The division of the three families into Jin refers to the incident in which the Jin state was divided between the han, Zhao, and Wei families. In ancient Chinese history, the Spring and Autumn Warring States were divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and its watershed was in 453 BC, when the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei destroyed the Zhi clan and divided the Jin State. So, how did the powerful Jin state decline step by step, and was divided up by the great powers and finally disappeared into the long river of history, this article will come for you one by one.
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The historical background of the three branches of Jin
In 636 BC, at the age of 62, Ji Zhong'er ended his 19-year exile and returned to his homeland with the support of the Five Sages' assistant Duke Mu of Qin, becoming the monarch of the Jin state, the famous Duke Wen of Jin. During his term of office, jin wen and civil servants were outstanding in martial arts, and during his term of office, they implemented policies such as trade and leniency, mingxianliang, and rewarding merit, and served as three armies and six secretaries, which greatly increased the national strength of the Jin state and created the hegemony of the Jin state for a hundred years. He also became the second overlord in the Spring and Autumn period after the Duke of Qi Huan, and together with the Duke of Qi Huan was called "Qi Huan Jin Wen".
Heavy ear exile
Three armies and six secretaries
Jin Wengong, who pioneered the hegemony, said now, that is quite awesome. However, he was not a perfect person, and a political system after he became the monarch, "three armies and six secretaries", inadvertently laid the foundation for the division of the Jin state after 200 years. The three armies are in turn the General of the Chinese Army, the General of the Middle Army, the General of the Upper Army, the General of the Upper Army, the General of the Lower Army, and the General of the Lower Army, of which the Chinese Army will be the Zhengqing, and the Six Secretaries will be in charge of the military and political affairs of the Jin Dynasty. Liuqing adopted a hereditary system, mainly controlled by eleven clans, such as the Fox clan, the Xian clan, the Chu clan, the Xu clan, the Luan clan, the Zhongxing clan, the Zhi clan, the Han clan, the Zhao clan, and the Wei clan, and took turns to govern in accordance with the principle of "long death and second compensation". This is also the prototype of the earliest cabinet system, and of course, it is also the starting point for The Qing Doctor to gradually take power. More than a dozen generations before and after Liuqing assisted the Duke of Jin to "honor Wang Xiangyi" and defended the Chinese civilization. As the saying goes, "Chinese civilization looks at the Spring and Autumn, and the Spring and Autumn righteousness looks at the Jin Dynasty."
However, the power struggle within Liu Qing was fierce from the beginning, with ups and downs in the period of enmity and hatred, and the mergers and acquisitions continued. In 200 years, only the Zhi, Han, Zhao, and Wei clans remained, of which the Zhonghang clan became extinct during the Western Han Dynasty, and the other six still have descendants (such as the Fan clan, the historical celebrities are Fan Li, Fan Ju, Fan Zeng, Fan Zhongyan, etc., and it is said that Liu Bang is also a descendant of the Fan clan).
Topographic map of the Jin Dynasty
Four families
1. The Zhi clan originates from the Xun clan. The ancestor of the Xun clan was Yuan Gongfeng, the sixteenth son of King Wen of Zhou, who founded the original state, and his descendant Yuan Dian served as the grand master of the Jin state. After duke Wu of Jin destroyed the state of Xun, he gave the state of Xun to Yuan Dian, who changed it to Xun Shi (荀氏), or Xun Xi (荀息). Xun Xi's three grandsons were renamed Zhishi, Zhongxing and Cheng respectively, and his three grandsons also became the ancestors of these three surnames.
Xun Xi's ninth generation Sun Zhi Boyao (Zhi Xiangzi) became the leader of the Zhi clan of the four major families.
2. The Zhao clan is the same as the Qin clan and the Liang clan, and the same is from the founding father. The father is the ancestor of the Zhao, Qin, and Liang clans. Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng, in fact, also surnamed Zhao, called Zhao Zheng.
Zhao Wuzi (赵襄子), the ninth grandson of Zhao Dun, the sixth secretary of the Jin Dynasty, became the leader of the Zhao clan of the four major families.
3. The ancestors of the Han clan are descendants of the Jin royal family. Because the fief was in Hanyuan (present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi), the surname was changed to Han. Because the fief was in Hanyuan (present-day Hancheng, Shaanxi), the surname was changed to Han. During the reign of Duke Wen of Jin, Han Xianzi (Han 厥) was a vassal of the Zhao clan (赵 Dun). After the Duke of Jin ascended the throne, He appointed Han Yu as Zhengqing. In 583 BC, the "Difficulty of the Lower Palace" occurred, and the Zhao clan was almost exterminated, leaving only Zhao Dun's grandson and Zhao Shuo's son Zhao Wu. Because Han Yue was raised by Zhao Dun when he was young, he tried to protect Zhao Wu, an orphan of the Zhao clan. Zhao Wu is also the prototype of the yuan miscellaneous drama "Orphan of Zhao". There are now more than 8 million descendants of the Han clan, and the famous Han surnames in ancient times: Han Fei, Han Xin, Han Yu, Han Shizhong, etc.
Han Hu (Han Kangzi), the fifth grandson of Han Que, became the leader of the Han clan of the four major families.
