This article is a series of 327 intensive readings of Chinese history, and 34 consecutive years of "Qing Dynasty History", welcome to watch.
01, Cixi wants to abolish Guangxu
Cixi and the diehards who opposed the change of law were not satisfied with imprisoning the Guangxu Emperor, so after the coup, they let the wind blow, saying that the emperor was sick and seriously ill, and then saying that Kang Youwei had killed the emperor with wax pills.
In short, he wanted to depose the Guangxu Emperor after a bout of public opinion. Reluctantly, some foreign ministers did not quite agree, and the British and French envoys in Beijing, for the sake of their own interests in China, hoped to maintain the old situation, so they also issued a warning to her, and the French minister also sent a doctor Dodford into the palace to see if the Guangxu Emperor was dead or not.
Cixi and the diehards' plans were frustrated. Rong Lu then presented a secret plan to Cixi: Pu Juan, the son of King Zaiyi of Liduan Commandery (the second son of Emperor Xianfeng), would be the heir of the Tongzhi Emperor as crown prince, and then depose the Guangxu Emperor.
Cixi felt that this was a solution, so she announced that the celebration of the Establishment of the Reserve would be held on January 24, 1900, the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu. Unexpectedly, the ministers of various countries did not enter the congratulations. What annoyed Cixi the most was that the English missionary Timothy Lee sent Kang Youwei away and helped Jing Yuanshan escape to Macau. This Jing Yuanshan, an alternate prefect, and Kang Youwei was good, had donated funds to run a women's school, and after Cixi launched a coup d'état, he also requested the protection of the Guangxu Emperor, so he was also wanted.
In view of all this, Cixi had a sharp conflict with the foreigners. In order to make his son quickly ascend the throne, Zai yi also hated foreigners, so Cixi made him the first class of the prime minister's office of state affairs, replacing Yi Xi's position; Zaixun the Prince of Qing and Zailan the Prince of Fuguo also became reds for a while. There was also an 80-year-old stubborn university scholar Xu Tong, who was not only a student of the empress dowager's close confidant Wu Ren, but also always blindly xenophobic, and every time he saw foreigners, he covered his face with a fan, and this time he actively courted Pu Juan, so Empress Dowager Cixi appointed him as Pu Juan's teacher.
In addition, the officials Shangshu Gangyi and the Punishment Department Shangshu Zhao Shuqiao were also close followers of Cixi. In order to compete for power and profit, this group even ordered the organization of armor protection regiment training in order to deal with foreigners. Unexpectedly, the training of the Baojia Regiment did not start, but the vigorous Boxer Rebellion that shocked China and foreign countries arose!
02. The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, formerly known as the Boxer Rebellion, was a secret anti-Qing association. Before the thirteenth year of Jiaqing (1808), there were anti-Qing activities, which were explicitly prohibited by the imperial court. It organizes the mass struggle in the form of setting up factories to practice boxing.
After the Sino-Japanese War, the imperialist countries set off a frenzy of partition in China, Russia took the northeast, Britain took the Yangtze River Valley, Germany took Shandong, Japan took Fujian, and France took Liangguang and Yunnan as their respective spheres of influence, forcibly seized mining rights and road rights, and vigorously engaged in land plunder and religious aggression, coupled with the oppression and exploitation of the Qing dynasty officials and gentry, forcing many peasants, craftsmen, canal coolies, citizen peddlers, and many other people from all walks of life to survive, so they joined the Boxers one after another.
The activities of YiheQuan are most intense in Shandong. The reasons are: After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan and Britain successively occupied Weihaiwei, Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay, Germany built railways, opened mines, arbitrarily occupied civilian land, forcibly demolished people's houses, and the British encircled the land of Wendeng and Rongcheng counties, all of which caused the peasants to suffer deeply; the dumping of foreign goods also caused the commercial depression in the province; in addition, the churches of various countries (counting more than a thousand) also occupied the land, interfered in lawsuits, tolerated rogues and oppressed the people, and the bishops of various countries were the same as the governor, and the emperor could be consulted, and the high priests were allowed to see the officials of the government and the county, and the officials and religions colluded. The people don't care about life.
