Hengshui City administers Taocheng District, and the name of Taocheng District is derived from the ancient county of the Western Han Dynasty - Tao County. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, enfeoffed Liu Xiang as the Marquis of Tao County, so his fiefdom was named Tao County, and after the Tao Kingdom was abolished, it was called Tao County. However, the academic circles are still inconclusive about the specific location of Taoguo (Tao County), and the author has sorted out several different views at present, and conducted preliminary research according to historical materials, in order to throw bricks and lead jade and promote the early conclusion of this topic.
I. Titles and Marquisates of the Western Han Dynasty
The Western Han Dynasty followed the Qin 20th rank knighthood system and added a prince. The Twentieth Rank Knighthood is derived from the Twentieth Rank Military Meritorious Knighthood implemented by the Shang Martingale Transformation Law. "The 20th rank of the Han Dynasty is also from the first rank to the twentieth rank of the Duke of Chu, all from the lower count"[1]. According to different ranks, it is divided into four major grades: marquis, secretary, doctor and petty. Marquises have the highest two titles in the twentieth rank military merit system, namely the nineteenth rank Ofe Guannei Marquis and the twentieth rank Marquis of Che. The Marquis of Che (to avoid emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty and changed the title of Marquis of Chu) had a fiefdom and was the supreme ruler of his fiefdom; the Marquis of Guannei had a feudal state without a feudal state, and his fief was under the jurisdiction of the county to which he belonged, and the Marquis of Guannei could only collect taxes from his fiefdom and had no other power in the county. The fiefdoms of the Marquis were called kingdoms. There are tens of thousands of households in the houguo and 500 households in the small. The houguo was placed like a county order, and was ordered to be the sheriff of the county. The Marquis of Liehou took care of the affairs of the government, such as the family servant, the shuzi, the door doctor, the washing horse, and the pedestrian. The Marquis Jujing division was led by a lieutenant, and the county was too punctual to inspect it. The Eastern Han Dynasty marquis system is no different from the Western Han Dynasty, but the hou state is small, the large ones are only four counties, and the small ones have only one pavilion. According to the Book of Han, "The county where the princes eat the kingdom, and the empresses, empresses, and princesses eat the kingdom, and there are barbarians who know the way." Fan County, Dao, Guoyi 1,587, Township 6,622, Pavilion 29,635. [2] It can be seen from 722 that counties, provinces, and houguo are juxtaposed county-level administrative units.
The marquis levied a land tax according to the number of land and the output owned by the number of feudal households for their enjoyment, called food, and there was no civil right in the feudal country, especially the military power in the marquis was not under the control of the marquis, but was under the jurisdiction of the county. "There are counties, there are kingdoms, there are princely kingdoms. The county has a guard, and there is a lieutenant. Metropolitan Sasuke Moritake. In the kingdom, it is compared to the sheriff, the lieutenant than the lieutenant. Hou Guo is a minister, and his rank is longer than that of the Son of Heaven. Every year the county guards and lieutenants teach the soldiers, then the houguo is the same as the yan. The soldiers of the Hou Kingdom belong to the county, and the soldiers of the kingdom are also owned by the Son of Heaven, and they must not be used arbitrarily, and they are all respected by the Jing Division" [3].
Second, the genealogical deeds of the Tao Marquis in the past
The first generation of Tao Hou was named Liu Xiang. Liu Xiang's original name was Xiang Xiang, a member of the Western Chu king Xiang Yu. In the first year of Han Gaozu's reign (206 BC), Liu Bang, the King of Han, raised an army to pacify the Three Qins and fought with Xiang Yu to the east for the throne. The Han generals Cao Shan and Dou Bao defeated Long Ji and Xiang He south of Dingtao. This campaign captured Xiang He of the Xiang family and Xiang Xiang who followed Him. In the Xiang family, Xiang Bo, Xiang He, Xiang Xiang, and others were reluctant to follow Xiang Yu's power group. After the Battle of Dingtaonan, many members of the Xiang family submitted to Liu Bang and have been following Liu Bang on the Western Expedition ever since. After Xiang Yu, the king of Western Chu, was destroyed by Liu Bang, Xiang Xiang and the rest of the Xiang clan were given the title of Liu Clan, and Xiang Bo was given the title of Marquis of Sheyang, and Xiang He was given the title of Marquis of Pinggao. In the eleventh year of Gaozu (196 BC), the king of Huainan rebelled, and Liu Xiang participated in Liu Bang's suppression of the Tuobu rebellion as a great guru. In March of the twelfth year of Gaozu (195 BC) after the rebellion was put down, Liu Xiang was made the Marquis of Tao for his meritorious service, and served as the Taishou of Huainan. In the seventh year of Emperor Hui of Han (188 BC), Liu Xiang was exonerated for his guilt, and the Marquis of Tao was removed. In the second year of Lü Hou (186 BC), Lü Hou, in order to buy people's hearts, once again made Liu Xiang the Marquis of Tao. Liu Xiang served as Tao Hou for more than twenty years, and after his death, he was given the nickname "An", so he was called Tao An Hou.
