Just as the so-called "three hundred and sixty lines, lines out of the yuan", presumably this sentence is familiar to everyone, so what are the three hundred and sixty lines, today Song Anzhi talks about this problem.
In fact, three hundred and sixty lines is just a general term, which is a general term for all walks of life, and describes the meaning of many industries.
The "line" first appeared in the Sui Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, it had a better development, so it slowly evolved into "three hundred and sixty lines" to refer to the general term for all walks of life.
In fact, the commerce of the Sui and Tang dynasties was very developed, and even the phenomenon of industry god worship was formed, as for how developed it was, Song Anzhi said.
During the Sui Dynasty, there were one hundred and twenty rows and more than 3,000 shops in fengdu, the eastern capital of Luoyang, which was very amazing at that time.
In the Tang Dynasty, commerce was more developed, like the western capital Chang'an originally had two cities, east and west, and in the tang Xuanzong period, it was in Weiyuanying to set up a south city, and Huaqing Palace to set up a north city. Dongshi "has six hundred steps from the east, west, south, and north, and two doors on each side."
According to the "Chang'an Zhi", there are generally walls around the city, and there are two east-west streets and two north-south streets in the city, and the width of each street is more than 30 meters. The west market is about 1,500 meters square, there is no wall around it, there is a tic-tac-toe street in the city, the street is about 18 meters wide, and there are open ditches on both sides of the street. Around the city, there are many mansion shops, which can be described as "four-sided residences".
The mansion in this "di store" is equivalent to the warehouse and wholesale store of later generations, and generally does not operate retail. The store is equivalent to the store of later generations, which is engaged in retail.
The eastern capital of Luoyang, there are three cities of south, north and west, and the south city is in Sui for Fengdu, "east and west, south and north, the land of erfang, three doors on each side", "there are more than 120 lines and 3,000 stores in it, and there are more than 400 shops on the four walls, and the goods are piled up in the mountains.".
It can be seen that many cities in the Tang Dynasty developed commerce, but at that time, a strict separation system of fang and city was implemented, which referred to residential areas and cities referred to commercial areas, and the two were often separated.
According to the records of the "Six Classics of Tang", the commercial activities of the Tang Dynasty were mainly concentrated in the city, generally three hundred drums were opened at noon every day, and three hundred small gongs were struck seven minutes before sunset to close the market. In some places, if the size of the trading market is not large, you can not beat the gong and drum. Generally, shops that operate the same kind of goods in the city are concentrated in the same area, so they are called "rows".
At that time, the head of the line, also known as the elder and the head of the line, was responsible for negotiating and communicating with the government on behalf of the bank and the government, and also cooperated with the government to collect taxes on the bank and stabilize the market and inspect the bank, etc., and internally it was to mediate the conflict of interest between the internal banks.
In addition to the official cities in the prefectures, there were many trading markets in places with large traffic such as the main traffic routes and their Kawazu Ferry, which were called grass markets.
In addition to the grass market, there is also a market market, which is also a virtual market. A market is a regular market, or three days, or five days, and regularly meets somewhere to trade. Because this kind of market must choose a wide open place, it is called a market, which is equivalent to the market every few days in many rural areas today.
Everyone knows that the security of our country is good, everyone goes out to the night market at night to eat, drink and have fun, basically there is no danger, many foreign friends are very envious of this.
In fact, as early as the Tang Dynasty, there were many cities in China that had night markets, such as Wang Jian's "Night Look at Yangzhou City" poem: "The night market shines on the blue clouds, and the high-rise buildings have red sleeves." Now is not a normal day, but a song of self-praise." The late Tang Dynasty poet Du Xunhe described the Suzhou night market in his poem "Sending People to Travel to Wu": "The night market sells lotus roots, and the spring boat carries QiLuo." There is also the poem "SendIng Friends to Visit Wuyue": "Night Market Bridge Fire, Chunfeng Temple Outside the Boat".
It can be seen from the above that the Sui Dynasty commerce was very developed, but because the death of the second emperor existed for a short time, and did not last long, so to the Tang Dynasty, which had a long existence time of nearly three hundred years, commerce was more developed, from large cities to Hejin Ferry and its main traffic routes and finally to villages can be traded through various cities, as well as the development of night markets, the entire empire is not said to be as popular as today, but it is also beginning to take shape, and in that era it can be said to be quite well developed.
With the commercial development of the Tang Empire and the emergence of a large number of industry organizations, the phenomenon of industry god worship also began to take shape.
In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, an official of a certain county in the south took office, and when inspecting the warehouse, he saw that Du Kang, the god of wine, was painted on the door of the wine storehouse, Lu Yu, the god of tea, and Cai Yong, the ancestor of the sauce industry, was painted on the door of the sauce store.
At that time, the tea houses all placed a porcelain statue of Lu Yu on the stove and enshrined him as a "tea god". Gong County, Henan Province, has also formed a special industry for the manufacture and sale of Lu Yu porcelain statues, as long as you buy dozens of tea sets, you will send a porcelain statue. If the business of the family who opens the tea house is not good, they can use tea to water the porcelain statue, which is said to make the business improve.
With the formation of the phenomenon of the worship of industry gods, there were further collective sacrifices of peers at that time.
For example, in the Middle Ages of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, in the Wutaibo Temple in Suzhou, every spring and autumn, the merchants in the guilds of various trades would come to sacrifice and pray, and every day there was an endless stream of people carrying all kinds of paper paste women, servants, cars, horses and other paper ties to present to this historical "Three King".
Finally, let's talk about the Tang Dynasty not only internal commercial prosperity, but also foreign commercial trade is also prosperous, it can be said that it is one of the best in the past.
At that time, Chang'an West City gathered a lot of Hu merchants from the western region, as well as foreign merchants such as Persia and Dashi. The eastern capital luoyang and Yangzhou are developed because of the development of water transport, and there are many foreign merchants who come and go.
Guangzhou was the country's largest foreign trade port at that time, and most of the foreign merchant ships from the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean stayed here, and the Tang Dynasty even set up a special municipal shipping department to be responsible for foreign trade.
The commercial development of the Tang Dynasty can be said to be an important channel for the Tang Dynasty to export culture to the outside world, so that many foreign merchants have seen the strength of the Tang Dynasty, returning to their home countries once spread, so many foreigners have gone to the Tang Dynasty to study, which is also an important reason why the Tang Dynasty enjoyed a reputation in the world later, and thousands of years later, although the Tang Dynasty has become the past tense, in the Chinatowns of various countries in the world, it is still silent to tell the powerful influence of the tang dynasty.
And the Dream Sheng Tang is called one of the three peak dynasties of ancient times, from this point of view, it is indeed well-deserved.
Thank you for watching Song Anzhi's exclusive original article, focusing on the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties and its great history of China, like to talk about those immutable histories from a different perspective, I think friends can remember to like and pay attention to Ha.