Thus, from the twenty-second to the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu (1896-1899), Cao County, Shan County, Juye, Shouzhang, Jining, Heze, Chengwu, Yizhou, Pingyuan, Feicheng and other places have successively participated in the struggle of "exterminating foreigners and killing corrupt officials". They were well organized and gained the broad support of all the people, men, women and children, so that the movement developed rapidly.
Inspector Zhang Rumei of Shandong was unable to suppress it, and Cixi was replaced by Yuxian. Yuxian, who was originally the prefect of Cao Prefecture, killed more than 2,000 people in the "Great Dao Society" (a branch of the Boxer Rebellion) within a year, and went to Beijing to meet him, and Cixi personally gave the word "Fu". After YuXian's promotion, he hunted down and massacred members of the Yihe Fist.
In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu (1899), on October 9, Yuxian sent troops to suppress a boxer regiment led by the Surabaya people vermilion to gangzi in Pingyuan County, and was beaten to death at the Senluo Temple. But soon, this murderous executioner, who did not blink, actually used the method of deception to kill the vermilion lamp.
Yuxian was also obedient to foreign invaders. The Germans forcibly occupied the people's land to build jiaoji road, the common people pulled up the road pile, and was shot and killed by the Germans, he not only did not ask any questions, but instead paid the Germans more than 3400 taels; the British missionary Bux was killed, he not only killed two Chinese, sentenced three people to prison, and one person was imprisoned, but also paid 9500 taels.
Yu Xian's perverse behavior further aroused the people's resistance. The Boxers in Pingdu Prefecture, Caozhou, Juzhou and other places rose up to demolish churches and attack the officers and soldiers, the officers and soldiers of Juzhou begged for their lives, and the missionaries in Yantai were also afraid to live forever.
The American minister Conger said that Yuxian was the main criminal of the Boxers and asked the imperial court to remove him from his post. Therefore, on December 26, Cixi sent Yuan Shikai to suppress it.
Yuan Shikai led 7,000 new troops, recruited another 20,000 horses, and killed quite a few people, but he still could not suppress the Boxers. The members of the Boxer Rebellion made up a song saying, "Kill Yuan Qi's eggs, we will eat well," and then painted a picture of a red-topped flower-winged king lying behind the buttocks of a foreigner on the wall to satirize him, frightening him to install a dense layer of barbed wire outside his bedroom.
In the spring of the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong entered Zhili and progressed from Jingzhou and Gucheng to Beijing and Tianjin in two ways. The progress toward Beijing was rapid, and soon developed to Gaobeidian near Beijing, and in May, at The Stone Pavilion in Laishui crushed the attack of Yang Futong, a deputy general sent by the governor of Zhili, Yulu, killed Yang Futong, captured Zhuozhou, defeated the army sent by Nie Shicheng from Tianjin, entered Fengtai, and burned the "dragon carts" of Cixi and Guangxu.
The boxers (leaflets) appeared in the city of Beijing, and the stone tablets on the hot spring mountain were also inscribed with the words "Hate the peace treaty the most, mistakes."
The country harms the people, the upward and downward effects, and the people's grievances are not done. To this day, the Yuji foreigners, tending to be inflamed and followed the trend, wreaking havoc on the masses" and other texts, denouncing the traitorous behavior of the imperial court and officials, and claiming to "cut the grass" and "remove the roots."
In mid-June, the Boxers entered Beijing and set up more than 800 altars to guard and monitor the wang mansion and yamen, guarding the city gate and intersection.
03. Cixi borrowed the strength of the Boxers
The boxers' great power and fighting power forced Cixi to temporarily stop killing. On June 6, she asked Gang Yi to go to Zhuozhou to check on the strength of the Boxers, and on 16 and 17 days, she held a successive imperial meeting at the Yiluan Hall in Zhongnanhai to discuss whether to use the Boxers to prevent foreigners from supporting Guangxu.
In order to make his son Pu Yan ascend the throne as soon as possible, Zai Yi asked the military plane Zhang Jinglian Wenchong to forge a false note from various countries and asked the empress dowager to return to Guangxu. When Cixi saw this note, she immediately became furious and said: Instead of surrendering to death, it is better to fight a war! Xu Yongyi was immediately dispatched to inform the ministers of various countries to "return home from the flag."
