Every time the N1 sprint starts, I will review the basic concepts of grammar with you, such as part of speech, subject and object. When it comes to part of speech, everyone can immediately think of nouns, verbs, and adjectives, while in contrast, it seems that the presence of adverbs is relatively low (and conjunctions), which is a category that is easily forgotten.
However, adverbs are an indispensable and important role in Japanese expression, and they are frequently used in the study and examination of the N1 stage. N1's third major question synonym substitution, the fourth major topic chooses the vocabulary context, the fifth major question grammar multiple choice question, and the seventh major question Of Gestalt fill-in-the-blank, it can be said that there are adverbs every year.
It is difficult to give too much time to adverbs in the class of the sprint class, and in order to make up for it, let's re-recognize the adverb today.
What was the first adverb you learned?
At first, I thought that adverbs should have appeared when learning verbs, a series of adverbs that represent frequency, such as "よく", "時々" and so on. But when I went back and looked through the textbooks at the beginning of the standard day, I found that there were adverbs in the first lesson, that is, "どうぞ" and "どうも", which was not very unexpected.
As an aside, these two adverbs are referred to by many Japanese learners as "サバイバル・ジャパンニーズ" (survival Japanese), which means that even foreigners who have just arrived in Japan and cannot speak a few words of Japanese can cope with Japanese conversations in most everyday life scenarios as long as they are proficient in "どうぞ" and "どうも".
Japanese adverbs are actually a large family, and they are not clearly demarcated from many other parts of speech. The number of adverbs varies greatly from dictionary to dictionary, but the number of adverbs including onomatopoepoeia is about 3,000 to 5,000 words.
For comparison, the number of adverbs commonly used in modern Chinese is about 300, and the maximum number of adverbs is around 600, and the difference is immediate. Of course, the reason why there are so many Japanese adverbs is mainly the existence of onomatopoeia, which is also a difficult problem for Japanese learners.
When it comes to adverbs, what are the first words that come to mind?
I guess a lot of people think of adverbs of degree like "とても" and "大変". This is probably the only adverb that everyone has a firm grasp of and can actively use in Japanese sentence making and writing practice.
The more common method in academic circles is to divide adverbs into three categories, namely "modal adverbs" that indicate patterns, "adverbs of degrees" that indicate degrees, and "declarative adverbs" used in specific grammars. But these three categories actually can't cover all the adverbs, so you can probably have an impression.
Since adverbs are so diverse, how do we identify which ones are?
When we see an unknown verb in a sentence, we can use the verb deformation rules to derive the basic shape of the verb, and then look up the dictionary. But the adverb seems to be difficult to distinguish directly from the form. Let's think together about what adverbs look like.
Adverbs are mostly Harmonic words, although there are Chinese words such as "outside the case", "one layer", "small", "sudden", but the number is limited. Although adverbs do not have a clear and recognizable form like adjectives and verbs, there are certain laws to follow. From the morphology, you can roughly see the following:
1. "To", "in", "sometimes", "mainly", "provisional", "further", "together", "in", etc. The two-way adjective addition "Ni" is a secondary action that has been raised.
2. "Rin" 结词, statues "suddenly", "clear", "secret", "still", "quite", etc., there are many voices.
3 Abab formal vocality, statues "pounding", "hiyahiya", "ukiuki", "uzuuzu", etc.
4. "To" obio-shi, "surely", "more", "much", "purposely", ""Urari", etc. Naturally, it is "It is clear" and "Talk sloppyly" in "And" re-addition on the face ya ka on the voice of the voice.
5 Or less,"2010", "Unfortunately", "As much as possible", "At all", "Soon", "Well", etc. One-way adjective "I" 变 "Iku", a positively appointed sub-action.
6. "Tei" sub-heed, such as "dare", "extremely", "ine", "never", "again", etc. Naturally, it is a basic policy of ying and it is a metaphysical vice-oxal.
7. "Too" side-by-side, such as "always", "thank you", "very", "best", etc.
