What technologies must be promoted to increase yields in the cultivation of tomatoes in drylands
Cao Zhefeng
Dryland agriculture refers to agriculture in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas prone to drought with scarce precipitation and no irrigation conditions, mainly relying on natural precipitation and adopting a series of dry farming technical measures to develop drought-born or drought-resistant and drought-tolerant crops. It is a cultivation system that relies entirely on natural precipitation for crop production in arid, semi-arid or sub-humid areas. Dryland agriculture is mostly concentrated in the arid areas of the north, where there is more land and less water, the surface water resources are insufficient, and the groundwater resources are scarce in plain areas and hilly mountainous areas with undulating terrain, broken surface and far from water sources.
Tomato root strength is developed, water absorption capacity is strong, leaf evaporation water is strong, is a drought-tolerant crop, both drought-tolerant and needs a lot of water, fast growth at the seedling stage, the soil should not be too wet, to control watering, flowering and fruiting period need to be watered frequently. Generally guaranteed about 10d watering 1 time, but do not flood irrigation to cause dead roots, flowering and fruit setting period such as watering is not timely or too controlled watering, will cause a large area of umbilical rot, soil too dry will also cause physiological curls. Tomatoes do not have strict soil requirements, the soil layer is thick and well drained, and the loam soil with strong soil permeability, sandy loam soil, and improved alkaline soil can be planted.
In the cultivation of tomatoes in drylands, in order to increase yields, it is necessary to promote the application of technologies such as "autumn ploughing and strong land preparation" and "three mounds of land preparation", water storage and water conservation irrigation, mulch film covering and cultivation of protected areas, etc., to curb agricultural pollution and ecological degradation, and achieve the improvement of arable land fertility 0. 2 grades, crop water utilization rate increased by 5%, drought resistance and water saving of good seeds penetration rate of 90%, can be mechanical operation of dryland popularization and application of mechanized dryland agricultural technology level of more than 90% of the green, large-scale, standardized production purposes.
While increasing production, it is necessary to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products and personal health. The green control of dryland tomatoes is particularly important. In view of the characteristics of the growth period of dryland tomatoes, the implementation of the "prevention first, comprehensive prevention" plant protection policy, to achieve zero use of chemical pesticides, disease and insect control effect of more than 90%, hazard loss control below 10% level, the number of natural enemy populations has increased, the quality rate has been significantly improved, pesticide residues do not exceed the standard of green organic standards.
1 Selection and breeding of non-toxic seedlings
1. 1 Choose varieties with strong disease resistance and stress resistance
Pink Fruit Prince, Hard Powder Storm, F1 Pink Fruit, etc., Powder Fruit is resistant to tomato leaf mold.
1.2 Seed treatment
1. 2. 1 warm soup soaked seeds
Soak in warm water at 55°C for 15 ~ 20min, stirring while soaking. After that, wrap it in white gauze, keep it moist, and place it in a germination box or porcelain container at 25 to 30 ° C for 6 to 8 hours, and then sow seeds after 70% of the seeds sprout or white mouth. It can prevent and control leaf mold, ulcer disease, early blight and so on.
1. 2. 2 potassium permanganate soaked
0. 1% ～ 0. 15% potassium permanganate solution soaked in seeds for 15 to 20 minutes can prevent viral diseases, tomato premature blight, tomato anthrax and so on.
1. 2. 3 Carbendazim soaked
50% carbendazim solution soaked in nightshade seeds for 1 to 2 hours, can prevent tomato early blight and tomato late blight.
1. 2. 4 Trisodium phosphate soaked
First soak the seeds with water for 3 to 4 hours, and then put in 10% trisodium phosphate solution to soak the solanum seeds for 2 to 4 hours, fish out and wash. It can prevent tomato virus disease. Soaking precautions: The volume of the solution is 2 times that of the seed, and the liquid level is 5 to 10 cm higher than the seed.
1. 3 Seedbed disinfection
Mix with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 50% Fumei bis-wettable powder according to 1 : 1, or 25% methanelin wettable powder with 70% Daisen manganese zinc wettable powder according to 9 ∶ 1, according to the drug 8 ~ 10g / m2 and 15 ~ 30g / m2 fine sand soil mixed. 1/3 of the bed is laid and 2/3 of the seed is covered.
1.4 Insect net isolation
When cultivating in a protected area, put air vents up and down the shed to hang anti-insect nets. Insect net isolation technology is to keep pests out of the net, can isolate aphids, spotted flies, cotton bollworms and other pests, and control the occurrence of viral diseases caused by the spread of pests. In addition, the insect net also has the functions of adjusting the ground temperature, shading and humidification, and anti-frost. The size of the insect-proof net is 25~40 mesh, and the width is 1~1. 2m。
2 Growth phase prevention and control
2. 1 Selection of location
Plot 3a above rotation, the front stubble can not be cucumbers, potatoes. 2a Above crop rotation, the previous stubble is better for corn.
2. 2 Medium tillage weeding
Remove the old leaf disease leaves on the plant in time and cultivate the weeds. Diseased leaves and weeds are taken out of the field and buried.
