Sasha today in its history.
Author: Sasha
This article is Sasha's original and will not be reprinted by any media
Why did the northern Burmese dare to collapse but the Kachin people persist? March 10, 2011: At 12:58 a.m. local time in Yingjiang County, Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, an earthquake measuring 5.8 on the Richter scale struck.
The so-called Dai are the Thai people of Thailand. The Jingpo people are the famous Kachin people.
In addition, everyone is more familiar with the Kokang in northern Myanmar, that is, the Han people, Sasha will simply say.
Myanmar has a special topography, with mountainous terrain to the east, west and north, and only the central and southern regions as plains.
The eastern and northern parts are plateaus and dangerous mountains, and the terrain is very complex.
There are many mountain people living here, usually managed by toastmasters and tribal leaders. The dynasties in Burmese history have not actually unified northern Burma, even the British colonists.
During the British colonization of Burma, northern Burma was still administered only formally. Many of the mountainous areas of northern Burma are managed by toastmasters, and British officials only conduct regular inspections.
Why does the Myanmar government not practice actual management?
Just look at the terrain of northern Myanmar. When the Chinese Expeditionary Force arrived in northern Burma, it was considered that the terrain here was even more exaggerated than that of the Yunnan-Guizhou Mountains. In many places there is only a narrow mountain road, winding and winding, just enough to walk by a horse. In ancient times, such a place could be defended by only one or two archers.
Even if these areas are occupied, effective management is a big problem, and it is difficult for the army to suppress them. Moreover, northern Myanmar did not have any economic resources in ancient times, and the plateau mountains were only suitable for poppy cultivation, not grain. Such places mean little to the farming peoples.
The feudal dynasty was not interested in this place, and only needed to pay tribute to the northern Burmese toast on a regular basis.
During the British colonial period, the Burmese, the main ethnic group in Burma, continued to revolt. The Burmese, who make up about sixty percent of Myanmar's population, are the largest ethnic group, far outnumbering other ethnic groups.
In order to balance the Burmese, the British recruited a large number of soldiers from the ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar and became the anglo-Burmese colonial army.
At the time of Burmese independence, although the Burmese established a government army, there were also many ethnic minority armies in northern Myanmar. Although these armies are small in number, they are trained by regular troops, have strong combat effectiveness, and rely on mountainous and jungle terrain and have the support of their own people, which is difficult to deal with.
The more famous armed forces in northern Myanmar are Kokang, Shan, Kachin, Wa, and so on.
Let's start with Kokang.
Kokang was once a very powerful separatist force in northern Myanmar, but it is now dying.
The Kokang Allied Forces were not so much defeated by the Burmese government as they were defeated by themselves, which was also the inferior nature of the Han Chinese.
In the Ming Dynasty, Kokang belonged to Chinese territory and was administered by local toastmasters.
At the time of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Yongli Emperor fled to Burma with a large number of soldiers and civilians, and many Han Chinese settled in Kokang.
Until the 18th century, Kokang was managed by Yang's toast, and by 1840 it officially accepted the canonization of the Manchu Qing dynasty and became Kokang Toast.
Kokang Toast is weak and pays tribute to the Mu Bang Toast in Burma. After the British annexed Burma, they took advantage of the corruption and incompetence of the Manchu Qing government to forcibly turn Kokang into part of the Burmese mu state.
As a result, Kokang was freed from Chinese control, and the Yang family of Kokang was not recognized as a toast. In 1897, the Manchu Qing dynasty signed the humiliating Sino-British Treaty of Burma, which recognized Kokang as belonging to British India.
The turning point of all this was in 1942. During World War II, the British army collapsed under the blows of the Japanese and retreated to India. Instead, the Chinese Expeditionary Force entered northern Burma and defeated the Japanese army in succession, occupying most of the area, including Kokang. At this time, Yang Wenbing, the kokang toastmaster, judged the situation and helped the Chinese compatriots fight.
Unfortunately, China did not dare to openly become an enemy of Britain, and could not take Kokang back to its own territory, but only gave a lot of support.
After World War II, Kokang used China's help to fight for independence. When Burma became independent, there was no time to conquer so many ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar by force. Moreover, the 3,000 Nationalist troops who subsequently entered northern Myanmar fought alone, and the 20,000 Burmese government troops encircled and suppressed in the future were killed and the whole line collapsed.
The threat of the nationalist army alone is too great, it is a problem for the heart, and the Burmese U Nu government was forced to temporarily spare the ethnic minority armed forces. Myanmar recognized Kokang's independent status, allowing them autonomy and the establishment of an army. Yang Zhencai, the hereditary leader of the Yang family, and his younger brother Yang Zhensheng, were elected to the Burmese Parliament to win them over.
