"The map is injected with Ma Sha, and Qu Lu Shuangding is not enough to boast. Ge Yu Lou listened to the treasure, and Qi Lu's eyes were inspecting. The author of this seven-sentence poem is Mr. Fu Zengxiang, a famous modern bibliophile and edition bibliographer, and the poem describes the feelings of several famous bibliophiles in the Qing Dynasty, such as Qu Yong, Lu Xinyuan of The Song Dynasty Lou, Ding Shen DingBing brothers of Jiahuitang, and The Brothers of Qi Ting and Mo Youzhi who successively received the "Complete Book of the Six Sons of Mutual Annotation of the Drawings" engraved by Jianyang Masha in the Song Dynasty.
Jianyang carved book industry has a long history, a long history, sprouted in five generations, prospered in two generations, and continued in the Yuan, Ming and early Qing dynasties. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jianyang was one of the three major engraving centers in the country (Shu, Zhejiang, and Fujian). Because Jianyang is located in the three provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang, and Gansu, the transportation is convenient; the forest resources are very rich, and the paper industry is developed; the Northern Song Dynasty has you and Yang Shi on the southeast of the Road; the Southern Song Dynasty has the Seven Sages Zhu Xi, Cai Yuanding, Huang Gan and other masters of science here to give lectures, and the academies are numerous and the literary style is flourishing, providing a good cultural environment for the development hall of Jianyang's engraving and book industry.
The main symbol of the prosperity of Jianyang inscriptions in the Song Dynasty is that there are many engraving institutions, the locations of engraving books are widely distributed, and the number of memories ranks first in the country. The three major systems of official carving, family carving, and square carving have been formed. Official engravings include Jianning Province, Jianyang County and other prefectures and county engravings, and private engravings include private residences, privately created academies and scholars. The most famous is that the theologian Zhu Xi once opened a bookstore in Jianyang Chonghua Bookstore to engrave books, which became a model for scholars to engrave books, and played an important role in promoting the Jianyang engraving book industry.
Fang carving is the main force of Jianyang engraving book industry, some study rooms have book workers, engravers, printing and binding craftsmen, and employ editors, proofreaders, and writers; some study owners are self-carved, compiling, engraving, and selling in one, equivalent to modern publishing houses and bookstores; some study rooms are entrusted to print books, equivalent to modern printing plants. In the pen of the Northern Song Dynasty Fang Spoon, the Southern Song Dynasty Ye Mengde, Lu You and others, titles such as "Jianben" and "Mashaben" have appeared. The Southern Song Dynasty Zhu Mu's "Fang Yu Sheng Lan" listed the Jianben book as the "native product" of Jianyang, which was juxtaposed with the tribute Jiancha and Jianzhan at that time, and said: "Masha and Chonghua are the two fangs of the book, and the number is the house of books." "In the Song Dynasty, the two Jianyang carved books were about indistinguishable. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Chonghua carved books more than Masha and was known as the "Book Forest" or "Book Market". Jia's "Chronicle of Jianyang County" records: "In Chonghua, the book market is full of books than the houses, and the merchants and traders in the world are weaving, and they are collected on one or six days a month. "This kind of cultural bazaar, which is far away from the city and mainly traded in books, is extremely rare in both the history of Chinese culture and the history of economic development.
In the Song Dynasty, Jianyang's fang carvings were more famous with the surnames of Yu, Liu, Cai, Gong, and Yu. The famous library has Yu Renzhong. There are more than 30 such as WanquanTang, Liu Rixin Sanguitang, huang sanbalang bookstore, etc. Most of the Jianben paper is printed on bamboo paper, and the Song Jianyang Cai Mengbi inscription "History" that exists in the Beijing Library, the Yuan Zheng Ji Cheng Tang engraving "Shi Lin Guangji", the Yuan Ye Guangqin Tang engraving "Wang's Pulse Sutra", and the Yuan Zheng Shi Qin You Tang engraving "Tang Lu Sulfur Discussion" are all bamboo paper after expert identification.
The Song Dynasty Jianben has begun to make illustrations, the main feature of which is the following figure above, supplemented by pictures, illustrated with pictures, illustrated with pictures, and illustrated with text. Printmaking illustrations appear in textbooks, enhancing the popularity, interest and readability of the book, helping readers to understand and remember, so it is welcomed by the majority of readers. In the Song Dynasty Jianben, not only popular reading, but also engravers even in Confucian classics also produced a large number of prints and illustrations, so that the ancient texts were difficult to understand and throw away the classics, which was a bold attempt by the engravers who dared to innovate in Jianyang Bookstore. For example, the "Book of Poetry", "Shang Shu", "Zhou Li", "Li Ji", "Analects" in the Jingbu Book, "Xunzi", "Lao Tzu", "Zhuangzi", "Yangzi Fayan" in the Sub-book, etc., most of them are named after "Mutual Annotation of Drawings". Zhu Xi had a high evaluation of this. He said: "The bookshop has printed the Six Classics, and there are pictures in front of it, which is also slightly impressive. ”
The Song Dynasty Jianyang engraving has four contents, of which the classics, histories, sub-Confucians, medical books, similar books and famous collections are the mainstays. The song dynasty jianshu style is characterized by imitating the Liu Gongquan body, in which the frame structure is rigorous, sharp and steep, thin and powerful. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jianyang was still one of the four major engraving centers in the country (Dadu, Pingshui, Hangzhou, and Jianyang). The number of books, bookstores and engravings exceeded that of the Song Dynasty. Among the existing yuan engravings in the country, Jianyang engravings account for almost half. In terms of content, in addition to the classics, histories, and anthologies, there are more medical books and popular books for the public class to read than in the Song Dynasty. Especially for daily books, because they are very popular, publishers abound, almost all bookstores, there are one or two types of book engravings. In addition, there have also been engravings of novels, such as "Three Points of Affair" and "Five Kinds of Ordinary Words".