On the 18th, the envoys of all countries must leave Beijing within 24 hours. It was also announced that those who killed a foreigner would be rewarded with 50 taels of silver; those who killed a foreign woman would be rewarded with 40 taels of silver; and those who killed a foreign child would be rewarded with 30 taels of silver.
In Dong Fuxiang's Gan Army, one of them killed a foreigner, and she actually rewarded 500 taels of silver! And said: "Forced me to return to politics, I have to repay it!" Zai Yi and others also instructed people to kill the German minister and the Japanese clerk.
On the 20th, Gang Yi returned to Beijing from Zhuozhou, saying that the Boxers were a god soldier who could be used and "could not enter with swords and guns". Cixi did not approve of the fortitude's investigation of the Boxer Rebellion, but she believed that the Boxers were numerous and "many people and powerful", so they could use them, so they declared war with foreign countries and asked the Boxers to attack the embassies of various countries, saying:
Cisheng Zhongxing, the grace of the universe is ,...... The gods are full of character, everyone is loyal and indignant, and there is nothing in the past. ...... (Therefore) a large tart, a duel between male and female.
In order to make more effective use and further restraining, on the 24th, Cixi appointed Zaixun and Gangyi as the commanders of the Boxer Rebellion. On the 25th, he also issued an edict to Li Hongzhang, the new governor directly under the governor and minister of Beiyang and an old traitor, saying: The current support for the Boxers is actually due to "suppressing the dilemma": "If it is suppressed, it will cause trouble in the armpits", so "it can only be used for this purpose, and Xu Tu saves it."
On the 29th, the embassies of various countries were sent to the embassies: this time the Chinese and foreign provocations ,...... None of them are intended,...... China (!) Even if you don't measure yourself, why do you start a fight with all countries at the same time? And why should we bully the people in order to provoke the nations? ...... At present, he still strictly leads the military officers to protect the embassy in front of him, but his strength is to see.
On the same day, he sent vegetables, fruits and other condolences to the embassy, as well as the business cards of the princes and ministers, and completely betrayed the Boxers!
The Boxers, however, were still fighting bloody battles. They attacked the embassy for 56 days and the Church of Sisku for 63 days. Rong Lu was not allowed to borrow cannons, and Zaixun and others were not allowed to cast guns, so they attacked with rockets and medicine cans. The French bishop Fan Guodong, who was hiding in the Church of Sisku, was terrified, and the robbers hiding in the embassy heard the clarion call of the Boxer soldiers, and the blood "condensed but did not flow".
The Boxers also once invaded the Austrian and French embassies, killing and wounding 117 French, German, and Japanese soldiers! Those invaders who usually take pleasure in slaughtering Chinese have tasted the power of Chinese people!
On June 10, British Admiral Seymour led two thousand allied troops and left Tianjin by train for Beijing, but the railway was demolished by the Boxers. They built roads as they moved forward. On the 11th, when they were building a road at the end of the river, they were suddenly attacked by the Boxers. He left a part of the invading army to defend the area and led one to the gallery, but was attacked again on the morning of the 14th. On the 18th, the Boxers and some Qing troops stormed the corridor, and Seymour had to withdraw to Tianjin overnight, only to withdraw to Xigu on the outskirts of Tianjin on the 23rd, and on the 25th, it shrank back into the concession, losing 1/3 of the troops before and after.
On June 17, the combined forces of Japan, France, Russia, the United States, Britain, Germany, Italy, and Austria stormed the Tagu Fort, and the defender Luo Rongguang was killed. On July 9, the coalition forces attacked Balitai outside Tianjin. Nie Shicheng was shot in both legs, still holding a knife to supervise the battle. Soon, the guns of the invading army pierced his left and right cheeks and sacrificed himself at the Bali Bridge.