In the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Wen of Han (170 BC), Liu Xiang's eldest son Liu She attacked his father. In the fifth year of the Reign of emperor Jing of Han (152 BC), Liu She served as a servant and later moved to Yushi Dafu. In the third year of emperor Jing's reign (147 BC), Zhou Yafu was relieved of his duties and Liu She succeeded him as chancellor. "In March, the comet came out of the northwest. Zhou Yafu (周雅夫), with Liu She the Marquis of Tao as his chancellor"[4]445. In the sixth year of Emperor Jing's reign (144 BC), Liu She and The Imperial Grand Master Wei Xuan were flogged. The Book of Han and the Chronicle of Criminal Law contains the original text of the "Order of The Emperor": "The flogger is five feet long, and its original is one inch larger; its bamboo is also half an inch thin; and it is flattened." When flogging the buttocks. No more people. A sin is a change of man. [2] In the first year of the Jing Dynasty (143 BC), there were successive earthquakes and solar eclipses in the first year of the Jing Emperor's reign, and Liu She was relieved of his post as chancellor. After Liu She, the Marquis of Tao, dismissed him, "Empress Dowager Dou said several words about Wei Qihou, and Emperor Xiaojing said: 'Does the empress dowager think that her subjects have love and do not match Wei Qi?'" Wei Qi, smug and satisfied, how easy. Difficult to phase, heavy. 'Therefore, he did not use the Jianling Marquis WeiXuan as the Minister of Justice"[4]2839. Dou Bao, the Marquis of Wei, was not appointed chancellor because he advised Emperor Jing to depose Liu Rong the Crown Prince, so Emperor Jing of Han appointed The Crown Prince Liu Che's taifu Weixuan .com. In the first year of the Later Yuan Dynasty (143 BC), Liu She,The Marquis of Yiyi (谥曰懿侯), the Marquis of Yiyun (一云哀侯). The following is list 1 according to the Chronology of The Noble Ancestors of the Noble Ancestors and The Chronicle of the Emperors and the Eighth Feudal Examination of the Literature Examination.
Table 1 Lineage of the Marquis of Tao (rank 135)
The other line of Tao Marquis was in March of the first year of the first year of the Han Dynasty (48 BC), and Liu Liang, the great-grandson of Liu Qi, the Emperor jing of Han, the grandson of Liu Yue the Prince of Guangchuan, and the son of Liu Qi the Prince of Guangchuan, was made the Marquis of Tao. This line of Taohou continued for two generations - Tao Gonghou Chang and Taohou Dog. Dogs are spared, and the descendants live in giant deer. Its deeds are unknown.
3. Tao County and Tao Hou Guo
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang's Taohou was divided into different accounts.
