Shuyuan education is a form of private education in ancient China, and books and engraving constitute an organic part of shuyuan education, and this article expounds the dialectical relationship between the two interdependent and common development.
The term "academy" originated from the Tang Dynasty. As a unique educational institution that has lasted for more than a thousand years, it sprouted in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, continued in the Yuan, and was fully popularized in the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the beginning, as an official academy, its main responsibility was to "compile ancient and modern scriptures". By the Song Dynasty, the academy evolved into a kind of teaching organization for chinese folk disciples to give lectures. According to relevant statistics, the total number of colleges in China's past dynasties should be higher than 6,600.
The main purpose of the existence of the academy is to study knowledge, cultivate talents, and disseminate knowledge, and the related library collection and engraving activities also occupy an important place in the history of Chinese publishing.
"Literature carries the tao", and books are inseparable from research, training talents, and disseminating knowledge. In view of this, most of the ancient academies in China, especially the famous academies, have built library buildings and have rich collections of books. For example, the famous library buildings of the Song Dynasty Academy include: Songyang Academy Library, Yuelu Academy Imperial Library, Heshan Academy Zunjing Pavilion, Lize Academy Testament Pavilion, Xishan Academy Chongwen Pavilion, White Deer Cave Academy Yunzhang Pavilion, Zhaxi Academy Mingjing Pavilion, Longshan Academy Liujing Pavilion and so on. By the Qing Dynasty, the collection of books in the academy was widely valued, and when the academy was built, it was necessary to collect books, so the academies everywhere created a wide range of book collections to collect the books of the Hundred Families of Scripture and History, as a means for teachers and students to study and teach.
Tracing back to the source, there are roughly four sources of books in the academy.
The first is the imperial gift, and the emperors of successive dynasties often gave books to the academy. Among the four major academies in the early Song Dynasty, there were three major academies of Bailudong, Songyang and Yuelu that received letters from the emperor. The earliest time for the White Deer Cave Academy to obtain the book was in the second year of the Taiping Revival (977), when at the request of Zhou Shu of Jiangzhou Zhizhou, Emperor Taizong of Song zhao Guangyi gave the Nine Confucian Classics of the Guozi Prison the "Poems", "Books", "Yi", "Rituals", "Rituals", "Zhou Li", "Zuo Chuan", "Ram Biography", and "Gu Liang Biography" printed by the Guozi Prison. Songyang Academy received a copy of the Nine Classics from the emperor in the second year of the reign of Emperor Taizong of Song (996). Yuelu Academy also received letters from the emperor twice in the early Song Dynasty. The first time was in the fourth year of Xianping (1001), at the request of Li Yunze of Tanzhou Zhizhou, Emperor Zhenzong of Song gave Guozi the shulou of the shulou of the commentaries on the scriptures, Yishu, and the "Records of History", "Jade Chapters", "Tang Yun" and other books. The second time was in the eighth year of Dazhongxiangfu (1015), when Shan Changzhou was summoned by Emperor Zhenzong of Song for "learning and doing good" and running a school, and was appointed as the chief of the GuoziJian. Zhou Shijian asked Professor Huishan to give it to the secretary of the Inner House, Kurama, and the plaque of "Yuelu Academy" to show his manifestation.
Second, social elites and literati often donate books to the academy. Volume 17 of the "Collection of Epitaphs": Zhang Boxing "Built the Aofeng Academy to worship Mr. Song Wu, set up a hundred and twenty schools in Huicheng, a scholar with aspirations, a scholar with lofts, a thousand volumes of books collected by the monks, filled them, and extensively searched for the suicide notes of the First Confucian Collection, and published them in the second edition, and the scholars were encouraged to revitalize and the science was restored." The volume is 111 years: Li Zhaoyuan "Wen Geng Yi'an advocated the study of Songyang Academy, Jun ming Zi Han went to ask for advice, repurchased books and sent them to the library building". Volume 25 of the Collected Works of the Continuing Tablets: Hu Linyi "is the Academy of Proverbs, and the books collected by the family are included in it, so that people can know pragmatic learning." The book contains 21 years: Li Yaodong, the governor of Hunan, "bought books for 500 taels of public currency (1,000 texts for 1,000 taels) to benefit the sons of the scholars of Yuelu Academy in Hunan Province" (1,000 yuan).