On July 12, the Russian army of 2,600 men and the Japanese army of 2,400 men, together with the invading armies of other countries, began to attack the city of Tianjin, but failed. In the middle of the night of the 13th, the Russian army attacked Hedong again, and at noon on the 14th, it was only at noon with the French army that it attacked the city of Tianjin. At three o'clock in the morning of the same day, the invading armies of Britain, Japan and other countries stormed Hexi, and the casualties were also very heavy. At dawn, after the Japanese army built a bridge to smuggle and blew open the southwest city gate, the Boxers and the soldiers of the East Battalion of the Qing Army engaged in another 12-hour street battle, which inflicted great damage on the invading army. When the invading army captured Tianjin, only Japan, France, Russia, the United States, and Britain paid the price of 900 wounded and killed. Moreover, it was not until the 27th that the resistance of the Boxers in Tianjin was over.
04. Beijing falls
After the fall of Tianjin, Cixi was busy begging the Japanese, British, and German envoys to "solve difficult problems and resolve disputes," and also sent people to the embassy to express their willingness to "apologize, pay compensation, and punish the murderer." However, on August 2, the invading army of 40,000 soldiers divided into two routes (Japan, Britain, and the United States along the left bank of the canal, And Russia, France, Germany, Austria, and Italy along the right bank of the canal) went straight to Beijing to kill.
On the 4th and 8th, the Boxers and some Qing soldiers inflicted heavy damage on the invaders at Beicang and Yangcun; on August 14, the Russian army was at Dongbianmen, and the Japanese army at Qihuamen was also counterattacked by the Boxers and some Qing soldiers. At 2 p.m. on the same day, the British army invaded the Guangqu Gate; on the night of the 15th, the Japanese army captured the palace. The "coalition forces" suffered more than 400 casualties in Beijing.
After the fall of Beijing, the Boxers still waged heroic anti-imperialist patriotic struggles in Taipingzhuang, Haidian, Huairou, Xishan, Liangxiang, Xiongxian and other places.
Before and after the Boxers entered Beijing and Tianjin, the people of Henan, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia also rose up one after another and severely punished foreigners and corrupt officials.
The Boxer Rebellion was a large-scale anti-imperialist patriotic movement that dealt imperialism and its lackeys an incomparably heavy blow. Although it failed due to Cixi's betrayal and the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, it fully demonstrated the indomitable spirit of struggle of the Chinese people against imperialism and its lackeys, and completely smashed the imperialist dream of dividing up China.
The commander-in-chief of the Eight-Power Alliance, the German Wadsi, said: "No matter europe, the United States, japan, and other countries have the brainpower and military strength to rule over a quarter of the world's living beings." Therefore, the division of the matter is really the next policy." A French parliamentarian also said: "The idea of dividing is like a dream." ”
In contrast to the heroic struggle of the Boxers, the Ruling Clique of the Qing Dynasty, led by Cixi, manifested itself as a knee-bending surrender and shameful betrayal. On August 2, more than 40,000 men of the Russian, Japanese, German, French, British, American, Italian, and Austrian armies attacked Beijing from Tianjin along the banks of the canal, and although they were resisted by the Boxers and some Qing troops in Beicang and Yangcun, the Tuanmin and Qing troops had neither backing nor the Qing army.
Cixi's order to Li Hongzhang was only to ask the coalition forces to help "suppress the chaotic people" and to stop the war and negotiate peace. Since the coalition forces already knew the attitude of Cixi and his gang, they naturally would not give up until they reaped more benefits, and they would never be reconciled to their decision not to take Beijing.
On August 6, Yulu, the commander of the Qing army, fled into a coffin shop in Yangcun, fearing that it would not be safe, and finally committed suicide with a pistol. On August 12, the coalition forces reached Tongzhou. The Tongzhou defenders collapsed without a fight, and before the collapse, they plundered on a large scale.
Cixi summoned Rong Lu eight times that day and Zai Yi five times that day, but there was no way to do anything; Li Hongzhang asked Li Hongzhang to ask for peace again, and the coalition forces did not allow it. On the 13th, the coalition army reached the outskirts of Beijing. The commander-in-chief of the Russian army told the commanders of other countries that the main force of the Qing army would definitely fight a decisive battle, and he advised the troops to rest for the time being. However, that night, the Russian army sneaked alone and occupied Dongbianmen at noon on the 14th.