Of course, there are many adverbs that do not fall into the above type, such as "なお", "未だ", "少し", "まるで", "まさか", "むしろ" and so on, and the variety of ends can be said to be very casual. There are also some that look more confusing, such as "すこぶる", which will recognize verbs if you are not careful. Therefore, friends who have been learning Japanese for a long time should still remember the parts of speech in their daily accumulation.
Now that we understand the morphology of adverbs, let's talk about the function of adverbs. The familiar function is to modify verbs and adjectives, but adverbs do much more than that. Let's take a look:
1. Training: "Study properly" and "Speak slowly"
2 Shu-adjectives: "I'm very happy" and "It's very beautiful"
3. Shu-Ying: "As soon as possible" and "More seriously"
4 Shuji no Kaku: "It's certainly that person"
5 Modified nouns:
(1) "Right up", "More right", "Only one" "Long ago"
(2) Re-training of Ka"Sudden Request" "Rainy Day Time"
6. "It is" or "It" and "It is" and "It is still" and "It is".
7 Declarative adverbs and specific sentence patterns echo the use. Common categories:
(1) Echo the negative sentence pattern
"Delicious" "I know"
"Admit" "Not good"
(2) Echo speculative sentence patterns
"Happy" "My misunderstanding"
It will rain tomorrow.
(3) Echoes the assumed sentence pattern
"I'm not happy I was able to do that"
What are you going to do if you win the lottery?
(4) Echo the question sentence pattern
"I can't lose weight"
"That's true."
(5) Echo the figurative sentence pattern
"Angel" "Is it real?"
I especially hope that you can master the adverbs used in this kind of correspondence with specific sentence patterns, in addition to often appearing in grammar questions, but also because the Japanese predicates are behind, mastering these adverbs can also help us divide long and difficult sentences, cultivate the ability to speculate on the content of the text, and then effectively improve the reading speed.
Adverbs have such a variety of functions in grammar, but many students do not remember adverbs very much. I think there may be several reasons for this. First, adverbs mostly appear under kana, which is not worth mentioning at all for students who rely on Chinese characters for reading for speed. Moreover, it is precisely because the adverb forms are varied and functional, students who do not have a solid vocabulary foundation cannot see which adverbs in the sentence are. Or, most of the time, a sentence ignores the adverb and only grasps the trunk, and the general idea of the sentence is also understandable, especially in listening, and it is often directly ignored in the case of listening to the general idea.
But does ignoring adverbs really have little impact? According to Professor Kei Ishiguro, a major function of adverbs is to convey emotions. Delicate emotional expression through language is very important for Japanese people who pay attention to details, are good at caring for others, and are extremely sensitive to subtle changes in interpersonal relationships. Adding more adverbs to the sentence does not add the main message of the sentence, but it will reflect the emotional care of the expressor for the receiver. This is evident in the many honorific styles of mail and letters. Let's look at this sentence:
I'm very sorry when you are busy, but → 强调歉
→ urges us to send us an e-quote as soon as possible.
Thank you for your stay. →调请诚
This is a commonly used urging sentence in business email exchanges. The three adverbs in the sentence only play a role in emphasizing, and after removing them, they do not affect the amount of information in the sentence, but the impression given to the reader is very different. The impression received from the text itself may directly affect the reader's mood and attitude towards the author, and then change the direction of interpersonal relationships.
Of course, there are many such examples, and I hope that you can pay more attention to comparing the various aspects of adverbs in emotional communication. If there were no such colorful adverbs, how would you let the Japanese write greetings, how would Japanese politicians speak their speeches, and how would the Japanese perform their interpersonal "micro-exercises"?
Above, we have made a more detailed sorting out of the number, classification, morphology, and function of adverbs, hoping to deepen everyone's understanding of adverbs, and in the future japanese language learning, do not easily ignore such colorful parts of speech.
bibliography
Kei Ishiguro, "Cultivating Rich Vocabulary"
"Japanese Front and Back" Tetsuro Morimoto
"Basic Japanese Grammar: Revised Edition" co-authored by Takashi Masuoka and Nori Takubo
"Japanese Lexicology Course" edited by Zhu Jingwei
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Text/Teacher Chen
Editor/Teacher Chen
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