The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of Jianyang's engraving and book industry, and both the study and the engraving exceeded the Song and Yuan dynasties. According to the statistics of Ming Zhou Hongzu's "Ancient and Modern Calligraphy", there are 278 kinds of Nanjing Guozijian with a large number of inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty, 451 kinds of Southern Zhili, 327 kinds of Jiangxi, and 173 kinds of Zhejiang. Fujian has the most. Up to 477 species. Among the Fujian engravings, Jianyang Shufang has the largest number of engravings, reaching 367 kinds. Jiajing's Jianyang County Chronicle contains as many as 382 kinds of "Bibliography of Shufang", and this is only an incomplete count between Jiajing, and between Jiajing and Wanli, newly opened bookstores have multiplied, and the types of engraved books far exceed the above number. The Ming Dynasty Jianben engravings are extensive, among which there are many medical books, similar books, novels, operas and daily popular books, and the content tends to be popular and popular, which is one of the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty Jianben.
The engraving illustrations of the Jianyang engravings of the Ming Dynasty developed to a mature stage. The engravings between the Ming Dynasty and the Wanli Calendar are almost no books and no illustrations. Among them, the novels and opera engravings engraved by Yu Xiangdou and Xiao Tenghong are the most typical. Ming Jianben illustrations, breaking through the single format of the figure below the figure above the early illustrations, appeared in a variety of forms such as full-page large formats, the following figures in the upper commentary, etc., so that the Jianjian engravings appeared in a situation of competition and beauty, forming a trend of standing on their feet with the Hui school and the Jinling school, known as the "Jian'an School of Painting".
The prosperity of Jianyang carved books during the Song and Ming dynasties created extremely favorable conditions for the development of culture in northern Fujian and even the whole of Fujian, prompting a large number of works on economic history, literature, science and technology to emerge continuously, and to be published and widely disseminated in a timely manner, thus creating many "the best in the history of publishing" in the history of the development of books in China. For example, in terms of disseminating Minxue culture, there are the earliest philosophical anthologies in China, Zhu Xi's "Records of Near Thoughts" compiled and engraved in Jianyang in the second year of Chunxi; the earliest known book that uses the cover, the "Book of Wuyi Jinghe Primary School" published by Chunxi in the fourteenth year; the world's earliest copyright notice, the Southern Song Dynasty Jiaxi's second year Fujian Transit Division List, which prohibits bookstores in various places from stealing Zhu Mu's "Fang Yu Sheng" and other books. In terms of historical works, there are the earliest compendium body history book inscription, Zhu Xi's "Zizhi Tongjian Outline"; the earliest monograph on the history of academic thought, Zhu Xi's "Records of the Origin of Yiluo"; the earliest extant "Records of History" "Three Notes" copy, Song Jianyang Huang Shanfu inscription. In terms of literary works, there are the earliest inscription of Tao Yuanming's "Notes on the Poetry of Mr. Tao Jingjie" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Jianyang Inscription of the Southern Song Dynasty; the earliest inscription of Tang Li Bai's "Classified Supplementary Notes on Li Taibai's Poems", the earliest inscription of Yuan Jianyang Yu Zhi'an Qin Youtang; the earliest surviving inscription of the novel, Yuan Jianben's "Five Kinds of Quanxiang Ping dialects"; the earliest critical version of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Ming Yu Xiangdou's "Biography of the Criticism of the Three Kingdoms"; the earliest novel describing the story of Yang Jiajian, Ming Xiong Damu's "Biography of the Northern Song Dynasty". In terms of traditional Chinese medicine texts, there are the earliest surviving annotated version of the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", the Yu clan inscription of Yuan Jianyang Honen Garden; the earliest extant pulse science monograph Wang Shuhe's "Pulse Sutra"; the Yuan Jianyang Ye clan Guangqintang inscription; and the first Japanese reprint of chinese medicine classics, the "New Compilation of Names Fang Class Medical Books" published by the Japanese physician Aza in the eighth year of Dayong. The base of it is that Jianyang Xiongzong was self-compiled and carved in the third year of Chenghua, which has been passed down as a good story in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges.