The annual Women's Day is here again, and the traditional character for "woman" is "婦", like a woman holding a broom, which was also written as "broom" during the Shang Dynasty. In the past, it was believed that cleaning and cleaning was a traditional female duty, so at the beginning of the invention of writing, "broom" was used to refer to women. However, the two earliest and most famous "women" in Chinese characters have nothing to do with cleaning, but have a very legendary experience.
Si (hou) mother pentyl
Hello women
Queen who can command an army
In the "National Treasure" program, a "good woman owl" was introduced. There are one pair of two pieces of "Women's Good Owl Zun", which are in the collection of the National Museum of China and the Henan Museum. "Owl Zun" is an owl-shaped wine container, so what is "good woman"? It is the two words engraved on the Owl, that is, the owner of these two Owl.
The Tomb of Nühao, excavated in 1976 in Xiaotun Village, Yinxu, Henan. There are a total of 1928 burial utensils in the tomb of Women's Hao, including 468 bronzes, 755 jades, as well as stone tools, bone tools, pottery, mussels, etc., which are the most complete preserved and richly excavated tombs in Yin Ruins. In addition to the goddess of the owl, there are also many beautiful bronzes unearthed, such as the female good bronze (yuè). The "cymbal" is a long-handled bronze weapon similar to an axe, with a symbol of political and military power. One of them is decorated with double tiger head-eating stripes on both sides, weighs 9 kg, and has a 39.5 cm length on both sides, which is very solemn and powerful.
So, who is this "good woman"? In fact, in addition to the bronzes excavated from the tomb of the woman, there are also many records of the good woman in the oracle bones. We can learn that Nühao is the queen of Wuding, the Shang King. "Good" represents her original family, that is, the "sub-fang" in the oracle bone, and can also be used as a title for women's good. And "good women" can sometimes refer to the sub-ethnic group. Some people believe that "good" means that the woman is a sub-surname, itself is the royal family of the Shang Dynasty, and the Royal Family of the Shang Dynasty has an internal marriage system, but this view is not correct, although the Shang Dynasty royal family is called "Zi Mou", but it is not the same as the ethnic group "Zi Fang".
Before and after the founding of the Shang Dynasty, the capital was frequently moved, and it was said that "the first eight and the last five". Since the Shang king Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin (present-day Anyang, Henan), the Shang Dynasty no longer moved its capital. Wu Ding was Pan Geng's nephew, and it was probably during his reign that the mature script was invented. In this way, there are many divination records engraved on the oracle bones during the Wuding period, which is the earliest oracle bone script excavated from the Yin Ruins later. In addition, there are inscriptions carved on bronze, jade, and pottery, which together with oracle bones constitute the earliest records of the history of letters on the mainland. Because of this, we were able to learn about the existence of this Queen Wuding and learn a lot about her.
A good life for a woman can be described as colorful. The so-called "major events of the country, in the worship and rong", through the oracle bones can be found that the women actively participated in the two major events of sacrifice and soldiers in the Wuding period, and compared with the presiding over the sacrifices, the more prominent work of the women's good is to lead the war. For example, the Oracle records a war in which Wu Ding conquered the Pakistani side, with Wu Ding leading a large army to attack from the east, while Nü Hao set up an ambush to wait for the enemy, which is also the source of the sitcom in "National Treasure". Not only that, but women can also command the army and act alone. For example, she once joined Hou to fight dongyi, and also led 13,000 people to attack the western qiang, which can be described as the eastern expedition to the western war.
With such a queen, Wu Ding was naturally very fond of her. In the oracle bones, there are more than twenty things that are about the virginity asking the woman to get pregnant, and six of them are presided over by Wu Ding himself. Not only that, when a woman suffers from minor diseases, such as just the nose, teeth, toes and other parts are uncomfortable, Wu Ding will be very sincere in worshiping the ancestors, praying for blessings, and sometimes using ten sheep, ten pigs and ten human animals at a time. When Lady Hao died, Wu Ding personally buried her, and later married Her Well, allowing her to marry Shang Tang, Tai Jia, Zu Yi and other sages. This concept was difficult to accept in later generations, but it was in line with the customs of the time.
Among the bronzes excavated from the tomb of Women's Good, almost half have inscriptions, except for "Women's Good", the most common names are "Si Xin" and "Si Mu Xin". "Xin" refers to the "japanese name" after the death of the woman. What is the Japanese name? In ancient times, January was divided into three decades, and one decade was divided into ten days, and each day had a name, namely A, B, C, D, E, He, Geng, Xin, Nong, and Dec, also known as "Ten Days dry". After the death of the nobles of the Shang Dynasty, the descendants would choose one day between these ten days to perform the sacrifice, and the recipients would take this day as the name, which is the origin of the name of the day. The "B" of Shang Tang (大乙) and the "Ding" of Wu Ding refer to the Japanese name.
What is the "Division"? "Division" means to be in charge today. In the oracle bones, "woman good" is also called "si woman good", "si woman" can be understood as the "woman" who is in charge of the women and presides over the sacrifice, that is, the eldest woman, which corresponds to the queen in the royal family. Because "division" generally refers to women, it is sometimes added next to the female character and written 㚸. At the time of the Shang Zhou Dynasty, 㚸 added another musical note "厶", and the Zhou Dynasty wrote "beginning" or "姒". In the Zhou Dynasty, the "concubine" represented the eldest woman. As for "Simu", it can also be written as "㚸", because the word "mother" comes from the word "female", only two more points to distinguish, but the two words are often common.