1. Hengshui said
Tao County (桃国) is in the area of Hengshui Taocheng. According to the "Notes on the Water Classics", the ancient city of Tao County in the Western Han Dynasty is in the south of Hengzhangshui and the north of the ancient city of Fuliu in Xindu. The "Notes on the Water Classic" reads: "Hengzhang's former hometown is in the northeast of nanqu County, the west of the ancient city of Nanqu County,...... Hengshui is also north of julu county ancient city east ,...... The ancient city of Fuliu County is in the west of Xindu City, and the Hengshui Trail is west of it. The county has Fuze, Zezhong many willows, so it is known as Fuliu also. ...... Hengzhang was also northeast, north of the ancient city of Tao County, and in the twelfth year of Han Gaozu, Liu Xiang was made a prince, and Wang Mang changed his name to Huan Fenye. [5] 983-984 Hengzhang's ancient city passed through the ancient city of Nanqu County (present-day Nanying, Qiu County), the east of julu Ancient City (around the village of Maoguanying in the north of present-day Jize County), the west of the ancient city of Fuliu County (present-day Fuliucheng Village in Western Jizhou), and the northeast through the north of the ancient city of Tao County. According to the research of Mr. Wu Chen of the Hebei Academy of Sciences in "The Ancient River Channel of the Hebei Plain", the ancient Zhanghe River channel from Feixiang through Jize, Pingxiang and Julu to the Xinhe River is about the remnants of the ancient river channel before the Tang and Song Dynasties; the ancient channel of the Zhanghe River from Linzhang through Guangping, Qiuxian, Qinghe, Zaoqiang to Wuyi is about the remains of the river after the Tang and Song dynasties. Although it is slightly different from the "Notes on the Water Classics", it can be said with some certainty that the ancient river channel north of Xinhe County, the junction area of Hengshui, Jizhou and Shenzhou was the ancient river channel of Hengzhang in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
If you go back further, Hengzhang's old road is the old road left after the Yugong Mountain was diverted through the Great River before the Qin and Han Dynasties. Yugong Mountain flows through the great river in the west of the Hebei Plain, roughly along the eastern foothills of the Taihang Mountains, passing through the counties of present-day Handan South and East, Xingtai East and Hengshui West, and then enters the south of the Baoding region, along the Daqing River south of the alluvial fan of the Yongding River, and finally enters the sea in Tianjin; or enters the west of Hengshui and then turns east, flows east along the Direction of the Tuotuo River and the Ziya River, and finally enters the sea in Cangzhou. According to Mr. Wu Chen of the Hebei Academy of Sciences, Yugong Mountain crosses the northeast of Huaxian County through the Dahe River, enters Hebei through Junxian County and Neihuang County, passes through Linzhangwei County in the Handan Region, Guangpingfei Countryside, and Quzhouqiu County, enters Mainland Ze in the area of Julu in Pingxiang, Xingtai Region, and then exits Mainland Ze, to the northeast to the 100-foot mouth of Ningjin and the Tulu Junction of Shenzhou, to the area of Weijiaqiao in Shenzhou, and is divided into two strands in Weijiaqiao- Yugong Dahe and Shanjing Dahe. (1) The river channel that runs north from Weijiaqiao is the mountain through the Dahe River: through the vicinity of Shenzhou, then through Anping Raoyangjian, Lixian Suningjian, Qingyuan Gaoyangjian, east of Baoding, take the direction of today's Daqing River, cross the area of Anxin, Xiongzhou, and Bazhou, pass through Baiyangdian, and enter the sea in Tianjin to the east; (2) The river channel northeast of Weijiaqiao is the Yugong River: starting from Weijiaqiao, passing through Wuqiang, going east through Xianxian and Qingxian, and then northeast into the sea.
That is to say, yugong mountain north of Juluze and south of Weijiaqiao merges with the Guzhang River in the Linzhang area through the big river, and when the Yugong Mountain is re-routed to the Hanzhi River through the big river, the original river channel is still Hengzhangshui. The location of Hengzhangshui in the Hengshui area is probably in the area where Jizhou, Shenzhou and Taocheng Districts meet, and the shallow freshwater buried in this area of Hengshui is shallow because of the existence of the Zhanghe River. Because the sandy soil left by the furukawa diversion not only has good groundwater recharge, but also has good drainage and strong permeability, which is suitable for the growth of peach trees, so this place is named Tao County because of the abundant production of peaches.