In May 1950, Yang was elected as a member of the delegation of the Union of Burma and was ordered to go to New York, USA, to attend the Fifth United Nations General Assembly. Yang Zhensheng has also been invited to visit China three times as a member of the delegation of the Union of Myanmar.
It can be said that in the 1950s, the Burmese government army was bent on dealing with the Northern Burmese Army and tried to take advantage of Kokang. This stage is a culmination in Kokang's history.
It was not until 1961, when the Nationalist army was basically withdrawn to Taiwan alone, that the Burmese government army began to turn to Kokang.
In 1962, when Burma changed, U Nai Win led the Burmese army to launch a coup d'état and overthrow the U Nu government.
Wu Naiwen was an iron-fisted soldier, much more powerful than Wu Nu, who was born as a student movement leader.
Yang Zhencai, the kokang toastmaster, was arrested by the Government of Nai Win in Myanmar.
As a result, the Kokang region was in chaos. Yang Zhensheng, a member of the Tusi family, immediately established the Kokang Revolutionary Army to fight against the government, and the war continued intermittently for many years. The Burmese government forces saw that the Chinese were disunified and rebelled against another kokang force, namely the opium king Luo Xinghan.
Luo Xinghan was originally an officer under the Yang family's toast, and he pulled a group of people to help the Burmese government army fight for the sake of self-reliance.
Here too, let's make a point.
When the Nationalist army crossed the Golden Triangle alone, it took the initiative to win over the courage of the fellow Han people. However, the Kokang Yang family feared that the lone army was a regular army and might occupy the magpie's nest, so they chose to cooperate with the Burmese government army.
When the Burmese government army fought alone against the Nationalist army, Kokang, although it did not send troops, provided a large supply of 2,000 mules and grooms.
Ironically, the Burmese government army pursues the idea of great Burmese nationalism and has an extremely bad attitude toward the bold grooms, often beating and cursing.
These Burmese soldiers were beaten by the nationalist army, and the 2,000 mules and horses eventually returned to less than one-tenth of Kokang.
Kokang did not understand the truth of the cold lips, and immediately after the retreat of the Nationalist army alone, they immediately became the number one target of the Burmese government army.
With the help of the traitors, the Burmese government army was so strong that it severely damaged the yang family's army. Yang Zhensheng, the leader of the revolutionary army, was at the end of his rope and led 600 remnants to retreat into Thailand and disintegrated.
The Burmese government forces took control of all of Kokang, banned all Chinese schools, forced the Chinese to learn Burmese, and did not recognize Han Chinese or ethnic Chinese as a Burmese ethnic group, known only as kokang.
The traitor Luo Xinghan became the chairman of the People's Government of Kokang County, gained some power in the Kokang area, relied on his own army to occupy Kokang, and made a living from drug trafficking.
However, Luo Xinghan did not take long to be proud.
First, Luo Xinghan was originally just a bold officer, with insufficient prestige and unstable foundation, not to mention the history of rebellion in the nest, which was despised by the common people; second, the Burmese government army completely used Luo Xinghan. They acquiesced to his privilege of drug trafficking, but instead claimed through Meitu that Luo Xinghan was the godfather of heroin and the king of opium.
After Luo Xinghan became strong, he began to try to monopolize the drug economy in the Golden Triangle. He grew opium in large quantities in the areas under his control, did not sell it to middlemen instead of the usual rules, and then sold it to big drug dealers (mostly high-ranking officials or warlords) in Thailand, Laos and even Burma.
Luo Xinghan believes that the previous model of simply selling opium did not make much money. For example, he sold large quantities of opium to Major General Win Radigong, commander-in-chief of the Army of the Royal Lao Government, who processed it into heroin and sold it for dozens of times the profit of Luo Xinghan.
In the past, Kokang did not have the technology to process it into high-purity heroin, but Luo Xinghan spent a lot of money to bring in chemists to refine 96% pure heroin. As a result, Luo Xinghan also became the first generation of heroin warlords in the Golden Triangle.
However, Luo Xinghan's act of squeezing the profits of middlemen and dealers has angered some powerful people in Laos, Myanmar and Thailand.
These big men began to find ways to kill Luo Xinghan and secretly supported the Kunsha armed forces in Shan State.
Luo Xinghan once fought with Kun Sha several times, losing more than winning, and losing a lot of money, once losing more than 30,000 kilograms of opium.
After the attrition of these battles, Luo Xinghan's strength gradually declined.
Here, new forces have emerged in Kokang.