The third is the self-published books of the college. For example, Jiangyin Nanjing Academy once set up a special bookstore to print books. In the volume of Wang Xianqian's "Self-Determined Chronology", there is an article in the first month of the twelfth year of Guangxu (1886) entitled "The Situation of the Five Genera of the Examination of the Year of The Year and the Matters Concerning the Establishment of Bureaus and Publications", which mentions: "In addition to the commentaries published by Ruan Yuan, the subjects searched for and collected a large number of books on the Scriptures. After arriving in office, in the area where the Su Province was gathered by the especially humanities, the scholar yu Yu confucian old clan, paid close attention to the search, and sometimes collected, a total of nearly 200 kinds, all of which were thousands of hundreds of volumes, all of which invented the scriptures, which are urgently studied by scholars. The two bookstores of Minoru Zhining and Su, which have not been very well funded recently, have not been able to publish this huge book, because they have set up a bureau near Jiangyin Nanjing Academy, and they have written to the Governor Fuchen in the case. The minister has donated silver and one thousand two doves to write. "Nanjing Academy is engraved with the "Interpretation of the Continuation of the Emperor's Qing Dynasty" and the "Nanjing Academy Series", both of which are important works of exegesis and examination of scriptures. In fact, in addition to the purpose of preparing books for their own use and expanding the collection of the academy, as will be discussed below, it has also played an indispensable role in preserving classics, inheriting culture, disseminating knowledge, etc. The engraving of books in the academy has already formed an organic part of China's ancient book publishing work. The fourth is to purchase books in society. Some colleges are located in remote areas, and the source of books is limited, so they send people to the society to buy books. The Sichuan Caotang Academy in the Yuan Dynasty has a rich collection of books, and the source of its books, the Caotang Academy's Bibliography, records: "Shu is blocked in a corner, go to thousands of miles, the clouds can be blocked, the books are in the editions, the literature is consulted, the Northern Yan and The South Vietnamese, the Western Shaanxi and Eastern Wu, there are engraved and sold, there are books, the servants lose shoulders, the car delivers the Sweat, and the number of the people is what?" Twenty thousand, carried by boat, into the Shu River..." According to the "Collected Biographies of Steles" volume seventy-one years: Feng Guangyu "likes to read, good etiquette, good friendship, Guishan Academy, take the life of the literary and excellent people in the industry, remote, unable to get the book, dispatch the official jiangnan, buy thousands of volumes of historical books, and read it vertically." Volume 28 of the Collected Works of the Continuing Tablets: Li Peijing, Who Regarded Guizhou, and Shuzhu Academy, "took the remote poverty as a wide purchase of scriptures, and arrested the book of law and medicine of the pastoral order, and did not prepare it." Ibid., 28 years: Ma Piyao, the Inspector of Guangdong, when he was patrolling Guangxi, "after the soldiers, the literary books were in flux, and the useful books were published, and the provincial bureau officials were invited to collect books in the academy, and hui scholars." Zeng Yi (曾鉌), the Governor of Shaanxi Province, with the title of "Governor of the Grain Road, the Former General Si Tong Provincial Academy, Gong Nai gave lectures for the Yan divisions, purchased books engraved by the official bureaus in the southeast, and was born with high talents, and the Shaanxi people knew that they had the right to learn and paid attention to current affairs, and from the beginning of the year."
As a result of the collection of books by many parties in the college, the collection of books in some famous colleges has become rich, and few other institutions in the society can stand out. For example, Ouyang Houjun conducted a large-scale book gathering activity while teaching Yuelu Academy. According to pages 22-23 of the General Catalogue of New Official Books of Yuelu Academy at the end of the sixth volume of the (Jiaqing) Hunan Tongzhi, "The Right Classic, the History, the Zi, and the Collection of Storage Cabinets, a total of 330 letters, counting 387 books, 3,271 copies, and a total of 10,054 volumes. Among them, the versions are better, the biographies are scarce, and the reference value of historical materials is relatively large: 1) the dian version of the "Essence of Zishi" and "Tang and Song Poetry"; 2) the "Commentary on the Interpretation of Texts", "Seventeen Histories" and "Lefu Poetry Collection" of the Ming Mao Jin Ji Guge School Journal; 3) the "YuanShi Series" written by Shao Yuanping and the Qingqianlong Sweeping Leaf Mountain House Carving; 4) the "Cihai" engraved by Ming Shang Cijun; 5) the Hunan Inspector Chen Hongmou and the QingQianlong engraved "Six Kinds of Chen's Testament Rules"; 6) the Ming Tang Fuchun family engraving "Seven Collections of New Ancient and Modern Events"; 7) the Qinghai Luxuan Zhu Mo Set Printed Edition Anthology of Writings"; 8) Qing Yongzheng's engraving of "Shao Erquan Classification Collection of Yi Du Poems"; 9) Wang Liming's compilation and Qing Yiyu Caotang carved version of "Baixiangshan Poetry Collection"; 10) Ming Li Dongyang's "Complete Collection of Huailutang"; 11) Qing Ruan Xuehao and Ruan Xuejun's compilation and appendices of the "Ben Dynasty Pavilion Poems"; 12) Qing Chengxun, Ye Baosong and other compilations of the "Ben Dynasty Pavilion Fu"; 13) Qing Yu Great Wall's "One Hundred and Twenty Family Yi of KeyiTang", a total of forty-eight volumes, including seven families of the Song Dynasty, including Anshi, Lu Jiuyuan, and Wen Tianxiang, Ming Yuqian, and Xue Xuan , Li Dongyang, Li Mengyang, Wang Shouren, Gui Youguang, Zodiac Zhou, Dong Qichang and other ninety-one families, in the early Qing Dynasty Liu Sijing, Zhang Yushu, Lu Yan, Zhao Bing, Li Guangdi, Jin Jujing and other nineteen famous works on the system of righteousness.
