safety facilities in the construction project, and sign opinions;
(5) Participate in the inspection, assessment and monitoring of major hazard sources, formulate accident emergency plans and register and file;
(6) Participate in the preparation of safety rules, formulate safety production rules and regulations and operating procedures, and put forward suggestions for capital investment necessary for safe production conditions;
(7) Other rights stipulated by laws and regulations.
A registered safety engineer shall perform the following obligations:
(1) Comply with national laws, regulations and standards related to production safety;
(2) Abide by professional ethics, practice objectively and impartially, do not cheat, and bear the legal responsibility of signing opinions on the corresponding reports;
(3) Safeguard the interests of the state and the public and the legitimate rights and interests of the employed units;
(4) Strictly guard the unit, personal technology and trade secrets learned in practice;
(5) They shall receive regular business training, continuously update their knowledge, and improve their business technology level.
As security professionals, safety engineers play an important role in safety management. The American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) stipulates that the scope of work of safety engineers is to collect and analyze the information necessary to solve safety problems according to the basic principles of the relevant disciplines necessary to identify and evaluate the severity of safety issues, and to determine whether accidents may occur. They use their expertise and experience based on the data they gather to provide solutions to problems for leaders who make the final decisions. The specific work of a safety engineer is as follows:
(1) Identify and evaluate the conditions under which the accident occurred and evaluate the seriousness of the accident;
(2) To study methods and measures to prevent accidents and reduce injuries or losses;
(3) To convey information about the accident to the relevant personnel;
(4) Evaluate the effectiveness of safety measures and make necessary improvements to achieve the best results.
The association believes that safety engineers should have both social and natural science knowledge, namely, the evaluation and analysis principles required to evaluate unsafe behavior, the basic knowledge of mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry and the basic knowledge of various fields of engineering; knowledge in the fields of behavior, motivation and information; and knowledge of organizational management and management. The expertise of safety engineers includes the theory of accident causes, methods and procedures for controlling accident causes, and more.
4. Define the responsibilities and authorities of each department and level in the safety management organization
The responsibilities and authorities of each department and level in the security management organization must be clearly defined, otherwise the management organization will not be able to play a role. In combination with the establishment of the safety production responsibility system, the safety responsibilities that should be undertaken by various departments, levels and positions, as well as the authority, assessment requirements and standards that should be possessed, should be clearly stipulated, so as to effectively implement and operate the occupational safety and health management system of the enterprise.
For example, for the personnel and education departments, they are required to be responsible for safety education and training assessment, which is a general requirement, and their responsibilities and authorities must also be refined into the following aspects:
(1) Formulate safety training plans for cadres, safety technicians, team leaders, special types of work and new workers, and be responsible for safety education training and assessment;
(2) When formulating various types of technical training and learning plans, safety technology education should be included;
(3) Responsible for supervising and inspecting the implementation of the three-level safety education system for new workers (including newly assigned college and secondary school students) to enter the factory, adhering to the principle of not assigning work without three-level safety education, and conducting safety technical qualification examination for newly recruited special types of workers;
(4) Incorporate safe production into the assessment of cadres, employee promotions and the regularization of interns, formulate management measures for the relative stability of special types of workers, and timely transfer jobs for personnel who are not suitable for special types of work.
In this way, the personnel and education sectors can be concretely functioned. In addition to defining these responsibilities and authorities, corresponding assessment methods should be formulated so that the top management of the enterprise can evaluate these departments.
The main responsibilities of the Work Safety Committee are as follows:
(1) Organize the formulation of enterprise safety production policies, goals, and annual safety work plans, and supervise and urge various departments to organize implementation;
(2) Coordinate and guide all departments to carry out safety management work such as supervision and inspection, publicity and education;
(3) Study and solve major problems in safety production.
The Safety Production Committee implements a system of regular meetings, deploys the safety work of the whole year through regular meetings at the beginning of the year or at the end of the year, and summarizes lessons learned. At the same time, combined with the production and operation of enterprises, at least one safety work meeting should be held every quarter, listen to the safety work reports of various departments, study the existing safety problems, deploy relevant safety work, and organize relevant departments and personnel of enterprises to carry out inspection and publicity and education activities. If there is a major problem in production safety or a major casualty accident, the members of the safety management committee may request an extraordinary meeting to study and solve the problem in a timely manner and propose countermeasures for emergency response.
Quality investment schedule change control is a key point of organizational coordination
Third, the coordination and reasonable mechanism for safe economic investment guarantees
This principle requires the study of the relationship between the security investment structure, such as in the various security investment projects of the enterprise, to grasp the following proportion of the security investment structure:
The ratio of Ancuo's funds to personal protective equipment costs has gradually transitioned from the current 1:2 investment ratio structure to a reasonable 2:1 structure in industrially developed countries;
The ratio of safety technology costs to industrial hygiene costs has gradually transitioned from the current 1.5:1 ratio structure to a 1:1 structure. Correctly understand the equivalent relationship between preventive investment and post-rectification investment, that is, to understand that 1 yuan of preventive investment is equivalent to 5 yuan of accident rectification investment, and the basic quantitative law of safety economy is an important basis for guiding safe economic activities.
The relationship between the safety benefit pyramid is: the design considers the safety of 1 point, which is equivalent to the 10 points of safety effect in processing and manufacturing, and can achieve 1000 points of safety effect when running or putting into production, which guides us to consider safety issues as early as possible.
It is necessary to study and master the investment policies and legislation on security measures, pay attention to the principle of who needs, who benefits, and who invests; and establish an investment guarantee system coordinated by the state, enterprises, and individuals. It is necessary to carry out scientific safety technology economic evaluation, carry out effective risk identification and control, accident loss calculation, establish a mechanism for insurance and accident prevention, and promote safety economic rewards and punishments, and safe economic (risk) mortgage methods.
The article is an excerpt from this book