Original author: Pang Zhishu
The big grass house waiting for the doom of the fall (image from the Internet)
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the aesthetics of the Chinese people</h1>
About 20 years ago, I went to Beijing for the first time. I want to see Beijing's "Tiananmen" because I sing the song "I love Beijing Tiananmen, the sun rises on Tiananmen" from my mouth; what I see is the red propaganda poster of the state leaders standing on Tiananmen Square waving to the masses. For our generation, Tiananmen square and Huabiao are a kind of national and national totem. As soon as he saw Tiananmen, he felt a little sad in his heart. Accustomed to looking at high-rise buildings, Tiananmen Square looks so low, how the dark red wall and the heart of the golden splendor, the contrast is so great. Huabiao also cracked with the weathering of the years, lost its edges and corners, turned yellow in color, and even nailed steel nails in some places, and was very disappointed in my heart. The aesthetics of the Chinese people are more or less like this, just like "tall, big, new", disregarding the background of the times, and to evaluate and even modify the appearance of historical buildings.
The original west gable of the large grass house. (Image from the Internet)
Professor Yu Dahua of Liaoning Normal University once said: "When we study and study history, we look at the past from the perspective of today, which makes it easy to make two mistakes: First, we take today's standards to demand our predecessors and do not understand the difficulties of our predecessors." Another is to look from the back to the front, already know the results, it is easy to do things after Zhuge Liang, to harshly rebuke the predecessors. ”
Fenced yard
After 20 years have passed, as I have grown older, my experience has increased, my knowledge has increased, and I feel ashamed of my ignorance of history when I was young. Historical buildings should be what they should look like, not changes with the thinking and understanding of some people and the aesthetics of the times. Why do you feel this way, because in 2020, the big grass house in Qiqihar has become what it looks like in the picture below.
I left the building next to it to tell everyone that the big grass house has grown and is two stories high. This semi-finished product is covered with grass, which is the "big grass house"?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Heilongjiang big grass house in literary and historical materials</h1>
It is said that in the northeast, the living grass house has a history of more than 7,000 years, (the Xinle ruins in Shenyang and the Ang Ang Xi site in Qiqihar have the remains of the grass houses). Due to the unbearable cold winter in the north, it is rich in reeds and thatch, and people in ancient times found that the soil of swamps and meadows is extremely viscous and hard as stone after drying. Because of the convenience of materials and the low cost, the clever ancient northerners began to build "dizi" a long time ago, (Hezhe is called "Huribu" in Hezhe language, and the winter residences of manchus, Hezhe, Orunchun and other ethnic groups have had this form). A "ground crater" is a cave house made of hides, soil or grass, with rectangular pits dug out of the ground, and then erected with pillars and feet, and a pointed support that rises above the ground. This is the prototype of the grass house.
In 2004, the Fishermen of the Hezhe ethnic group who also lived in the earth manzi.
Ethnic minorities in northeast China, because they do not have their own writing, many cultures and histories can only be passed on by word of mouth, so that the living customs of many ethnic groups in Heilongjiang have formed many national proverbs and national poetry. For example: "The cold hut is a house, filled with hungry meat for food, greets the gods with drums first, sends only incense, and treats the bridesmaids with the same surname, and hangs children to avoid wolves." (Excerpt from the photocopy of the "Chronicle of Heilongjiang Yaohun County", Bian Jin's poem "Thirty Rhymes of the Chronicle of OrunChun") The red character part is to record that the Olunchun people, in order to resist the cold, lived in a grass house.
Photocopied edition by Huang Chengzu published by Taipei Chengwen Publishing House Co., Ltd
On the seventh day of February in the 52nd year of the Kangxi Dynasty (March 3, 1713), Fang Dengyi was implicated in the Literal Prison Case, and his son Fang Dengyi, his brother Fang Yunlu (Fang Xuancheng's third son), Fang Yun's son Fang Shiliang, and his wife were all sent to Heilongjiang. Leaving behind two poems related to the grass house, Fang Dengyi's poem "To Bu Kui City Hatching Rate Ten Songs" in "covered grass weaving wool house number, confinement and block this business." In The poem "To Bu Kui Yu Wu Completed Jing he Jia Jun Yuan Yun" (至布魁葺屋) "Poor and desolate, envy Xuan Yao, wipe the soil and curse Mao Mao's own camp." "Among them, the meaning of the grass is to remove the thatch; by extension, it is the settlement of the knot. Moth means loess to build a wall and thatched house.
The "ground curtain" in the mountains and forests.
According to Teacher Fu Weiguang's "Golden Armor in the City - The Great Grass House that Has Gone Through the Vicissitudes of Bu Kui City", there are three articles that describe the relevant scenes of the grass house in Heilongjiang.