4. The Wei clan is a descendant of the Zhou royal family. Bi Gonggao established the Bi State, and after the bi state was destroyed, the sons of the Gong clan were called the Bi clan and scattered everywhere. There was a man named Bi Wan, who served the Jin Dynasty and was enfeoffed in WeiCheng and changed to Wei. Bi Wan's sixth-generation grandson Wei Shu (魏献子) was the founder of the Jin State Infantry Battle, the famous Wei Shu Phalanx
Bi Wan's ninth grandson Wei Ju (魏桓子, also known as Wei Xuanzi) became the leader of the four major families of the Wei clan.
Schematic diagram of the spheres of influence of each Qing clan
The three families are divided into promotions
The State of Jin was originally a powerful vassal state that once dominated the Central Plains. As early as the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, fierce struggles broke out within the Jin state office, and the power of the Jin state was gradually weakened. However, the power of the Jin State Secretary (a major vassal of the princely states) gradually grew, and they attacked each other and annexed each other. By 458 BC, there were only four major families left, namely the Zhi clan, the Zhao clan, the Wei clan, and the Han clan. The leaders of these four Qing dafu families were Zhi Yao, Zhao Xiangzi, Wei Huanzi, and Han Kangzi, of which Zhi Yao's power was the most powerful, and he supported the Duke of Jin as the monarch, controlled the government, and monopolized power.
Zhi Yao always wanted to annex the land of the other three families, so in the name of the king of the Jin Dynasty, he asked Zhao Xiangzi, Wei Huanzi, and Han Kangzi to each give up a hundred miles of land to the office. The three Qing masters all knew that Zhi Yao had ulterior motives, but the three families were not united, Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi had given up the land one after another, only Zhao Xiangzi did not obey the order, he said: Zhao's land is the property left by the ancestors, and it will not be easily ceded! When Zhi Yao heard this, he was furious and immediately joined forces with the Han and Wei families to jointly send troops to attack the Zhao clan.
In 455 BC, Zhi Yao led Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi to go straight to Zhao Di. Zhao Xiangzi retreated to Jinyang when he was outnumbered. During his inspection, he found that the jinyang city was strong, the treasury was full, the grain and grass were sufficient, and the ministers under him also prepared sufficient arrows and weapons, everything was ready, and Zhao Xiangzi led the army to wait in a strict position, ready to meet the enemy.
The armies of the Zhi, Wei, and Han families soon reached Jinyang and surrounded it. Zhao Xiangzi ordered his soldiers to guard against death. Whenever the army of the three families began to attack the city, the arrows on the head of the city fell like locusts, and it was difficult for the three families to take another step forward. In this way, the two sides have been deadlocked for more than two years. In the third year, in 453 BC, Zhi Yao attracted Jin water into Jinyang City. In just a few days, Jinyang City became a ze country, and because it was besieged for too long, the people lacked clothing and food, and even changed their children and ate, and the situation became very critical.
Zhi Yao thought that victory had been decided, and when he inspected the water situation with Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi, he said a word: Now I know that water can also make people destroy the country! Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi were speechless after hearing this, but they secretly felt afraid in their hearts. Originally, there was a river next to the Wei family's Fengyi Anyi (present-day northwest of Xia County, Shanxi) and the Han family's Fengyi Pingyang (present-day southwest of Linfen, Shanxi). Zhi Yao's words reminded them that since the water could flood Jinyang, maybe one day Anyi and Pingyang would suffer the same flood.
Just when Jinyang was in danger, Zhao Xiangzi's disciple Zhang Meng went out of the city to meet Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi separately, plotting against the two, and the Han and Wei families considered their own interests and decided to join forces with zhao to attack Zhi.
Due to the proper planning, coupled with the combination of inside and outside, the three families led Jinshui to the Zhiyao military camp, and the Zhiyao soldiers were defeated and killed. The three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei wiped out the Zhi clan, divided the land and population of the Zhi clan equally, and established independent regimes respectively, and the world was shocked.
In 438 BC, the Jin emperor Of Jin died, and duke You of Jin took the throne. The Duke of Jin, fearing his courtiers, went so far as to pay homage to the Han, Zhao, and Wei families. In 403 BC, Zhou Tianzi officially crowned the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei as princes. In 376 BC, the Jin state was divided between the Han, Zhao, and Wei families, and the Jin state was completely replaced by the Han, Zhao, and Wei families, plus the four great powers of Qin, Qi, Yan, and Chu, known in history as the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. Therefore, the "three branches of the Jin Dynasty" also became a sign of the beginning of the Warring States era.
Conspiracy to attack the intellect
A brief analysis of the reasons for the three points of jinguo
The reason for this can first be summed up by the excessive power of the Qing clan and the small power of the Gong clan, and the major families that control the Six Qings have gradually grown in the struggle for power and profit, and in the end the Jinguo Gongfu is no longer able to control these Qing Doctors, and even it is difficult to protect themselves, and can only survive under the wings of the Qing Doctor. This is one of them.
Second, tracing back to the origin, in order to consolidate the throne, the Duke of Jin Xian destroyed the descendants of marquis Wen of Jin and killed the princes of the Jin state clan cleanly. Although this move consolidated his throne, it laid the groundwork for the growth of the Qing clan's strength later. This is the fundamental reason why the Jinguo clan was weak and small, and it was eventually divided into three families.
Third, the monarchs of the Jin state in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period could not be compared with the Jin Wen Gong and the Jin Dynasty, and could not maintain restraint on the forces of the Various Qing Clans, resulting in the continuous growth of the forces between the Qing Clan, which eventually led to the Jin State being divided into three, and the Jin State completely perished, thus opening the prelude to the Warring States!