For example, West Lake Academy occupies an important place in the history of ancient engraving books in China, and its collection of books is also very rich, so it has specially compiled the "Bibliography of West Lake Academy". What is more special is that the West Lake Academy has a collection of carved book plates of the former Song Guozijian, "more than 200,000 (pieces) of the Classics, Histories, Zi and Ji Wu", about 3,700 volumes. In addition, according to the "Bibliography of the Reorganization of the West Lake Academy" compiled by the Academy of the First Year of Taiding (1324), there are: 49 kinds of scriptures, about 1,100 volumes, including "Yi", "Poems", "Books", "Spring and Autumn", "Guliang", "Ram", "Analects", "Rituals", "Filial Piety", "Zhou Li", "Erya", "Shuowen Jiezi", etc.; There are eleven sub-sections, nearly 100 volumes, mainly "Yanzi", "Zengzi", "Xunzi", "Liezi", "Yangzi", "Wenzhongzi", "Seven Books of Wujing", etc.; there are twenty-four kinds of collections, about 900 volumes, mainly including "Han Changli Anthology", "Su Dongpo Collection", "Zhang Nanxuan Anthology", "Cao Wenzhen Anthology", "Zhang Xiyan Collection", "Lin Hejing Poems", "Song Wenjian", "Wenxuan Wenchen Notes", and so on.
In short, the college's rich collection of books is mainly used for research and learning (writing books and teachings) and cultivating talents, and many people throughout the ages have achieved fame. For example, The Dehua man He Dengdi wrote "The Stone Canal Series", "Originally taken from the official books of the Yuzhang Academy, after which the officials learned to teach, they were able to respect the books they gave and read them all over, and they were innovative and different, and the examples were extraordinary", and the merits were in the academy. Another example is the Shouyang man Qi Shuying, who went to the province when he was young because his father taught at The Lanshan Academy in Gansu, "because he stayed and served." Therefore, the academy has many books, but it is used to study the history of the classics and survey the hundreds of sons. Gongzhi Shuxue Jigu, a generation of Confucians, is based on this." But from another aspect, it also creates good preconditions for the college's book engraving activities.
The engraved books of the College are based on its collection of books and are based on the study and research activities of the College, but it is also promoted and influenced by the external environment and internal factors at that time.