The Japanese army expected that the Russian army would go first, and also entered and occupied the Chaoyang Gate on the 14th. The Qing Dynasty's Shenji Battalion and Shenhu Battalion had already fled as early as 30 miles away from Beijing by the coalition forces, and the Gan army led by Dong Fuxiang was even more wantonly robbed before fleeing.
05. Cixi fled west
At 3 o'clock in the morning of the 15th, Cixi had no choice but to pretend to be a peasant woman in the countryside, wearing a blue summer cloth shirt and a Chinese-style bun, so that Guangxu wore blue cloth and pants, and prepared to escape.
Guangxu's concubine Zhen asked to stay in The Capital to calm the hearts of the people, and Cixi actually told her to commit suicide. In the end, Li Lianying had Zhenfei tie her hands and feet, push her into the big well outside the Ningshou Palace, and push down three or four large stones, which was really miserable!
Cixi and his party, along the way, "bean porridge is difficult to find", fled to Guanshi in the evening, reached Huailai 3 days later, and fled to Xuanhua Province after 4 days.
In order to cover up the shame of her own escape, Cixi published the "Edict of Sin and Self- Committing" in the name of Guangxu, saying that it was a "temporary tour of Taiyuan." When passing through the Yanmen Gate, he ordered the carriage and horse to be suspended to enjoy the scenery, and said to the Guangxu Emperor: "This time out of Beijing, I have to see the world, and I am also very happy!" ”
Soon, he fled to Xi'an and watched acting day and night for fun. Along the way, the officers and men accompanying them plundered all the way.
When Cixi was about to flee, he asked Ronglu, Xu Tong, and Chongqi (The Father-in-law of the Tongzhi Emperor) to stay in Beijing to deal with it, and Neither Ronglu nor Chongqi dared to stay, and after fleeing to Baoding, Ronglu fled to Shanxi. Chongqi hanged himself after hearing that his family had died in Beijing. Xu Tong was taken away by the coalition forces because of his son Chengyu, and he himself hanged himself.
After the Eight-Power Coalition entered Beijing, it ordered three days of public robbery (August 15 to August 18). The treasures and antiques of the Summer Palace were transported by the coalition forces for several months by camel caravan and forcibly transported to the concession of Tianjin; in the Second Opium War, britain and France snatched more than 700 copies of the "Yongle Canon", and this time they were robbed by the coalition forces 307 volumes; the coalition forces also snatched more than 40,000 other rare books!
The Russian army also robbed the Yiluan Hall in Zhongnanhai, and all the treasures that could be moved were removed, and those that could not be moved were all destroyed. When a Russian officer returned to China, he took away as many as ten large boxes of treasures from China.
The missionaries also took advantage of the opportunity to make a windfall. A French bishop named Fan Guoliang broke into the home of Cixi's close associate, Hubu Shangshu Lishan (who himself had been killed by Zaiyi), and snatched away a treasure worth 10,000 taels of silver in one go.
The coalition forces are in Beijing, killing people everywhere. The French hid the civilians in a dead end and fired machine guns for 15 minutes. As for the street, it is even more corpse pillow.
06. Treaty of Xinugu
Cixi, who was hiding in Xi'an, sent a telegram ordering Li Hongzhang and Yi Li to step up negotiations with the invaders. On 24 December, eleven countries, russia, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, the United States, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands (Lanzhou), Belgium (Lee's), and West (Banga), put forward a demanding proposal and outline, declaring that "there is no change."
When Cixi heard the news, she also sent a telegram to Li and Yi to "agree immediately," and later advocated "measuring the material strength of China and marrying the happiness of the country." ”
Thus, on September 7, 1901, in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), Li Hongzhang and Yi Xi signed the traitorous and humiliating "Xinugu Treaty" (a total of twelve articles; in addition to the main treaty, there are nineteen annexes). Main provisions:
First, the indemnity of 450 million silver, paid in 39 years, plus the annual amortized interest, a total of 980 million taels (the largest claim is Russia, 130 million taels; followed by Germany, more than 90 million taels; then France more than 70 million taels, the United Kingdom more than 50 million taels, Japan and the United States more than 30 million taels, Italy more than 20 million taels, Belgium more than 8 million taels, Austria more than 4 million taels, the Netherlands and Spain 1.22 million taels each). So much so that the insatiable Russian diplomat Ramsdorff also said triumphantly: "This is the most costly war in history!" ”
2. Level all forts in Dagu and Beijing and Gujian; Within 20 miles outside Tianjin, Chinese troops are not allowed to enter or be stationed; 12 key places between Beijing and Shanhaiguan (Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinhuangdao, and Shanhaiguan) are garrisoned by foreign troops. At this point, China was placed under the military supervision of the imperialist countries.
