Greek city-states
The earliest civilizations of Greece arose in the Aegean region (maritime civilization).
The Aegean civilizations included the Cretan and Mycenaean civilizations.
After the interruption of mycenaean civilization, Greece went through the Homeric era and the city-state period.
In the 8th century BC, hundreds of city-states appeared in Greece, which were prominently characterized by "small countries and widows".
Residents are divided into citizens and non-citizens. It is the relationship between domination and being ruled.
Citizens: Adult male citizens have the right to participate in the rule, can occupy land, join the army to fight is the obligation of citizens, and the various activities of the city-state are mainly citizens.
Non-citizens: including Gentiles and slaves, without political rights and unable to occupy land.
The democratic politics of Athens
In the mid-to-late 5th century BC, during the reign of Pericles, Athens reached its peak and democratic politics reached its peak.
Manifestations of democratic politics:
(1) Public officials are almost always drawn by lot from all citizens.
2. The 10 presidiums representing the various localities take turns presiding over the daily affairs of the city-state and convening the citizens' assembly. The Chair of the rostrum is also elected by drawing lots.
3. In order to ensure the participation of citizens in the administration and discussion of state affairs, a subsidy system has also been established.
The Citizens' Assembly is the supreme authority and has a variety of functions, including legislative justice.
Gentiles, slaves, women did not have any political rights.
Alexander's Empire
In the 4th century BC, the Macedonian Empire in northern Greece developed into a military power.
In 334 BC King Alexander of Macedon began to attack the Persian Empire, which collapsed in 330 BC.
Reasons for the success of Alexander's Crusade:
1. The Persian Empire was too decaying.
2. The Macedonian army, super combat effectiveness and Alexander's outstanding military command skills.
The scope of Alexander's empire: from Greece in the west, to the Indus River in the east, to Central Asia in the north, to Egypt in the south, and across the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Effects of Alexander's Crusade:
Disadvantages: Aggressive, brought great disaster to the Orientals, and also plundered the countless wealth of the Eastern world.
Li: It has promoted the great convergence of Eastern and Western cultures, and strengthened economic ties and trade exchanges between The East and the West.