Stone "grinding" as an important agricultural tool,
From the archaeological chronology, we can see the evolution of stone "grinding",
The excavations of "stone grinding discs, grinding stones, and stone grinding rods" include:
In the south, paddy rice is the main thing,
There is a mountain culture of the transition between the late Paleolithic and early Neolithic in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,
The north is dominated by dryland millet,
There is the early Neolithic Culture and Magnetic Hill Culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River
From this, we can glimpse the historical development and evolution of "stone grinding discs, grinding stones, stone grinding rods".
Gradually differentiated into "stone mortar, stone grinding, stone mill" and other traditional agricultural tools——
01
At present, the earliest: "stone grinding disc, grinding stone" of Shangshan culture
Age: about 11000-8500 years ago,
Period: Late Paleolithic and Early Neolithic
Regional location: Distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
Out of the land: Zhejiang Shangshan culture
Processed crops; rice Southern crops
Stone grinding discs, grinding stones
Shangshan culture (about 11,000-8,500 years ago)
Early Neolithic period
▲ Millstone, millstone - uphill culture
▲ Millstone - Shangshan culture
▲ Grinding stone - shangshan culture
02
Pei Ligang culture of "stone grinding disc, graphite rod"
Age: about 7000-8000 years ago,
Period: Early Neolithic
Regional location: Distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River
Land: Pei Ligang Village in Xinzheng, Henan
Processed crops; corn (millet) northern crops
PeiLigang culture refers to a Neolithic culture distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
It is one of the earliest Neolithic cultures found in the Central Plains.
It is named after the earliest excavation and identification in Pei Ligang Village in Xinzheng, Henan.
Pei Ligang culture is one of the sources of Yangshao culture,
Is an archaeological culture of the early Neolithic period in China,
It is one of the birthplaces of Chinese national civilization.
The stone grinding disc is made of a whole piece of sandstone, and the front is slightly concave, which may be caused by long-term use. Most stone grinding discs have four cylindrical grinding legs at the base, 3 to 6 cm high.
Stone grinding discs are generally about 70 cm long, the longest can reach 1 meter, and the width is generally 20 cm to 30 cm. It is accompanied by a stone grinding rod, which is generally about 30 cm to 40 cm in length and about 6 cm in diameter.
As early as 7,000 years ago, humans were able to use whole slates to figure out processing tools for grain shelling.
This is the Pei Ligang culture stone grinding plate and stone grinding rod collected by the National Museum of China.
(c. 7000 BC – 5000 BC)
▲ Pei Ligang culture Stone grinding disc, stone grinding rod (about 7000 BC - 5000 BC)
How to use stone grinding discs and stone grinding rods——
▲ Original stone grinding disc, stone grinding rod tool usage
This is the Pei Ligang culture stone grinding plate and stone grinding rod stored in the China Agricultural Museum.
Pei Ligang Culture (c. 7000 BC – 5000 BC)
▲ Stone grinding disc, stone grinding rod (Pei Ligang culture stone grinding disc, stone grinding rod)
03
Magnetic Hill Culture's "Stone Grinding Disc, Graphite Rod"
The "stone grinding disc and graphite rod" of magnetic hill culture is processed by——
"Millet" rice
Magnetic hill people eat "millet",
It is also the earliest discovery of the history of artificial millet cultivation today.
Magnetic hill culture is one of the representatives of millet culture.
This is the Magnetic Hill Culture Stone Grinding Disc and Stone Grinding Rod stored in the China Agricultural Museum.
About 8000 to 7600 years ago, in the early Neolithic period
▲ Stone grinding disc, stone grinding rod (magnetic hill culture is about 8000 to 7600 years ago)
Magnetic hill culture refers to a Neolithic culture distributed in northern China, named after its first discovery in Wu'an Magnetic Mountain in Handan City, Hebei Province. Magnetic hill culture is one of the sources of Yangshao culture, that is, one of the sources of the Huaxia ethnic group. The most representative artifacts of the Magnetic Hill culture are pottery cups and pottery brackets, stone grinding discs and grinding rods. Dating back about 8,000 to 7,600 years ago, it is roughly equivalent to the age of the Pei Li Gang culture found in the village of Pei Li Gang in Xinzheng, Henan Province.
Magnetic Hill is known as the world's earliest discovery of grain millet, domestic chicken and Central Plains walnuts. Millet, domestic chicken and walnut three major discoveries. Magnetic Hill culture has rewritten the history of the world's millet farming, domestication of domestic chickens, and walnut production. Archaeology believes that the Magnetic Hill culture is one of the representatives of the millet culture.
The Magnetic Hill culture represents the millet culture in the dryland agriculture of the north, and both are indispensable when studying the origin of ancient Chinese agriculture. The Chinese civilization dates back 8,000 years, 1,000 years before the Yangshao culture. It is the first of the ten major cultural lineages of Handan and one of the birthplaces of oriental civilization.
04
Longshan culture's "stone pestle, stone mortar"
Stone pestle mortar of Yongsan culture
Late Neolithic, 4,000 years ago
It dates from 2500 BC to 2000 BC.
It is distributed in Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The Longshan cultural period corresponds to the literature before or slightly intersected with the early Xia Dynasty.
This is the Longshan culture stone pestle mortar collected by the National Museum of China.
About 2500 BC – 2000 BC, 4000 years ago
▲ Stone pestle, stone mortar (Longshan culture, about 4,000 years ago)
Longshan culture refers to a type of cultural relics of the late Neolithic period in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China, which belongs to the copper-stone and epoch culture.
Stone grinding discs, grinding stones, stone grinding rods developed——
Later, "stone pestle, stone mortar, stone mill, stone mill" and so on
▲Traditional agricultural tools - grain processing tools - large stone mortar
▲ Traditional agricultural tools - grain processing tools - stone grinding
▲ Traditional agricultural tools - grain processing tools - small stone mortars
▲Traditional agricultural tools - grain processing tools - grinding (a kind of grinding)
▲ Beijing Fangshan Shuiyu Village has 128 plates of stone mills,
In 2008, it was certified by Shanghai Great World Guinness As "The World's Largest Stone Mill Collection"
▲ Stone mill
▲Pottery mill model excavated from the tomb of Zhang Sheng in Anyang (Sui Dynasty) Collected by Henan Museum
▲ Grain plus workshop excavated from the tomb of Zhang Sheng in Anyang (Sui Dynasty) Collection of Henan Museum
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