Beijing shall set up a special embassy area, covering an area of 120 acres, in which Chinese are not allowed to live; embassies of various countries may set up their own armies (as many as 400 people, as few as 100 people).
4. It is forbidden to Chinese organize any anti-imperialist patriotic groups and engage in any anti-imperialist patriotic activities; to punish officials who "sponsor" the Boxers; to punish and prohibit anti-imperialist associations in various localities; to cease shanxi (22 cities), directly subordinate to (12 cities), northeast (6 cities), Henan (2 cities), Hunan (1 city), Shaanxi (1 city), Shaanxi (1 city), and Zhejiang (1 city) a total of 45 cities of civil and military attachés; abolish the prime minister's office for state affairs, and reorganize it into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is listed above the six ministries of households and officials.
The Treaty of Xinugu not only plundered China economically and spied on it militarily, but also further controlled China politically, completely turning China into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society!
In suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, Russia received far more illegal benefits than any other imperialist country. It not only sent troops to participate in the invasion and massacre of the Beijing and Tianjin areas by the coalition forces, but also sent troops to the northeast alone, occupying the 64 tun area of Jiangdong north of the Heilongjiang River, slaughtering more than 6,000 Chinese in this area, slaughtering only more than 200 people, and then invading the entire northeast region and slaughtering more ordinary Chinese people.
Guangxu 26 (1900) On November 11, the Russian invading military used bayonets to coerce the Qing Dynasty's Shengjing general Zengqi to sign the so-called "Provisional Statute of Fengtian Handover land", which unjustifiably stipulated that Russia should set up a "general administrator" in Fengtian (Shenyang) to supervise the Qing Dynasty's management of the local administrative organs in the northeast.
The Russian government also secretly concocted a so-called "Russian Supervision of Manchuria" "Principles" in Petersburg, in a vain attempt to make China give up its military power in the northeast in order to annex this vast territory of China! It was only under the pressure of Chinese people that the Qing Dynasty government announced the "dismissal" of Zengqi and the refusal of Yang Ru, the Chinese minister in Russia, to sign it, that the Russian conspiracy could not be realized.
Twenty-nine days after the signing of the Xinugu Treaty, Empress Dowager Cixi left Xi'an with 3,000 vehicles and returned to Beijing. Along the way, the Great Cultivation Palace (only one place in Luoyang, that is, the cost of repair is 30,000 taels), the major repair of the road (along the road, all the houses, all demolished; the people approach this road, but also a huge fine), the cost of luggage along the way is more than 10 million taels!
On November 27, 1902 (January 7, 1902), Empress Dowager Cixi returned to Beijing. When she first returned, she could still cry and blame, and before long, she gradually returned to the old, overhauled the Summer Palace, was extremely rich, spent a lot of money, and sang and danced endlessly.
Compared with before, there is only one difference, that is, she has become more docile with foreigners: she not only removed the curtain to summon ministers from various countries and comforted the wives of ministers, but also spent more than 5 million taels of huge money to build a "Haiyan Hall" (Western-style) on the site of the Yiluan Hall, prepared for Western food, and often performed humble feasts, like a lackey that wagged its tail and begged for pity.
And Li Hongzhang, who had almost betrayed the country all his life, died of illness in Beijing shortly after the signing of the "Xinugi Treaty" at the age of 79.
The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Qing Dynasty" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
This set of books was carefully compiled by more than a dozen older historians born in the first half of the last century and took several years to compile. From the historical migration of xia and shang to the late Qing dynasty, the panoramic depiction of 5,000 years of Chinese history is professional and authoritative, and it is easy to understand, suitable for all ages, passing down classics, and it is worth learning and cherishing.