Successive geographical works after the Notes on the Water Classics have basically followed this statement. The Tang Dynasty's "Atlas of Yuanhe Counties" says: "Hengshui County, Shang. eighteen. Forty miles south to the state. The land of This Han Tao County, in the sixteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor in the present-day county of Hengshui County, the county is in the west of the Changlu River, and the Changlu River is Hengzhang's ancient Duye, because of its name. [6] For example, the Song Dynasty's Taiping Huanyu Records reads: "Hengshui County. Forty miles northwest. The old eighteen townships, the present three townships. Ben Han Tao County. In the sixteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor, Hengshui County was placed in present-day County, and in the west of the Changlu River, Hengzhang was also known as the name of the county. Changlushui: Two hundred steps south of the county. [7] The Qing Dynasty's Minutes of Reading The History of Public Opinion reads: "Taocheng, forty-five miles northwest of the prefecture. Han tao county, which belonged to the xindu state, emperor Gao made Liu Xiang marquis. Emperor Zhao also made Prince Liang of Guangchuan miao the Marquis of Tao, also known as Later Han Province. ”[8]627
In addition, the TaoHou (Tao Hou) created by Emperor Yuan in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty was "Shiju Julu". Julu County in the Qin Dynasty was under the jurisdiction of present-day Hebei Province, south of Baiyangdian and Wen'anwa, west of the South Canal, east of Gaoyang, Ningjin, and Ren Counties, north of Wei County and Jize of Handan City, and between Dezhou and Gaotang in Shandong Province, and Guantao in Hebei Province. In the early Han Dynasty, Xindu County was separated from Julu County, and Tao County was in Xindu County, and according to the narrative habit of the ancients using ancient names to replace the present name, Liu Liang's line of Tao Hou should also be here.
In summary, it is very likely that the specific location of Tao County in the Han Dynasty is near the location where the Yugong River turns east, so when the old river channel left behind after the diversion of the Great River was used by the original tributary Zhanghe, it was used as Hengzhang, and after the Zhanghe River was moved south, it was called Tao County, which was called Tao County because it was suitable for planting peach trees, and both lines of Taohou were sealed here.
2. Lingcheng said
The Notes on the Water Classics make inconsistent records of Liu Xiang's fiefdom, proposing that there was Taocheng (桃城) in Present-day Yanjin County, Henan, which was also a fief of Liu Xiang. "Water Commentary" Yun: "Puqu is also northeast of Yancheng South, so the southern Yan family name of the country also." There is the Northern Yan, so the southern clan county. To the east is Yangqing Lake, five miles from the north to the south of Pi, and thirty miles from the east to the west, also known as Yancheng Lake, and the south of the path to Taocheng, that is, the so-called sour dates and virtual peaches in the "Warring States Policy". In the twelfth year of Emperor Han Gao's reign, Liu Xiang was made a prince. [5] The original meaning of 702 is that the Puqu flows northeast through the south of Yancheng, that is, the princely states of Southern Yan called Yan, because there is a Northern Yan state, so it is called Southern Yan. Puqu converged into a lake, called Yangqing Lake, five miles north and south of the lake, thirty miles from east to west, also known as Yancheng Lake, in the south of Taocheng, is the "Warring States Policy" said sour dates, virtual peach, Han Gao Emperor twelve years, sealed Liu Xiang here, for the houguo.
The Later Han Shu Junguo Zhi records: "Yan, the Southern Yan Kingdom, has Yongxiang, has Qicheng, and occupies the Yanguo. There is Pingyang Pavilion, there is Wating, there is Taocheng. [9] Yang Shoujing quotes the Chronicle of The Land: "Taocheng is forty miles east of Lingcheng County, northeast of present-day Yanjin County. [5] 702 However, neither the Yuanhe County Atlas nor the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle mention that Taocheng in Dong County is gutao County. However, the Qing Dynasty's "Minutes of Reading history and public opinion" followed this statement of the "Notes on the Water Classics". "Taocheng is thirty miles east of the county (author's note: 胙城县). Warring States of Wei no Taoyi. In the forty-second year of the Zhao King, Chu Huang xie said that Qin Baxu and Tao. Virtual and peach are similar also. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Xiang Xiang was made the Marquis of Tao, and Yi was here. Also imaginary city, also in the southeast of the county, during the Warring States period Wei Yi also. In the fifth year of Qin Shi Huang, Meng Xiao attacked Wei, pulling out Yan and Virtual, which is the Void Yiyi. Or think that the song is wrong"[8], 2307. The Qing people also mentioned the erration of the Water Commentary: "The Warring States Policy Rong said that the King of Qin said: 'The king also raised an armored army and attacked the three gates of the Wei Society's great beams, lifted up Hanoi, and pulled out the yan sour dates, the virtual, and the peach people. The "History of Qin Shi Huang Benji" notes "Suo Yin" said: "Taoren, Wei Yi, Yan, Xuan, Eryi name." "Justice" said: "Yan Gutian is anti." "The Chronicle of the Lands of Kuo di said: Southern Yan City, Ancient Yan Kingdom, and Huazhou QiaoCheng is also." [10] Huazhou Is a Peach, not a Peach County.