Peng Jiasheng, a general in the remnants of Yang Zhensheng, chose to surrender to burmese government forces when the Yang family was defeated.
The Burmese government considered Luo Xinghan unreliable and supported Peng Jiasheng as a military force to contain Luo.
Peng Jiasheng only used the Burmese government, and immediately rebelled after strengthening his strength, and in 1967 he joined the Burmese Communist Party across northern Myanmar, with the support of the Burmese Communist Party and China.
Peng Jiasheng immediately launched a counter-offensive, and after several bitter battles, occupied most of Kokang.
Luo Xinghan was invincible, but he was not willing to lose. He went so far as to adopt a scorched-earth policy to force the people of Kokang to relocate to Lashio and burn down several major commercial streets in Kokang. There were 15,000 refugees in the small Kokang, and the whole region was in disarray. The people of Kokang hated Luo Xinghan very much and turned to support Peng Jiasheng.
Luo Xinghan rushed to the Burmese government for help and received military support. As a result, There was a pro-Burmese government luo xinghan and a pro-Burmese communist Peng Jiasheng in Kokang, and the two sides fought for a long time.
Luo Xinghan once gained the upper hand, forcing Peng Jiasheng to retreat into China. Unfortunately, Luo Xinghan's fame was too smelly.
Americans believe that most of the heroin in the Golden Triangle, especially the famous Double Lion Earth brand, was produced by Luo Xinghan. Much of this heroin flows into the United States, causing a serious drug problem.
Under U.S. oppression, the Burmese government had to withdraw its support for Mr. Luo. The newly emerging Leader of Shan State, Khun Shah, continued to take advantage of the looting, and joined forces with Lao warlords to steal many batches of drugs from Luo Xinghan, thus becoming the second generation of heroin generals, who could produce heroin with a purity of 99.99%.
Peng Jiasheng continued to attack here, and Luo Xinghan was really untenable, and was forced to lead the remnants to retreat into Thailand, where they were disarmed by the Thai army. Luo Xinghan was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Burmese government and was not released until 1980.
Peng Jiasheng remained a cadre of the Burmese Communist Party until the late 1980s, when the Communist Party of Myanmar completely declined.
Seeing that the Burmese Communist Party was about to end, Peng Jiasheng was unwilling to end everything with it, and in 1989 chose to break away from Burma and declare an armistice with government forces.
Peng Jiasheng's strategic leader used secession from the Burmese Communist Party as a bargaining chip in exchange for the Burmese government's recognition of Kokang's autonomy status. Peng Jiasheng was inaugurated as the chairman of the First Special Administrative Region of Shan State in Myanmar and the commander-in-chief of the Kokang National Democratic Alliance Army.
It should be noted that Peng Jiasheng was the first important person to break away from the Burmese Communist Party, which subsequently caused a domino effect, Wa and Shan States also declared independence, and Wa State Bao Youxiang simply destroyed the Central Committee of the Burmese Communist Party.
If Peng Jiasheng had not rebelled first, the Burmese Communist Party would not have collapsed so quickly.
In response to public opinion attacks on Kokang drug trafficking in the West and Myanmar, in 1990, Peng Jiasheng decisively ordered Kokang to ban drugs.
When the situation in Kokang was very good, there was a nest reaction inside.
In 1992, Peng Jiasheng's deputy commander Yang Maoliang suddenly rebelled and led the Yan forces into battle.
During the melee, Yang Maoliang's strength was weak, unable to withstand Peng Jiasheng's attack, and chose to fight together with the nearby Wa Independence Army.
The Wa leader Bao Youxiang sent 1,500 troops into Kokang territory and beat Peng Jiasheng back into the mountains and countryside.
As a result, Yang Maoliang began to swing his political boldness.
One funny thing to say here is that the excuse for the infighting of deputy commander Yang Maoliang is that Peng Jiasheng insists on drug trafficking. After Yang Maoliang took charge of the government in a short period of time, the drug problem became more and more serious.
An anti-narcotics official of the Yunnan Provincial Public Security Department said that the Yang brothers themselves are big drug lords, and the big drug lords are in charge of the government, and more importantly, they have pointed the main channel for drug exports to China' territory, which once caused great harm to China's Yunnan.
During this time, the problem of drugs in Yunnan on the China-Myanmar border was extremely serious, and many villages sold drugs in the whole village. After being severely beaten by the government, some villages became widows' villages, and many adult men were imprisoned or even shot.
The number of drug addicts in Yunnan and the whole country has soared, causing serious social problems.
In some places in Yunnan, in order to raise drug funds, addicts have committed theft, prostitution, extortion, robbery, and even murder and arson, committing all kinds of evil deeds, social order has deteriorated rapidly, and AIDS has soared.