1. Volume 6 of the Heilongjiang Waiji (written in the fifteenth year of Qing Jiaqing (1810)) by the Western Qing Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty also describes it: "The south-facing three trees of the grass house, or the five trees, are all centered as the hall house, and the west is the upper house." ”
2. Xu Zongliang of the Qing Dynasty wrote "Outline of Heilongjiang" (written in the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889)) to record that Qiqihar "the wood plants in Jiang Province are extremely lowly, and the wind is strong." The craftsman-made house, first column wood, into the soil one-third. The top is coated with grass and mud. All four walls are built with earth. Open things more to extend the day. Warm in winter and cool in summer, it is better to regard rafters as well." The grass hut described in this article is the "earth mantle".
3. The Qing Dynasty's "Longsha Jiluo Wuyu" (道妃; 1676-1717), first written after the death of Daoji, in the 20th year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1755) of the Tongcheng Fangshi Journal "Shu Ben Tang Poetry Collection") recorded: "The grass hut is thick and thick, and it is re-eaten at the age of three." The same is true of the official office, which is warmer than the watt. Temple of The Temple. "Meaning, the toma grass on the roof of the grass house is one foot thick and needs to be repaired every three years to keep warm. The official government gates are also all tortoise roofs, and such houses are better than the thermal insulation effect of tile houses. Only temples and nunneries were built into tile houses.
The north wall of the large grass house. (Image from the Internet)
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the method of making earthen walls</h1>
In the north, the traditional methods of making earthen walls are roughly as follows:
1. Adobe walls. The adobe is artificially manufactured, in the adobe mold, filled with a mixture of thin soil and hay, the thin soil is compacted, the adobe mold is removed, and after drying naturally, the adobe can be obtained. Walls built with adobe are called adobe walls. I went to Meris in the summer of 1990, probably in the village of Houping, and it was too long and my memory was blurred. A high school female classmate lived in an adobe house, and the family was surrounded by walls, and she immediately felt compassion.
Adobe molds
In October 2011, a Uighur man in Maza Village, Turpan, Xinjiang, was making adobe from local clay.
2. Fazzard wall. The northern faith, also known as the grass mound, refers to the rhizomes of perennial herbaceous plants in the herbaceous swamp or meadow, often intertwined with the soil to form a lump. Such as reeds, cattails, moss, etc. can form a pouch. In late autumn, where the water content is low, special iron square shovels are used to dig out the from the swamp or meadow and cut into square or rectangular pouch blocks. The fai is slowly and naturally shaded, and by the spring of the following year, the fai can be built like an adobe. Fa zi has the characteristics of saving labor and materials, and the fa zi house also has the characteristics of warm in winter and cool in summer, which is a simple house common in the northern forest area.
Herbaceous swamps, cluster by cluster, can be made into pouches.
In winter, piles of yards full of blocks.
3. Pull the nuclear wall. Pulling core walls are also called hanging mud walls, grass mud walls. As for the method of building the nuclear wall, the "Longsha Kilio House" of the method of pulling the nuclear wall is also recorded in detail; "Pulling the nuclear wall, the nuclear is also a bone." Wood is made of bone and mud, hence the name. The standing wood is a pillar, five feet is between, the layers are applied to the horizontal wood, the phase is removed from the ruler, and the grass is covered with mud, hanging and rowed, and the years are coated. The thick ruler is stronger than Weng. According to this document, it can be seen that the core wall should first be buried several columns on the foundation, spaced five feet (1.66 meters), and then install horizontal bracings on the wooden pillars, each with a spacing of one foot (0.33 meters), twisting the plant straw or the pulling nucleus braid made of grass and mud, installing it between the horizontal braces, weaving from the ground to the roof, and then smearing mud on both sides after it is completely dry. Such walls can be self-contained, strong and durable, warm and cold, especially suitable for cold areas.
Schematic diagram of the structure of the pull core wall
4. Dry base. A simple method of building a wall, in which two fixed planks are filled with clay to tame. Clay is mixed soil (triad soil) in proportion to add soil, lime, sand, sprinkled water to mix evenly, but also with rice soup stirring. Mixed soil after mixing, can not be exposed to the rain, to pile up for 24 hours before use.
Dry base construction site in old photos.