Good owl
Female concubine (jìng)
The master of Simu Pengding
Writing this, many readers will definitely think of Simu Pengding, and the tomb of the woman has indeed unearthed "Simu Xinding". So, what is the relationship between the owner of Simu Pengding, "Simu Peng", and the woman known as "Simu Xin"? Didn't Simu Pengding change its name to "Houmu Pengding", and why is it still called "Simu Pengding" here? Here, we have to start from the discovery of Simu Pengding.
It is said that in March 1939, villagers in The Village of Wuguan in Northwest Township, Anyang, Henan Province, excavated a bronze dading in their farmland. In order to escape the search of the Japanese and puppet troops, it was re-buried underground. It was not until 1946 that the Anyang County Government excavated this Da Ding again. This bronze Dading is solemn in shape, exquisitely made and richly decorated, and it is 133 cm high, 100 cm long, 78 cm wide and weighs 875 kg, which is the largest ancient bronze ceremonial vessel unearthed in the world, so it is also called "Simu Peng Da Fang Ding". At the same time, Simu Xinding was only 80.1 cm high, 64 cm long and 48 cm wide.
At that time, some scholars Shao Shenzhi interpreted the three words of "Simu E" as "Hou Ma E" or "Wife E", while the scholar Zhang Feng was the first to interpret it as "Si Mu E". The word "wife" is no longer advocated today, but why is there a dispute between "division" and "post"? It turns out that "Si" and "Hou" are actually a pair of mirror words, that is, one word is the reverse of another word, and there are indeed examples of reverse writing in Oracle. Therefore, it has been controversial for decades, and in 2011, the National Museum of China, which collects "Simu Pengding", officially renamed it "Houmu Pengding".
However, the name change has not calmed the academic controversy. Since we cannot judge from glyphs, we should explore their meaning. Scholars of the Lord's "queen" believe that "stepmother" or "queen" means "queen". But in fact, it was not until the early Warring States period of the Zhongshan King's tomb Zhaoyu map that "hou" had the meaning of queen; and in the Warring States Chu Jian of the same era, "sentence" was often used to refer to the queen. This shows that the word "hou" is independent of the word "si" and has the meaning of "queen", which may be as late as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In fact, according to the statistics of the scholar Mr. Li Weiming, the main "division" of the academic community has always been the mainstream.
In this way, Simu E is also the queen. So, what is her relationship with the woman?
In the late Shang Dynasty, there was a ritual ritual genealogy that recorded the ancestors and the reigning concubines (bǐ) of the ancestors and descendants. It can be found that Wu Ding had three wives, in the order of sacrifice, namely Yu Xin, Yu Yan and Yu Peng. 妣辛 is Simu Xin ,即女好; 妣戊 is also called "妣戊妌" in oracle bones, that is, 妌(jìng). The female concubine is from the concubine (well) side, which is also common in the oracle bones, and she also has the experience of participating in the war, but she is not as frequent as the woman, and is more often sent out to inspect agricultural production. It can be seen that the talents of women and women are different, but at that time, the political status was quite high. Yu Deca is also called SiMu Decan, and the family is unknown.
Yu Xin, Yu Yan and Yu Peng successively gave birth to three brothers, Zu Ji, Zu Geng, and Zu Jia, for Wu Ding. Judging from the fact that the Tomb of Lady Hao is called "Mother Xinzong", her descendants are probably the direct ancestor kings, so he is zu Jia's mother. In the tomb of the woman, many bronzes engraved with "Simu Decoction" have been unearthed, so the yu decoction should be the predecessor of the neighboring woman. As for the concubine, because Simu Pengding is the largest, she is probably the original queen of Wuding, the mother of prince Zuji. Therefore, the situation is roughly that Wu Ding first married a concubine and gave birth to a prince Zuji; after the death of a concubine, he married a concubine and gave birth to Zu Geng; after the death of a concubine, he married a good woman and gave birth to Zu Jia.
If you look at the archaeological data in conjunction with the documents passed down from generation to generation, you will find some more interesting stories.
"Filial piety" is very famous in the Warring States literature and is the representative of filial piety. The Western Jin Dynasty Emperor Fu Mi's "Imperial Century" said that Wu Ding had a virtuous son Filial Piety, Filial Piety's mother died early, Wu Ding died because he was confused by his stepwife and exiled Filial Piety, and everyone in the world mourned him. Filial piety should be the crown prince Zuji, who is called "Little Wang Zuji" in the oracle bones, and died without taking the throne. Who, then, was his exiled wife? The Eastern Han Dynasty Zheng Xuan's annotation "Book of Shang" says that Wu Ding wanted to depose his brother and establish a brother, and Zu Jia thought it was unjust and fled to the people. Then, this brother who was almost deposed should be Zu Geng after Zu Ji, and the latter wife is naturally zu Jia's mother and wife.
In this way, it seems that the well-known women are still good at "palace fighting". Of course, this is not surprising, the woman is good and capable, deeply loved by Wu Ding, and naturally hopes to make profits for her son. Wu Ding reigned for fifty-nine years, and the woman did not survive Wu Ding, and died before him. After Wu Ding's death, the two brothers Zu Geng and Zu Jia took the throne successively, which can also be regarded as the completion of the last wish of the woman.
Source: Beijing Evening News Author: Lin Wu Gongzi
Process Edit: u005
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