2. 3 Daejeon builds anti-hail nets
Anti-hail net cost is low, easy to build and construct, simple operation. Five defenses: anti-hail, anti-rain, anti-bird, sun-proof, anti-insect. Strong convective weather often causes hailstones to cool down suddenly, even reaching -3°C, leading to frost damage. Anti-hail nets can play an effective protective role, and experiments have shown that the prevention and control effect on harsh natural conditions such as hail and heavy rain has reached more than 80%.
2.4 Hang the black light
The phototropism of insects is used to trap and kill adult insects, reduce the amount of eggs dropped in the field, and reduce the density of insect populations, such as nocturnal moth insects, cotton bollworms, etc. It is also safer against predators.
Cotton bollworm and smoking worm are both black-brown, the main difference is that the hair on both sides of the forethia intersects with the lower end of the anterior thorax valve is the cotton bollworm, and the obvious separation is the smoke green worm.
2. 5 Yellow plate booby trap techniques
Harmful insects such as whitefly, aphids and spotted flies have yellowing characteristics, and are controlled by using the special spectral reaction principle of pests and the ecological law of light color.
Apply viscose to the yellow board, which contains insect pheromones. Pheromones play an inducing role. After being covered with insects, it can be scraped off and washed off with water. Reuse multiple times. It has the characteristics of high temperature resistance and rain resistance.
After sowing seedlings for 1 month or after planting slow seedlings, place 20 to 30 pieces/hm2 yellow plates (25cm×40cm), and the hanging height should be 10cm higher than the plant growth point.
2. 6 Blue Plate Booby Trap Techniques
In view of the characteristics of melon thrips on blue, it can be booby-trapped by blue plates.
2. 7 Silver-gray film avoidance
The use of aphids has the characteristics of avoiding gray, hanging silver gray film in the field, can drive away aphids, prevent aphids from migrating and spreading poison, and reduce the degree of harm. Color film avoidance uses the avoidance of pests to drive away and trap, which is harmless to natural enemies.
Hanging silver-gray film strips around the vegetable field or shed, the width and spacing of the strips are 15cm, or the silver-gray mulch film covered on the ground can avoid aphids and control the spread of viruses by aphids.
3 Consequential phase prevention and control
3. 1 Potassium deficiency prevention
Spray 0. 2%～ 0. 3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, increase nutrients, prevent abnormal fruit coloration caused by potassium deficiency physiological disorders, and tendon rot.
3. 2 Anti-calcium deficiency
Spray 1% to 2% of calcium superphosphate plus molybdenum acid to increase nutrients and prevent umbilical rot caused by physiological disorders of calcium deficiency.
4 Other commonly used agents and methods
4. 1 Avermectin
Avermectin due to the small residue on the surface of the plant, the damage to beneficial insects is small, in the soil is easy to be adsorbed by the soil will not move, and is decomposed by microorganisms, so there is no cumulative effect in the environment. It is easy to modulate, the preparation can be used by pouring into water and stirring, and it will not produce drug harm when applied according to the instructions for use, and can be used as one of the comprehensive prevention and control measures. 1. 8% avermectin can prevent and control green worms, aphids, spotted fly, tea yellow mites, root knot nematodes and so on.
4. 2 Bacillus
Bacillus thuringiensis Bt, good effect on the control of nocturnal moths of cotton bollworm.
4.3 Smoke and dust method
Compared with conventional sprays, the smoke fumigation and dust method control of diseases and insects in the cultivation of protected areas have the characteristics of not increasing the humidity in the shed, reducing labor intensity, and saving pesticides.
4. 3. 1 Gray mold
4. 3. 1. 1 Fumigation of tobacco
In the evening, 200 to 300g of smoke per 10% socorn or 45% bacillus smoke clearing agent, lit and closed for 1 night.
4. 3. 1. 2 Dust agent control
6. Available in protected areas 5% Vanillarin dust agent or 5% bacillus dust removal agent, according to 1kg/hm 2 for control.
4. 3. 2 Early and late blight occur in protected areas
4. 3. 2. 1 Aerosols
45% Bacillus aerosol remover, every 250/hm 2, placed in several places, lit in the evening and sealed in a closed shed for 1 night.
4. 3. 2. 2 Dust agent
Use 5% bacillus to clear the dust and spray powder according to 1kg/hm 2.
4. 3. 3 greenhouse whitefly
When whitefly occurs heavily, after closing the shed in the evening, smoke it with 10% aphid smoke 500 g/hm 2 or 22% dichlorvos 300 g/hm 2.
4. 4 Scientific spraying
When spraying flowers, add 0. 1% sokolin wettable powder and a small amount of streptomycin water agent can prevent germs from infecting the fruit from the flower, such as gray mold control.
4. 5 Amicida (Melydia)
It is suitable for pre-morbidity prevention and early pathogenesis to control the scope of onset. It can be used at the seedling stage, flowering stage and fruiting stage. 1500 times liquid for the prevention and control of late blight.
4. 6 Green zombies
A class of fungi capable of parasitizing a variety of pests, entering the pest through the surface of the body or by feeding action, and constantly multiplying in the pest. By consuming nutrients, mechanical penetration, producing toxins, and constantly spreading through pest populations, pests are deadly. Green zombie bacteria have a certain degree of specificity, harmless to people and animals, but also have the advantages of not polluting the environment, no residue, and pests will not produce resistance. It can control underground pests such as grubs and grubs.