Commonly used earthen walls, earthen house construction methods and fork walls, etc., will not be introduced here.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > my impression of the Qiqihar grass house</h1>
In the city of Qiqihar, there was originally only a large grass house with the Style of the Daur ethnic group and the Manchu people on North Avenue. In January 2006, it was listed as a municipal protected cultural relic. At that time, there were two families living in it. The large grass house covers an area of about 150 square meters. There is a square smoke pipe on the east and west gables of the large grass house, which is particularly eye-catching. This kind of smoke pipe is the unique feature of the traditional grass houses of the Daur people and manchus. In the northeast, people call it "cross-sea smoke tube", "floor-to-ceiling smoke pipe", manchu "Hulan". This kind of pipe changes from thick to thin, like the upper part of a wine bottle.
The cigarette holder on the side of the big grass landlord at that time
The outer wall of the large grass house, the outside is green bricks, the inside is the earthen wall, the northeast people call this kind of wall "inside and outside the cooked", this kind of wall has both earthen wall, brick wall of solid and warm in winter and cool in summer.
The large grass house is a typical symmetrical pattern of "light three dark five", that is, three rooms in the morning sun and five rooms in the shade. There is no need for lighting in the longitudinal direction, and it is all a nuclear wall. Horizontal lighting is required, so the east and west rooms are divided into front and rear "warm pavilions" with wooden "partitions" (also called partitions). The "partition fan" can be removed so that the space can be enlarged. Generally speaking, it is the New Year's Festival, wedding and funeral, sacrifice celebration, the "partition fan" is removed, the ceremony is over, and then the "partition fan" is installed. In the whole building, there is not a single nail.
The already rare format of the hanging window
The east and west sides of the south wall are decorated with brick carvings. The south windows are all practical format hanging windows. It turned out to be paste paper, poor light transmittance, and when the weather was good during the day, the window would be opened. The glass windows inside the format hanging windows are installed later, not the original grass house. There is a large kang in the room, there is a kang table on the kang, and on the side of the kang is placed a kang qin filled with futons...
The original brick carving on the south side of the big grass house on the top of the hill.
Filmed in November 2020. Is this cement formwork prefabricated thing the same thing as the original brick carving?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the architectural form of the Qing Dynasty</h1>
As far as I know, the architectural form of the Qing Dynasty is also hierarchical and very exquisite.
The construction system of the royal palace, the east and west roads can be freely configured, the middle road is the same, mainly the palace gate (also known as the palace gate, the prince's palace 5 rooms, the county king 3 rooms), the shadow wall, the main hall (also known as the Silver An Hall), the second house gate, the shrine, the back building, the family temple and so on.
One to five pin officials, seven halls and seven halls each, the roof ridge is allowed to use tile beasts, beams, bucket arches, cornices are decorated with green and blue paint, and the door houses are three, with green oil animal faces to swing tin rings. Six to nine pin officials, three rooms each in the hall, one at the main entrance, the door is black, with an iron ring.
What I want to say is that the feudal dynasty, a private house, will be 5 or 6 meters high, and will it be higher than the Heilongjiang General's Mansion and Dafu Didu at that time? Will this be allowed?
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > disappointed</h1>
After more than ten years of waiting, the residents of the big grass house finally moved away, but the building was gone, in response to a sentence in Mr. Tan Yanqiao's book, "The grass house that faces the doom of being shoveled." The refurbished construction craftsmanship is entirely modern reinforced concrete. After more than 100 years, it has finally "changed its old appearance to a new look". The big grass house is no longer it, it "the waist is not sore, the legs are not painful", and it has "become fat and grown".
Architectural artifacts do not speak, architectural artifacts only record what humans do. Why don't engineering designers learn history? Why do architectural artifacts always fall into the hands of ordinary construction workers for restoration? Why don't they have a little reverence when they build bricks and plaster cement?
Filmed in November 2020. This building is covered with grass and smeared with mud walls, which is a big grass house?
Writing this, the depressed atmosphere is full of whole body!
According to the memory, with the information, tell what I know about the great beauty Qiqihar! I am @ Bi lin drizzle to listen to the wind and drink wine, like my article please pay attention to, forward, like. Thank you!
bibliography:
1. Chronicle of Heilongjiang Yaohun County (photocopy version of Huang Chengzu, publisher, Taipei Chengwen Publishing House Co., Ltd.)
2. "Longsha Pen Tan" Chinese chapter "Wind and Rain Vicissitudes of the Great Grass House" (Tan Yanqiao, edited by Zhang Shousheng, and published internally by Bu Kui Academy)
3. Selected Poems of Heilongjiang Dynasties (Edited by Long Yin Poetry Society, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House)
4. Chronicle of The History and Culture of Qiqihar (by Fu Weiguang, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House)
5. Journal of Jilin Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture (April 2010) chapter Chinese chapter "A Discussion on Residential Architectural Culture in Northeast China" by Wei Baowei, Xu Wenfang, Liu Xinxing