▲ Unearthed small bronze figurines in the shape of a taunting posture
▲Tomb No. 1 unearthed a copper flat pot inlaid with glass
▲ Unearthed jade ding
▲ Unearthed fawn-like fawn animal shape
recently
The Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum Museum held the 2021 annual online business report meeting.
New harvests for fiscal 2021 were announced.
Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors No. 1 pit, No. 2 pit,
Tomb M1 on the west side of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin,
and the ruins of the east gate of the outer city of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum,
The archaeological excavations in 2021 have achieved important results.
thereinto
In the Terracotta Warriors No. 1 pit,
A general figurine and a mid-level military official figurine were unearthed,
This pair studied the entire Number One pit array arrangement
Of particular importance.
Schematic diagram of the effect of the square cabin
In the Terracotta Warriors No. 2 pit,
There is a new understanding of the connotation and layout of the "crossbowman" unit,
High-ranking military officials and surrounding armored samurai figurines were found.
Tomb M1 on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
The excavation of the north burial passage and two funerary pits was completed,
There are three chariot and horse burial pits,
Found 15 chimes in groups,
There are also many small music and dance plays,
Gold, silver and bronze figurines of animals and other images;
This series of archaeological results proves it
The owner of "Tomb No. 1" has a high status of honor
Netizen Comments:
"The funerary tombs are so luxurious"
"All are national treasures"
……
At the site of the east gate of the outer city of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum
Discover the remains of the rammed earth platform and doorway of the eastern gate of the outer city,
as well as tiles and braised clay, etc.,
Found that there are outbuildings on both sides of the gate doorway of the city gate,
The destruction of the gates of the city was related to fire.
01
Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors No. 1 pit
Discover new harvests in fiscal 2021
Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Funerary Pit is a group of large funerary pits outside the mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin, of which the First Pit has the largest area, the plane is rectangular, 230 long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south, 5 meters deep, with a total area of 14,260 square meters, according to the density of the arrangement, more than 6,000 pottery figurines and pottery horses can be excavated after all excavations.
The Terracotta Warriors No. 1 pit is divided into 27 exploration parties of 20 meters × 20 meters. The excavation of the whole pit can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, from May 1978 to September 1981, focused on cleaning up the five exploration parties (T1, T2, T10, T19, T20) at the eastern end of pit 1, with an area of 2,000 square meters. The second phase, from March 1986 to the beginning of 1987, excavated five exploration parties (T11, T12, T13, T21, T22) with an excavation area of 2,000 square meters. The third phase is from 2009 to the present, the excavation site is located on the T23 side, and the excavation area is 400 square meters.
▲No. 1 pit excavation site
The excavation site in 2021 is located in the middle of the north side of Pit No. 1, originally numbered T24 square, and the excavation area approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage is 30 square meters, and the specific area is G8 and G10.
Among them, G8 cleaned out 15 pieces of ceramic figurines, extracted 10 pieces, and completed 8 pieces of spelling. G10 cleared out 10 pieces of clay figurines, extracted 7 pieces, and completed 4 pieces of mosaics. The pottery figurines and pottery horses are badly damaged and have a large position to move. A total of 14 small pieces were cleaned up and extracted, all of which were from G8.
This year's excavation of clay figurines painted in good condition, archaeologists have formulated a scientific protection plan, these figurines in a timely manner to the protection and restoration room for protection and restoration, the figurines appeared in the pit of mold in a timely manner, to ensure the safety of cultural relics and the environment.
▲A copper spear was unearthed from Pit No. 1
The pottery figurines excavated this year are mainly located behind the tracks of the car, which have special characteristics, among which there is a general figurine unearthed in G8 and a medium-level military official figurine unearthed in G11, which is of special significance for understanding and studying the military formation arrangement of the entire No. 1 pit.
Archaeologists sorted out the middle and high-level military figurines unearthed since the discovery of the Qin Figurine Pit, especially the middle and high-level military figurines excavated from the No. 1 pit, proposed that the military formation arrangement of the No. 1 pit may have north-south, east-west symmetry, and proposed the focus of the archaeological work of the No. 1 pit in the future: First, comb and sort out the previous archaeological data, and second, purposefully and systematically select special areas for excavation or trial excavation, and finally make an accurate judgment on the military formation of the figurine pit, and provide accurate basic information for the study of Qin culture.
02
Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors No. 2 pit
The Terracotta Warriors No. 2 Pit is one of the important burial pits from the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin. It was discovered and partially tested in May 1976. From 1994 to 2008, the first comprehensive excavation was carried out, revealing the above part of the shed, basically clarifying the stratum, shape, building structure, nature and other contents of the No. 2 pit, and excavating and cleaning up some of the colorful clay figurines.
