The "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms Period" is one of the famous periods of great division in Chinese history, during which wars continued for many years, regime changes were frequent, and even more historical events of "Five Hu Chaohua" occurred. Some people even believe that if it were not for Ran Min's "order to kill Hu", the "Five Hu Chaohua" would almost be the point of extinction of the Chinese nation.
So there is a question here, whether the "Five Hu Chaohua" is chaotic China on a nationwide scale, or is it just chaotic in North China, and if there is no Ran Min's "killing Hu Order", will the Han nation really face the disaster of extinction?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the time node of the five random hua</h1>
Wuhu Chaohua was a period of confrontation with the Han regime in the south caused by the inward migration of ethnic minorities in China to establish a non-Han state in the late Western Jin Dynasty. It is generally believed that this period began in 304 when Li Xiong and Liu Yuan established the State of Cheng (Chenghan) in Shu and the Han Zhao (later former Zhao) in the Central Plains, respectively, until 439 when Xianbei Tuoba Tao established northern Wei.
That is to say, Wuhu Chaohua covers the entire Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 to 420 years), in addition to the 13-year Western Jin Dynasty period (266-316 years) and the 19-year Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420-589 years), which lasted 135 years, also known as the "Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > which five hus are the specific five hus, and why is there a situation of five hu chaos? </h1>
It is generally believed that the "Five Hus" refers to the five ethnic minorities distributed in northwest and northeast China by the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xianbei, Qiang, and Xian, because the political power in northern China during this period was mainly established by these five ethnic minorities, so it is called "Wuhu", and in fact, there are Goguryeo, Dingzhi and other ethnic groups that have established political power.
Since the Eastern Han Dynasty Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu allowed the border people to move inland, a large number of nomadic people were moved in, and since the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial court often moved the northern ethnic groups in the frontier in an inward manner by way of attraction or coercion, in order to monitor the various ethnic groups or increase the source of soldiers and labor. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the policy of the Eastern Han Dynasty continued, and a large number of Hu and Han Chinese lived in northern, eastern and western China, especially around Hezhou and Guanzhong. The history books record that "all the counties in the northwest are Rongju", and more than a million mouths in Guanzhong are "Rong diju half", which presents a semi-encirclement situation for the Jin Empire. During this period, some ministers proposed to the Jin Emperor a policy of dividing the Hu forces, but this did not attract the attention of the Jin rulers. Due to the considerable number of people who moved in, it was not far from the Jin people in the Guanzhong area, laying the groundwork for the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms.
The foreigners who moved in were adopted as slaves by the clan and became households under the jurisdiction of the Han people, because they had to pay taxes, and they were constantly oppressed by Han officials or discriminated against by Han chinese. Therefore, the status is very low, the life is very miserable, and the contradictions with the Han nation and the ruling class are aggravated. During this period, there were constant rebellions of the Hu people, but they were all pacified by the Western Jin Dynasty. The ministers Guo Qin and Jiang Tong successively proposed a forced relocation from the Hu people, and Jiang Tong even wrote "The Theory of Migration", but the Jin Room did not adopt it.
The Jin Dynasty was a scholarly politics, and the political power was mainly controlled by the clan families. After the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings", the Western Jin Dynasty was seriously injured, internal divisions were divided, the prestige and influence of the Sima family were gradually reduced, and because the situation of friction between Hu and Han did not improve, the oppressed ethnic minorities in the surrounding area took the opportunity to raise troops, resulting in a situation of Wuhu chaos.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > How many countries were there during the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, and what was the relationship with the Eastern Jin Dynasty? Where is the mess? </h1>
The Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420) coexisted with the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" (304-439). The Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly ruled the southern region of China (Jiangnan), and the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" mainly ruled the northern region of China (north China), and the ruling area changed slightly during different regimes, but it was generally comparable.
During the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" period, there were not only 16 countries in northern China, but more than 20 political regimes, not all of which were established by foreign nationalities, including Han regimes. Because the Northern Wei historian Cui Hong wrote the book "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms", which recorded the independence of the more representative sixteen regimes, this period was called "Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms" or "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty".
"Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" refers to the sixteen countries of Chenghan, Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Liang, Northern Liang, XiLiang, HouLiang, Southern Liang, Former Yan, Later Yan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Xia, Former Qin, Western Qin, and Later Qin, which are collectively known as the Sixteen Kingdoms because of their strong strength. Among them, Qianliang and Xiliang were Han regimes, Northern Yan was a Goguryeo regime, and in addition to the Sixteen Kingdoms, there were also Ran Wei established by the Han Ran Min, the Han Dynasty built by the Han Clan, the Zhai Wei established by the Ding Zero Zhai clan, the Qiuchi State established by the Wudu Yang Clan, the Western Yan established by the Xianbei Murong Clan, the Dai established by the Xianbei Tuoba Clan, and the Northern Wei regimes established by the Xianbei Murong Clan.
In the above regimes, Later Zhao, Former Yan, and Former Qin all occupied most of the territory of the north, especially Former Qin once unified the north, but the time was very short. During these hundred years, the war in the north has basically not stopped. The scope roughly covers North China, Shudi, Liaodong, and as far as Mobei, Jianghuai and Western Regions. Therefore, the Wuhu Chaos is mainly in North China and Sichuan.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the relationship between the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms"</h1>
There are both coexistence and succession relations between the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and the coexistence relationship is the most complicated. In terms of overall relations, it is a juxtaposition between the Eastern Jin Dynasty (southern China) and the "Sixteen Kingdoms" (northern China and Sichuan region). The most likely to cause misunderstanding is that readers will think that Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Southern Liang, and Northern Liang are successive relationships, but in fact they are coexisting relationships.
Among them, Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Chenghan and Former Liang are coexisting relations; Later Zhao, Chenghan, Former Liang, and Former Yan are coexisting relations; Former Liang, Former Yan, and Former Qin are coexisting relations; Former Qin, Later Yan, Later Qin, Western Qin, and Hou Liang are coexisting relations; Hou Yan, Hou Qin, Western Qin, Hou Liang, Nan Liang, Nan Yan, Xi Liang, and Bei Liang are coexisting relations; Nan Liang, Nan Yan, Xi Liang, Bei Liang, Hu Xia, and Northern Yan are coexisting relationships. Moreover, these small countries with coolness, Qin, Zhao, and Yan are not established for the same people, let alone kinship, most of them are built by the rebels or self-reliance of the generals, in short, they are constantly cutting, rationalizing and chaotic, you have me, I have you, it is the most chaotic period in history.
Among the Sixteen Kingdoms, Former Liang and Xi Liang were Han regimes, and Northern Yan was han regimes for a period of time. Sixteen foreign countries, Ran Wei, Shu Shu, Huan Chu are Han regimes, the existence of a short time, of which the History of the "Killing Of Hu Order" left a reputation for the Ran Wei regime only existed for two years.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the influence of Wuhuhua</h1>
After the "Disaster of Yongjia", many shi and Han chinese mostly fled to Liangzhou, Liaodong and Jiangnan regions, so that the economy and culture of these areas gradually prospered. At the same time, the migration of various ethnic minorities in the north has led to great ethnic integration, which is of great significance in the development of China as a multi-ethnic country, so that China's great ethnic integration lasted until the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, and finally completely integrated during the Sui Dynasty, and finally formed a unified multi-ethnic state.
In general, during the Wuhu Chaohua period, only the northern region of China, the Sichuan region, the Eastern Liaoning region, and the western Liaoning part of the region were frequently plagued, while the vast Jiangnan region under the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although weak, was relatively stable, the economy and population have developed, and by the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the population has grown to more than 17 million people. As for the view put forward by some historians that almost brought the Han people to the point of extinction, it is only one thing to say, that period only caused a sharp decline in the Han population in North China, of which nearly 500,000 Han people migrated to Jiangnan, and promoted the spread of economy, technology, and culture, and accelerated the process of unifying the multi-ethnic state.