From the perspective of the external environment, due to the invention and development of engraving and printing, publishing activities have become more and more convenient, the number of books is increasing, and the college has not only increased the amount of books, but also printed books at this moment. In the Song edition of the book, there are so-called "Shuyuan Ben", such as Wuzhou Lize Academy re-engraving Sima Guang's "Cutting Rhyme Finger Palm Diagram" in two volumes; Xiangshan Academy engraving Yuan Xie's "Jiashu Shu Copied" twelve volumes; Longxi Academy engraving "Chen Beixi Collection" fifty volumes; Jian'an Academy engraving "Zhu Wen Gongwen Collection" in 100 volumes, ten sequel volumes, and 11 other volumes; Zhuxi Academy engraving "Mr. Qiuya's Small Manuscript"; Yuzhang Academy engraving "Mr. Yu Zhangluo's Anthology"; Pingshan Academy engraving "Mr. Zhizhai Collection"; Longchuan Academy engraving "Mr. Chen Longchuan Collection"; Longshan Academy engraving "Mr. Chen Longchuan Collection"; Longshan Academy engraving "Longshan Academy" engraving "Longshan Academy" Luzhou Academy engraved "Notes on the Collected Works of the Book of Han" and "Notes on the Collected Works of the Later Han Dynasty". According to Mr. Cao Zhi's research, the engraving books of the Yuan Dynasty Academy are found in the records: Xingxian Academy carved "The Old Collection of The Relics of Southern Hunan"; Guangxin Academy carved "Jiaxuan Long and Short Sentences"; Zongwen Academy carved "Five Dynasties History", "Historical Evidence Daguan Materia Medica" and "Materia Medica Yanyi"; Meixi Academy carved "Correction of Thousand Golden Wings Fang", "Class Compilation And Annotation Wen Gong Mr. Zhu Economic Literature Balance", "Book Collection Transmission And Loose", etc.; Yuansha Academy carved "Zhou Yi Chuanyi Appendix", "GuangYun", "DaGuang Yi Hui Yu Chapter", "New Notes on the Ancient and Modern Sources of the Decision", "Record Yuanhai", "Record yuanhai", " Huang Jian Zhi Zhi Zhi", "Shan Tang Kao Suo"; West Lake Academy carved "Literature Tongkao", "Guo Dynasty Literature Category", "Jintuo Zhi Compilation"; Wuxi Academy carved "New Compilation of Ancient and Modern Events and Literature Clusters"; Guishan Academy carved "Dao Minglu"; Jian'an Academy carved "Shu Han Ben Mo"; Ping Shan Academy carved "Mr. Zhi Zhai's Collected Writings" and "Fang is a Small Manuscript of Idle Residents"; Yuzhang Academy carved "Yu Zhangluo's Collected Writings"; Nanshan Academy carved "Guangyun"; Cangyan Academy carved "Title Sentence Interpretation of Confucius's Family Language", "Remembering Yuanhai"; Linru Academy carved "Tongdian"; Guishan Academy carved "Kong Congzi" Meiyin Academy carved "Biography of Books"; Xuexiao Academy carved "Erya Guo Notes"; Guishan Academy carved "Huang's Supplementary Notes on Du Shi"; Fenglin Academy carved "Yuancaotang Poetry Yu"; Zhongxi Academy carved "Zhou Yi Benyi Appendix Notes"; Yangping Academy carved "Sound Rhythm Fa Meng"; Xiangshan Academy carved "Northern History", and so on. The Ming Dynasty was another peak period for the academy to engrave books after Jiajing, among which, such as the Shoushan Academy in Beijing and the Donglin Academy in Jiangsu, etc., published the "Huiyu" of the lectures at that time, which was widely circulated and had a great impact on the deliberations of intellectuals at that time. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Xue spread rapidly, which had a great relationship with the circulation of engraved books in the academy at that time. By the Qing Dynasty, the publishing function of the academy was further strengthened, and the engraving of books became a large-scale regular activity, forming a well-known special publishing institution of the academy in the country, such as Zhengyitang, Guangya Bookstore, Guiyuan Bookstore, Zunjing Bookstore, Nanjing Bookstore, Jingyuan, and Weijing Book Office.
From the perspective of internal factors, the heyday of the academy was also a prosperous period of ancient academic research in China: the Song Dynasty and the Academy rose together; the Ming Dynasty's Xinxue and the Academy flourished; and the revival of Sinology in the Qing Dynasty made the study of exegesis flourish. Determined by its nature, there are links and differences between the engraving of the academy and the government official engravings, the engravings of the shufang and the private engravings: it has both a wide range of contents, including the classics, histories, sub-collections, and congs, and has a strong pertinence, that is, the focus is on the study and research of the teachers and students of the academy, so it rarely publishes the imperial books, and there are almost no nongsangbushu, yin and yang miscellaneous scholars, enlightenment reading materials, and literary and artistic works such as opera and novels for the people, and mainly concentrates on engraving academic works, especially attaching importance to the teacher's school and emphasizing the words of its own family. The famous scholar Gu Yanwu said of this time: "At the moment of the academy, there are three good deeds: the chief of the mountain has nothing to do, is diligent in the school, and one is also; he does not hesitate to work hard, and the second is also; he is easy to publish without storing officials, and three are also. A word said the true meaning of the engraved book of the academy. Specifically, the books engraved by the College can be divided into the following four types.
First, it publishes the reading notes and research results of teachers and students of the college. For example, the 140 volumes of "Zhuzi Language" are compiled from the records of ninety-nine of his disciples; for example, Suzhou Zhengyi Academy has set up a diary to record the books read every day, and there are experiences and doubts, all of which are recorded in the diary; the "Diary of Xuegutang" is a compilation of the diaries of teachers and students of Zhengyi Academy; Guanzhong Academy also publishes "Zhixuezhai Diary"; Yuelu Academy has repeatedly published a collection of papers of the students of the Academy, publishing them under the names of "Yuelu Academy's Teaching Arts", "Texts", and "Yuelu Hui's Lessons". In later generations, most of these books have become tools and reference books for reading ancient books with certain value.