The drug problem is so serious that it has shaken the foundations of Yunnan Province.
The Chinese side could not bear it, and the Ministry of Public Security listed the Yang brothers as the drug lords who were the most harmful to China.
In 1994, Yang Maoxian was caught sneaking into China's Lincang region to sell drugs, and in the same year he was sentenced to death by the Lincang District Intermediate People's Court.
Our report reads: The Yang brothers first declared how much money they wanted to pay the Chinese government, and wanted to redeem Yang Maoxian's life, but the Chinese side was not moved. The Yang brothers then clamored for revenge by force, and Yang Maoxian's son frantically mounted a cannon in front of the customs of the adjacent South Umbrella Port in China as a threat.
After Yang Maoliang was arrested, the strength of this faction was greatly reduced.
Here, in 1995, Peng Jiasheng and his son-in-law Lin Mingxian, commander of the "Kokang Eastern Alliance Army", counterattacked again. Prior to the counter-offensive, Peng Jiasheng reached an agreement with the Burmese government to allow Burmese government troops to enter Kokang once the counter-offensive was successful.
As a result, the Burmese government army withdrew its support for Yang Maoliang and sent several battalions to participate in the counteroffensive.
The Yang brothers were defeated and had to flee the Kokang region, which subsequently disintegrated.
However, Peng Jiasheng also lured wolves into the house, and the Burmese government army took the opportunity to control almost all the military commanding heights 42 kilometers from Lao Cai to The Qingshui River.
At this point, almost all of Kokang's strategic locations were controlled by government forces.
In 2008, Myanmar adopted a new constitution that does not recognize the autonomy of ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar and requires all armed forces, including the Kokang Allied Forces, to be disarmed and incorporated into government forces by 2010.
In 2009, the Burmese government army took the initiative to launch an offensive, and Peng Jiasheng raised troops to resist.
As government forces controlled the core area of Kokang, Peng Jiasheng's forces were quickly defeated, and some of the Kokang Allied forces defected, and some troops withdrew into China to become refugees.
The Kokang Allies nearly collapsed, and the Burmese government subsequently declared peng jiasheng and others wanted. Peng Jiasheng rebuilt the Kokang Allied Forces in 2010 and subsequently allied with the Kachin Independence Army, the Deang National Liberation Army, the Rakhine Army, and the Northern Shan State Army to resist the Burmese army and return to the Kokang Jiangxi region to carry out guerrilla warfare, but it was no longer the climate.
We can see that Kokang originally had a strong strength, and it was backed by the big tree of China. The bold Chinese warlords did not have frequent infighting, and the Burmese government army could not fight them.
On the contrary, the Wa state can be said to have no background at all, and the Burmese Wa people have a total of only 500,000 or 600,000 people, which is a very weak ethnic group.
However, the Wa people were united, and the Wa State United Army, under the leadership of Bao Youxiang, was internally stable and there was no large-scale infighting.
With the weakness of the Wa people, they could not only defeat the courageous Peng Jiasheng in the chaos, but also defeat the two major warlords of Kunsha in Shan State, becoming an important separatist force in northern Myanmar.
Speaking of which, the main thing is that Chinese is not united.
As you can see, there has been a lot of infighting in Kokang's history, and there will be infighting in an average of several years. The vast majority of Kokang's military might was exhausted in infighting. In addition, the bold warlord has the habit of using outsiders.
For example, the Burmese government army is left and right, using the melee of kokang warlords to basically control kokang.
This is a national issue worth reviewing.
Finally, let's talk about the Kachin.
Most of the ethnic minorities in northern Myanmar live in southwestErn China.
In addition to kokang being Han Chinese, the Wa people mentioned above also have more than 400,000 people in China.
The main ethnic group in the Shan state of KunSha is the Dai people of China, which is the main ethnic group in Thailand.
As for the Kachin, they are the Jingpo people of China.
In Chinese's view, the Kachin are weak, with a population of only about one million, of which 150,000 are in China and the remaining more than 800,000 are in Myanmar.
As far as the world is concerned, especially in Myanmar, the Kachin are not very weak, and they are the sixth largest ethnic group.
The historical Kachin are an authentic marginal ethnic group living in the desolate and remote Hukang River Valley in northern Myanmar.
Historically belonging to China, it was snatched up by the British and given to Burma at the end of the Qing Dynasty.
The Kachin people are scattered in the northern Kachin state of Myanmar, many of whom live in the terrible Hukang Valley. It is a steep mountain range, covered with terrible virgin forest, since the ancients and rare, only the Kachin people survived here.