▲Excavation site of Pit No. 2
The second excavation began in 2015. The excavation work strictly controls the excavation area, in line with the work ideas of "horizontal expansion" and "vertical depth", focusing on solving relevant academic problems, such as solving the composition problem of the green paste mud of the figurine pit, exploring the quantitative collection mode of the color information of the terracotta army, and solving the academic problems such as chromium salt oxidation of the terracotta pit weapons through excavation, and further improving the scientific and technological level that embodies the excavation process.
According to the archaeological excavation plan, the first unit of the crossbow phalanx T21 (K5) 60 square meters will be excavated in 2021, further revealing the connotation and layout of this unit. Through excavation, a new understanding of the connotation and layout of the "Crossbowman" unit has been preliminarily obtained.
Main harvest: Completed T21K5 terracotta figurine upper layer cleaning and K5 east wall cleaning, most of the terracotta figurines exposed. A total of 447 groups of various types of data were extracted, and 47 samples were extracted, which further revealed and understood the buried connotation of Pit No. 2 and provided new materials for the study of Qin figurines.
First of all, high-ranking military officials and surrounding armored samurai figurines were found in the area, and the opening was not all standing shooting figurines, which had a new understanding of the types and distribution of K5 pottery figurines.
Secondly, in the process of scientific excavation and on-site protection of painted pottery cultural relics, we continue to accumulate experience to provide reference for the protection of other similar cultural relics.
Third, change the traditional color recording method, use digital recording means, quantify color records, and provide data accumulation for the establishment of the Qin figurine color database.
Fourth, the remaining lime sludge between the burned sheds is extracted, and the mineral composition and elemental composition are planned to be analyzed, so as to propose a more comprehensive explanation for the formation of the cinnamon plaster.
Finally, through excavation, relevant microscopic information was obtained, and the metal elements of the bronze weapons in K5 and the soil environment in which they were located were analyzed, and the chromium salt oxidation problem of the Weapons in Pit 2 was further analyzed.
The 2021 annual excavation has received strong support from the museum, and has cooperated with many universities and scientific research units inside and outside the province to actively carry out public archaeological work, and will have a scientific, comprehensive and open attitude throughout the entire process of field excavation and academic research.
03
Tomb M1 on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
Discover new harvests
Since 2013, the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum Museum has carried out continuous excavations of QLCM1 (Tomb No. 1) on the west side of the Qin Tomb. For many years, because the land lease problem was not resolved, the North Cemetery Road and the two funerary pits could not be excavated. This year this year finally succeeded in solving this problem, so that the tomb was fully excavated.
Work in 2021 will focus on the excavation of the North Burial Passage and two funerary pits, as well as interior restoration. Archaeologists have used the previous methods to lay out exploration parties and carry out excavations. The rammed tomb road is backfilled, which is exactly the same as the rammed layer of the south tomb road, the upper layer is a thin rammed, the lower side is a rough rammed, and the rammed nest is exactly the same. No pirate holes were found.
There are three burial pits, one on the south side (P1), located on the west side of the south burial tunnel, where excavations have been completed before. The overall structure is a box-type structure. Four horses and a wooden cart and a dog are buried. There are caps, arrows, gold savings, gold and silver pipes, etc., which are almost exactly the same as those unearthed around the Qin Tombs.
Two funerary pits (P2 and P3) on the north side are located on the east side of the North Burial Passage. Re-examine them before excavation to confirm their extent.
Funerary pit P2 is 1.5 meters from the north cemetery road, 9 meters long, 6 meters wide and 5.2 meters deep. Discover the robbery hole. In one corner, a disturbance pit was found, which should have been dug by local farmers when they were leveling the land. There are a large number of pottery pieces piled up inside, and on the pottery pieces there are words "South", "Xian □□", "Xianyang □□".
Pit P3 is 17 meters from the north burial road, 26.5 meters long, 5 wide and 2 meters deep. The reason why it is relatively shallow is because in the early years, when the land was leveled, more than 2 meters above were destroyed. Its structure should be the same as P1, box plate type, the upper shed board width of about 20 cm. There are as many as 13 robbery holes in the burial pit, and bow hats and other hats are found inside the robbery caves.
Interior restoration, including restoration of pottery, bronze and small pieces.
The extracted pottery was severely broken. At present, the restored pottery includes large cocoon-shaped pots, small cocoon-shaped pots, pottery pots, pots, silkens, lamps and so on. The large cocoon-shaped pot measures at 60 cm. There are 16 partially restored pottery lamps, 6 pottery pots and 7 clay pots.
The repair of bronzes also has similar problems, which are relatively complete, such as ding, beans, pots, chimes, etc., which are easier to repair. But many artifact walls were originally thin, fragile, and difficult to repair.
Archaeologists pack small artifacts as a whole and clean them indoors. X-ray the film first, and conduct a preliminary analysis of the buried material inside, so that it is easy to extract it.
At present, the complete artifacts that have been restored are: gold and silver camels, gold dancing sleeve figurines, copper flat pots inlaid with glass, jade ding, silver boxes, silver riding figurines, silver hounds, gilded copper heads and so on.
▲ Unearthed gold and silver camels
▲ Unearthed jade ding
Among them is a small animal, vivid in shape, resembling a deer, in a reclining posture, with large ears up, a look of vigilance. There is also a small bronze figurine, in a posture, wearing a crown on the head, holding objects in both hands, and a solemn expression.
In short, through excavation and cleaning, archaeologists have a clearer understanding of the nature of the tomb - the funerary tomb of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin, the status of the tomb owner is very high, the status is noble.
In addition, all the excavations show that this is a scene of the life of the nobles before they died. High-level tombs, three chariot and horse burial pits, 15 groups of chimes, many small music and dance plays, animals and other images of gold and silver bronze figurines and so on. Everything shows the luxurious life of the nobility.
04
Ruins of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
The site of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum is located in the south of the East Outer City Wall of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, located in the east of the Fengtu, about 200 meters from the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum in the west, about 260 meters from the east gate of the current Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum Park, about 20 meters from the east wall of the Ruins Park, and about 150 meters from the K9801 in the south. Since 1962, archaeologists have carried out archaeological surveys and explorations on the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin and its surrounding areas for many times, and have a preliminary understanding of the east gate of the outer city of the mausoleum, and roughly determined that the plan of the east gate of the outer city wall is rectangular, 77 meters long from north to south, and 22.4 meters wide from east to west, but the number of doorways and the understanding of the building structure are not clear.
▲Exterior view of the East Gate ruins
In order to provide reliable information for the display and restoration of the outer city wall of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and promote the archaeological research of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, from September to December 2021, the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum Museum conducted archaeological excavations on the site of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum.
This archaeological excavation has formulated a detailed excavation plan, guided by stratigraphy, focusing on the smallest unit of accumulation, starting from the perspective of burial, adhering to multidisciplinary joint research, and jointly promoting archaeological excavation work with experts in architectural disciplines, laying out 30 exploration parties, and the actual excavation area is 1000 square meters (about one-half of the site).
▲Aerial view of the ruins of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum
In addition to 7 natural gullies, 3 modern artificial ditches, 1 modern sewage ditch, 4 modern tombs and 1 modern ash pit, the main discovery of the rammed earth platform foundation of the east gate of the outer city, the remains of the doorway, tiles and red burnt earth and other buildings are piled up. 5 pieces of stone building materials, 1 piece of ironware, 1 piece of Qianlong Tongbao, and 1 piece of copper coins of the Republic of China were unearthed.
▲ The rammed nest found in the archaeological excavation of the site of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum
The main harvests of the excavation of the Site of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shi Huang are:
1. Figured out the scale, shape and structure of the site of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum. The excavation determined that the east gate of the outer city belonged to the rammed earth platform foundation building, which was a gate-by-door city gate structure, and the doorway was burned. Artificial stone building materials are available at the edges of the doorways and at the corners of the high platforms, which can be determined that the gates have outbuildings in addition to the walls of the city walls.
2. This excavation clarified the construction process of the east gate of the outer city of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin. Using the stratigraphic accumulation relationship, it can be determined that the East Gate site first excavates a large foundation pit, and then carries out fine ramming in the pit; the thin rammer in the pit and the edge of the pit are treated in a rough way. On top of the rammed earth platform, the walls and outbuildings were built, and the outside of the walls was smeared with grass and mud. Judging from the slab tiles, barrel tiles, and stone building components, there are outbuildings on both sides of the gate of the city gate. Judging from the presence of braised earth and carbon chips, the destruction of the city gates was related to fire.
3. This excavation provides basic information for the orientation of the mausoleum of The First Qin Shi Huang Emperor and the study of the layout of the ceremonial system and the mausoleum system, which is conducive to the understanding and research of the scale, grade and layout of the ceremonial architecture of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum.
In the next step, archaeologists will continue to adhere to the multidisciplinary cooperation between archaeology and architecture for excavation and research, continue to carry out archaeological work on the auxiliary buildings between the east gate of the inner and outer city, gradually clarify the architectural structure and layout of the eastern part of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum, clarify the distribution and connotation of the remains in the east gate area of the inner and outer city, and provide information for the study of the mausoleum system of the Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum.
Text/Photo| Qin Shi Huang Emperor Mausoleum Museum
Video | Shaanxi Tv News
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Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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