Second, the famous books and annotated books required for the teaching of the College are engraved as reference books and exemplary books for reading. For example, Zhu Xi specially annotated the four Confucian classics of "University", "Zhongyong", "Analects", and "Mencius", which became the main teaching materials of the academy during the Southern Song Dynasty, and after the Southern Song Dynasty, it evolved into a designated reference book for schools at all levels and imperial examinations. Another example is the extremely popular trend of printing scriptures in the Qing Dynasty, and in the academies that mainly focus on the teaching of scriptures and history, the printing of various scriptures is regarded as a must-do work. Ruan Yuan's Hangzhou Jingjing Jingshe and Guangzhou XuehaiTang made important contributions in this regard. The Hangzhou Jingshe publishes eight collections of the Anthology of the Jingshe of the Vinaya. Guangzhou Xuehaitang published the most printed scriptures, such as the "Commentary on the Scriptures of Xuehaitang", including 180 kinds of books annotated by the Qing Dynasty scribes, a total of 1,400 volumes; the "Xuehaitang Anthology" four collections, a total of 90 volumes, collected 500 people's works.
Third, it publishes important series of books and anthologies in history. For example, Guangya Academy set up a Guangya Bookstore and published the "Guangya Series of Books", which included most of the history books since the Tang and Song dynasties, and the search and compilation was complete. In addition, Guangzhou Jupo Jingshe published the "Jupo Jingshe Anthology", nanchang Jingxuntang Academy published "Jingxuntang Academy Anthology", Sichuan Zunjing Academy published "Shuxiu Collection", and so on.
Fourth, the academic masterpieces of the confucian masters of the past generations and the famous works of the chief of the academy and others are published, with the purpose of circulating these scholarly works to the world. For example, Song Jian'an Academy has engraved "Zhu Wen GongWen Collection" and "Sequel", Longxi Academy has Engraved Chen Chun's "Chen Beixi Collection", Zhuxi Academy has engraved "Mr. Qiuya's Small Manuscript", Yuzhang Academy has engraved "Mr. Yu Zhangluo's Collected Writings", Pingshan Academy has engraved "Mr. Zhizhai Collection", Longchuan Academy has engraved "Mr. Chen Longchuan Collection", and so on. Another example is Wang Xianqian, the last mountain chief of Yuelu Academy, who made great achievements in the fields of classics, history, literature, and religious studies, and has compiled more than 2,000 volumes of works and more than 1,000 volumes of revised works.
In addition, some academies also published chronicles about their own history, such as Yuelu Academy in the twenty-sixth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1682), the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), and the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873), which engraved the "Yuelu Academy Chronicle", "Yuelu Academy Continuation", and "Yuelu Continuation Zhi Supplement"; During the Daoguang years, Ouyang Houjun also presided over the publication of "The Long Biography of Yuelu Mountain" and "Yuelu Poetry Notes", leaving a valuable research historical material for posterity.
In summary, the books printed by the College not only enter the library of the Academy, benefiting teachers and students, but also provide a rich collection of books for the libraries of other colleges. For example, the Wenkai Academy in Lukang, Taiwan, in the Qing Dynasty, has more than 20,000 books and more than 300,000 volumes, and if the probability of each volume (book) of the general academy is calculated, it is nearly one million volumes, and its huge collection is extremely rare in the history of Chinese academy collections.
In the late Qing Dynasty, as the feudal system tended to decline, the academy system also completed its historical mission, but together with the collection and engraving of books, it has its own historical value and significance that cannot be ignored in the history of ancient education and even the history of book collection, publishing and printing in China.
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Deng Hongbo. The Bibliophile Of the Qing Dynasty Academy. In: Zhu HanMin, ed. , v. China Academy. Changsha: Hunan Education Press, 1997
Lu Hanrong,Cao Xiaofan. One of the important sources of books in the ancient academy collection is the engraved books of the academy. Library Construction, 1995(1)
Cai Yi,Cai Xiaochu. College Collection. Journal of Jiangxi Institute of Education (Social Science Edition), 2002(2)
[7] Jin Dasheng,Fang Jianxin. A brief description of the book inscription in the collection of Hangzhou West Lake Academy in the Yuan Dynasty. Journal of Hangzhou University (Zheshe Edition), 1995(3)
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