England believed that criminals were part of a "criminal class" and should be deported
From 1750 to 1900, the penal system in England changed. Prior to this, punishment was mainly focused on the humiliation and punishment of criminals.
In the UK, punishments such as flogging are common. However, a growing number of members of the public, believing that these punishments are inhumane, are looking for new ways to deal with criminals.
As a result, some have proposed the deportation of offenders, arguing that they are a "criminal class" and that deporting offenders would reduce the crime rate throughout the country.
Send criminals to new countries and establish overseas colonies by the way
The expulsion of criminals from the country could reduce Britain's "criminal class", but it had another purpose, by sending criminals to newly established overseas colonies, and by allowing them to control more colonies.
Criminals provided the British colonies with much-needed labor and allowed overseas communities to thrive. It was a win-win situation for England – both to throw criminals out of Britain and to use them to settle in the colonies.
The criminals were initially sent to the United States, but were interrupted by the American Revolution
Sending criminals to the United States was a fairly effective system for British officials, but this was interrupted by the American Revolution. After the United States formally gained independence in 1783, Britain could no longer send felons to the new sovereign state.
Captain James Cook declared Australia a British colony in 1770
The main conflict of the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, and Britain began to search for new colonies outside of North America. In 1770, Captain James Cook arrived in Australia aboard the Ship Endeavour.
Cook made landfall in Plant Bay on the east coast of Australia, an area now known as New South Wales. He immediately reported to the British crown that a new piece of land had been placed under British control.
Australia's first convict settlement was established in 1788
The UK needed a new location to transport criminals, and Australia offered the perfect solution.
In addition, the new colony provided a convenient base for British ships in the Pacific.
In 1788, Royal Navy Captain Arthur Philip began establishing the first prisoner settlement in Botany Bay. However, when he arrived, he found the area uninhabitable. So I moved to Port Jackson, which is now Sydney Harbour. The environment was more pleasant, and he became the Governor-General of the first Australian colony.
The first fleet consisted of 11 British ships
The first fleet to bring criminals to Australia consisted of 11 ships. Six of them were prisoner transport ships, three were storage ships, and two were naval frigates.
In total, the fleet brought 736 criminals and 1,000 settlers to Australia.
160,000 offenders were transported to penal colonies across Australia
From the first criminal settlement in 1788 to the abolition of prisoner transport in 1868, about 160,000 prisoners were transferred from England to Australia.
After the success of Port Jackson, prisoner settlements were established across Australia, and the transport of prisoners became the norm.
In 1840, the exile ended
As Australia's sense of independence grew, some protests began to emerge. The struggle lasted for more than 16 years, until 1868, when the British were forced to end the exile of criminals to Australia.
The Australian gold rush led to a population surge
After the discovery of gold in Victoria in the 1850s, immigration to Australia surged. At that time, gold diggers from all over the world poured into Australia.
In 1901 the Commonwealth of Australia was established
There is a great deal of autonomy across regions of Australia, and there are also large differences in interests between regions, which also leads to widespread distrust between regions. Between 1860 and 1900, there was little interaction between the colonies.
Over time, however, the desire for a unified Commonwealth grew, and in 1901 the colonies finally united into one nation, the Commonwealth of Australia.
Under this new system, the colonies were transformed into states united under a single federal government. The Commonwealth Government is responsible for defence, immigration, customs, marriage and external affairs. In addition to this, each state has the right to make its own laws.
Australia is still considered British territory
Although Australia established a state with a federal government, it remains British territory. In 1931, the Statute of Westminster provided some clear provisions for both countries. Under this decree, Australia was established as an independent state on an equal footing with britain, jointly loyal to the king.
To this day, Australia remains a member of the Commonwealth.
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