3. Don A said
The third theory is that Taoqiu or Taocheng in the area of Dong'a in the southeast of the mountain is Liu Xiang's fiefdom. In fact, the Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion have inherited both theories of liu xiang's fiefdom in the Notes on the Water Classics. The Minutes of Reading History and Public Opinion believe that Taocheng (Taoqiu) is in the southeast of Dong'agu County, "Taocheng is forty miles southwest of the county, and the ancient Taoqiu is also." "Spring and Autumn": Huan Ten Years, Guild Wei Hou Yu Taoqiu. Du Pre-yue: There is Taocheng in the southeast of Dong'a. Covered in the southeast of the old county also. Han Gao made Liu Xiang the Marquis of Tao, and Yi was here. Eighteen miles east of present-day Anping Town is Taocheng Pu, next to which there is a hill, which can be counted as high as a few, that is, Taoqiu Yi" [8]1562. It can be seen that tao county in the southeast of the ancient city of Dong'a was first written by Du Pre of the Western Jin Dynasty.
Yang Shoujing's "Water Commentary" made two opinions on this. "Zhu "Notes": Sun Yun, according to the "Chronology of History", Emperor Gao's twelfth year, made Liu Xiang the Marquis of Tao. "Suo Yin" is the name of the county and belongs to the Xindu. Quan Yun: 'Sun Ru Chengyun, the peach sealed by Liu Xiang in Xindu, is now guan Daoyuan in the "Turbid Water" chapter and "Suo Yin". 'Whoever thinks that this is a witness, he who covers both sides of it, and does not forget it. Liang Yusheng's "History of Zhi Doubt" believes that Liu Xiang's fiefdom was at the Eastern County"[5]702-703.
Jiang Yong's "Spring and Autumn Geography Examination" of the Qing Dynasty once objected to Dong'a' saying: "Now according to Dong'a's former Yanzhou Prefecture, now tai'an Province, Handong'a County's Benqi's Keyi, the ancient city is in the northeast of present-day Yanzhou's Capital Yanggu County, the later Han Dynasty divided into East Azhigu County, now Dong'a County and Jin Dynasty's Eastern A'a, so the location of Taocheng is also different from the past, xiang and according to Duyan Taoqiu Weidi, Feiye, now Dong'a is seventy miles northwest of Dongping Prefecture, Yanggu is one hundred and forty miles west of the prefecture, Taocheng is between Dong'a and Yanggu, the old Dong'a is both Qizhike and Yanggu is also Qiyi. Then Taoqiu should belong to Qi, go to Weiyuan, and Wei cannot have its own land. [11] Jiang Yong questioned Taocheng as a defensive place, and according to Jiang, Taocheng should be in the southeast of Yanggu'a Town and southwest of present-day Dong'a County. Some scholars believe that it is the area around Xukuedui in Wuba Township, 23 kilometers east of present-day Taiqian County.
In summary, Tao County (Tao Guo) in Hengshui, Hebei is the least controversial one, Henan Zhencheng said and Shandong Dong'a said more controversial, but in order to finally determine the certain location of Tao Hou's Tao State (Tao County), archaeology is needed to further prove that the "Liu She" seal letter circulating in the world does not know where it was unearthed, if it is known that the specific address of the excavation is one of the three, the "Tao Country" of Tao Hou will eventually be exposed to the world.
bibliography:
[1] Xiong Penglai. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2003:298.
Bangu. Book of Han[M].Shanghai:The Commercial Press,1930.]
[3] Ma Duan Pro. Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1986:1309.
Sima Qian. History[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1959.]
Li Daoyuan,Yang Shoujing. Water injection and dredging[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2014.]
Li Jifu. Atlas of Yuanhe County[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2008:484.]
[7] History of Music. Taiping HuanyuJi[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2007:1290.]
GU Zuyu. Reading the Minutes of Historical Opinion[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2005.]
Wang Xianqian. Later Han Dynasty Book Collection[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1984:1228.]
Shen Bingxun. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2003:312.
Jiang Yong. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2003:27.
(Wang Wen<1974->, male, Hengshui, Hebei, associate professor of Dongzi College of Hengshui University, Doctor of History; Qiao Yanzhen<1963- >, female, Hengshuiren, Hebei, associate professor of Dongzi College of Hengshui University. This article is excerpted from journal of Hengshui University, No. 2, 2021)