I. Socrates
1. Biography: Socrates (469-399 BC) was an ancient Greek Athenian, famous idealist philosopher and educator. He advocated that only those who have knowledge have virtues in order to govern the country, emphasizing that "virtue is knowledge", the object of knowledge is "good", knowledge is respectable, but it is not instilled in people from the outside, and the human soul is innate. To induce the innate knowledge and virtues of man is education. He was also the first to invent and use a question-and-answer pedagogy characterized by teacher-student conversations, joint discussion of problems, and acquisition of knowledge.
2. Status: (1) The first educator with a long-term influence in the history of Western educational thought; (2) the first philosopher in the West to propose heuristic teaching.
3. Thought of Constant Examination: Midwifery – the term "midwifery" is inspired by Socrates' motherhood profession. Socrates' mother was a midwife, and Socrates regarded the process of human acquisition of knowledge as a process of midwifery, advocating to inspire learning by triggering contradictions in the learner's understanding. "Midwifery" consists of four steps: (1) irony, that is, constantly asking questions to make the other party find themselves aware of contradictions in their understanding; (2) midwifery, that is, helping the other party to get the correct answer to the question; (3) induction, that is, guiding students to find the commonality and essence of things in concrete things; and (4) definition, that is, incorporating individual things into general concepts. "Midwifery" is the earliest instructive teaching method in the West.
4. Quote:
(1) The more you know, the less you know.
(2) Ignorance is sin, and virtue is knowledge.
(3) Thoughts should be born in the hearts of the students, and teachers should simply act as they do.
Ii. Plato
1. Biography: Plato (427 BC - 347 BC), was the great philosopher of ancient Greece and one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the entire Western culture. Plato and the teacher Socrates, the student Aristotle and known as the Three Sages of Greece.
2. Status: The earliest philosophers in the West whose works have been handed down in large quantities
3. Frequent Examination Works: The Republic
4. Frequent examination ideas: (1) The earliest proposer of attaching importance to preschool education and "learning in games" inherited the ideas of Socrates and was the "founder of Western idealism" ;(2) for the first time proposed examination as one of the bases for selecting talents; (3) Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (four studies) were included in the teaching subjects.
5. Quotes:
(1) Initial education should be a kind of entertainment, so that it is easier to discover a person's innate hobbies.
(2) Education is to restrain and guide young people and cultivate their legitimate reason.
(3) Ignorance of oneself is double ignorance.
Iii. Aristotle
1. Biography: Aristotle (384-322 BC), ancient philosopher, ancient Greek, one of the great philosophers, scientists and educators in the ancient history of the world, can be called the epitome of Greek philosophy. He was Plato's student and Alexander's teacher. In 335 BC, he opened a school in Athens called Lucion, known as the School of Escape.
2. Status: Ancient Greek encyclopedic philosopher
3. Frequent examination works: "Political Science"
4. Common examination thought: (1) for the first time proposed that "education should follow the principle of natural development of man", that is, to follow the law of human physical and mental development; (2) to advocate that the most rational is to pursue virtue, that the development of reason is the ultimate goal of education; (3) the earliest proposal for the staged education of children; (4) to advocate liberal education (one of the germs of lifelong education), also known as free education, cultural education needs to have two conditions: leisure time and free disciplines.
(1) I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more.
(2) Education is cheap for national defense.
【Question reproduction】
1. [Single choice question] Aristotle's educational ideas are mainly reflected in his ( ) .
A. The Republic B. Philosophy
C. "On the Education of the Orator" D. "Political Science"
1. [Answer] D. Analysis: This question examines the works of Aristotle. Aristotle's works include "On the Soul" and "Political Science", and his educational ideas are mainly reflected in his "Political Science", so the D option is correct.
Option A, Plato's educational ideas focused mainly on the Republic and the Law. The training of philosophers is the highest goal and main task of Plato's educational thought. Plato's educational ideas include: establishing a curriculum system of "four arts" and attaching importance to women's education. Does not match the stem, exclude.
Option B, for interference. Does not match the stem, exclude.
Option C, The Ancient Roman Kun Ti liang's "On the Education of the Orator" (also known as the "Principle of Eloquence") is the earliest educational work in the West and the first book in the world to study pedagogy. In this work, Kun Tiliang summarizes the learning process as three stages of "imitation-theory-practice". Does not match the stem, exclude.
In summary, the correct answer is D.
2. [Single Choice Question] For the first time, it was proposed that "education should follow the principle of natural development of man", that is, to follow the law of human physical and mental development, and the educator who advocated the most rationality is to pursue virtue is ( ).
A. Socrates B. Plato C. Aristotle D. Rousseau
2. [Answer] C. Analysis: Aristotle's educational ideas examined in this question. Aristotle is known as an ancient Greek encyclopedic philosopher, and his educational ideas include: (1) for the first time put forward that "education should follow the principle of natural development of man", that is, to follow the law of human physical and mental development; (2) to advocate that the most rational is to pursue virtue, that the development of reason is the ultimate goal of education; (3) the earliest proposal for the staged education of children. Therefore, select option C for this question.