When the Chinese Expeditionary Force retreated into the Hukang Valley in 1942, tens of thousands of people were killed by the terrible terrain and rampant infectious diseases here. Here, a soldier fell seriously ill and died, and in less than 24 hours he was eaten by snakes, insects, rats, and ants, leaving only a pile of skeletons.
Later, although the Chinese garrison in India was armed to the teeth, it also paid a great price in order to seize the Hukang River Valley.
The terrain of the Hukang Valley was too complex, and under the leadership of Britain and the United States, the local Kachin people were supported as guides and facilitators.
This is the famous 101 Kachin Commando, about 3,000 people.
The Kachin received military training and built a modern army. The Kachin people have lived in Kachin State since ancient times and certainly do not want to be controlled by the Burmese government. As early as 1947, they began to resist by force and demand independence.
In view of the Kachin people's bravery and good war, the "father of Myanmar independence", Aung San regime, signed the Panglong Agreement with them, allowing the Kachin people to be autonomous.
In the 1960s, the military strongman Manawan seized power and began an all-out offensive against ethnic minority armed forces.
At this time, the 101 Kachin commandos of that year were all old, generally over 35 years old, and their combat effectiveness was much lower than before.
Fortunately, the number of Kachin people was relatively large, so the Kachin Independence Army quickly gathered 5,000 people, and later reached 15,000 people.
According to the regulations of the Kachin Independence Army: men must become soldiers from the age of thirteen or fourteen, and can not be discharged for life, even if they are not in the army in the future, they can only be regarded as "vacation", and if there is a war, they must return immediately; if there is a war, each family must have 3 children to join the army, 3 or 4 children must have two to join the army, two children must join the army; if there is no man, they must recruit female soldiers.
The Kachin, however, lost the battle.
Previously, the Kachins all fought under the leadership of the British Army, and they did not have high-ranking officers who were far-sighted.
Although the grass-roots units were strong in combat, the Kachin Independence Army made a strategic mistake and was once almost wiped out by the Burmese government forces, with more than 5,000 casualties and more than 5,000 prisoners.
At this time, the Burmese government forces burned and plundered the occupied Kachin territory, especially the rape of women, which caused deep ethnic hatred. For a time, a large number of Kachin people volunteered to join the army in order to take revenge, and the Kachin Independence Army was able to recover.
More importantly, the Burmese communists in northern Burma launched an all-out offensive. Burmese government forces saw the Burmese Communist Party as a greater threat and were forced to halt the encirclement and suppression of the Kachin Independence Army.
Historically, the Kachin Independence Army has won a lot of foreign aid, including China.
Their leader, Bronson, had been to Beijing, and Premier Zhou personally gave him 500 submachine guns.
The Kachin Independence Army was also nominally under the command of the Burmese Communist Party, but parted ways in the 1980s. The Kachin people were not interested in communism, they just wanted the Burmese Communist Party to help them become independent.
They also won the assistance of the Soviet Union, the United States and other major powers.
The main problem of the Kachin Independence Army is poverty, and almost all of its daily necessities come from China.
The Kachin people were also engaged in the most profitable drug trafficking in northern Myanmar, but after the 1980s, they mainly won the support of the West, had to give up the drug trade, and the economy plummeted, and even survival was difficult.
There are reports that the clothes of the Kachin soldiers are sewn from cheap cloth, many of which are very old, and many soldiers only have one set of military uniforms all year round. They do not have any salary allowance and are "conscripts" without compromise. Except for a few organs, the soldiers did not eat, but each person received a little rice every day, cooked it in a small lunch box, and had almost no vegetables, and generally could eat meat three or four times a month. Even if some high-level departments have unified canteens, they basically cook on a few stones. Fortunately, there is no shortage of firewood in the mountains.
The Kachin Independence Army fought against the Burmese government forces as early as the 1960s, and the war between the two sides was endless and lasted to this day for more than half a century.
Since the 1990s, the two sides have been fighting and stopping.
The strength of the Burmese government army is getting stronger and stronger, and the Kachin Independence Army is gradually overwhelmed.
At present, the main territory of the Kachin people is already under the control of the Burmese government, and the troops are mostly operating in guerrilla areas.
If it were not for the Burmese government forces' fear of interference from other great powers, and the possible chain effect of northern Myanmar after the defeat of the Kachin Independence Army, the Kachin Independence Army would have hung up long ago.
Today, in 2019, the Kachin Independence Army is no longer a rival to the 500,000 Burmese government troops, but skirmishes continue.
Interestingly, since the majority of the Kachin believe in Christianity, the West maintains a sympathetic attitude towards the Kachin.
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