The Afshar dynasty in the history of Iran, from 1736 to 1796, was founded for sixty years, with a total of four lords, and its territory was more extensive than that of the previous dynasty.
The founding lord, Nadir Shah, lived from 1688 to 1747, to the age of sixty. He was of origin from the Afshar tribe of Khotsim, Afghanistan, a mixed Turkic-Persian tribe.
When he was young, his family was poor, and he made a living by collecting firewood, and later became a postman, wading through mountains and rivers to deliver letters. In 1714, at the age of twenty-seven, he once defected to the governor of Khora, showing military talent, but could not be promoted, so he went to the mountains and became a bandit.
In 1722, Khotak, chief of the Pashtun Girzai tribe in Kandahar, Afghanistan, established a dynasty and overthrew Safir Persia and ruled Afghanistan and Persia.
The Safavid royal family fled, seeking the help of the princes to resist the Afghan invading army, Nadir Shah took the opportunity to defect to the Safavid royal family, at this time, he was already full of wings and powerful, and he defected to the royal family, so that he had an official status and was no longer a grass curs.
From 1728 to 1730, the Nadir sofa campaigned one battle after another, attacking the Invading Afghan Army, winning successive victories, and thus becoming the Optimus Prime, the Purple Golden Beam of the Sea, which was deeply relied upon by the Safavid royal family.
Possessing advanced weapons imported from Europe, Nadirsha defeated the backward Afghan tribal forces in succession, and in November 1729, Nadirsha led an army of 30,000 to conquer the important town of Isfahan, and the Afghan invading army was defeated and fled to Shiraz.
In 1730, Nadir Shah conquered Shiraz and largely expelled the Afghan invaders from Persia.
Thereafter, Nadir Shah launched an onslaught against the Ottoman Empire to the west in an attempt to retake the Two Rivers Valley and the South Caucasus.
By this time, Nadir Shah had become a great warlord, and in 1732 he changed the Safavid royal family to a half-year-old infant as a puppet king, and then, in February 1733, with an army of 300,000, besieged Baghdad for half a year, and the city stubbornly resisted, and both sides suffered casualties. The Ottoman Empire sent Topo Osman Pasha with 80,000 men to the rescue, and Nadir Shah led 70,000 men to fight samara, where he was defeated, 30,000 people were killed, and he himself was almost killed, and Baghdad was relieved. However, in October, Nadirsha led 80,000 people to Agdaban, defeated the Ottoman army of 100,000, killed more than 20,000 people including his main general Topo Osman, and avenged the arrow, but Nadirsha's battle this time, the casualties were also very serious, and he had to return to the division to rest.
In 1735, Nadirsha attacked the Ottoman South Caucasus, defeating the Ottoman army of 80,000 men with 58,000 men and killing his Albanian Pasha Abdullah Kopruruu.
After that, he allied himself with the Russian Empire and agreed to jointly attack the Ottoman Empire.
In 1736, Nadirsha declared the abolition of the Safir dynasty and the establishment of the Afshar dynasty.
Nadir Shah
At the end of this year, he led an army of 100,000 to invade the Afghan state of HotakSudan and the Indian Mour Empire, and successively captured kandahar, the capital of Afghanistan, and Delhi, the capital of India.
In March 1737, the Persian army of 100,000 men defeated 300,000 Indians, and in March 1737, they captured Delhi and carried out the Delhi Massacre, killing some 200,000 Indians and, of course, other atrocities.
The greatest spoils of NadirSha are the Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan of the Mour Empire, and the two Diamond Mountains of Light and the Sea of Light, the treasures of the town of Mour.
India's climate was hot and it was impossible to stay for a long time, so this large territory had to be abandoned, and the Persian army returned to the Dynasty after grabbing a full pot. Because the loot from the Indian campaign was so abundant that for several years after the banshi, Nadir Shah did not have to collect taxes from the domestic population. He used the wealth he had plundered from expeditions to build a large number of works in Persia to encourage culture, and Persia presented a prosperous scene of the golden age of history.
Then, in 1738, Nadir Shah finally destroyed the Afghan state of Khotaksudan and annexed Afghanistan. After that, he launched a fierce attack on the Uzbek Khanate of Khiva and the Khanate of Bukhara.
In 1746, after another heavy blow to the Ottoman army, the two sides signed a peace treaty.
The reason why Nadir Shah was invincible and killed all sides was because the weapons of his army were very strong, and his infantry, continuing the musketeers of Safiposia, formed a more elite infantry unit "Jazalyach", equipped with flintlock guns and uniform uniforms, rifles weighing 18 kg and caliber 24 mm, while the muzzle of European armies in the same period was generally only 18 mm, and the rifles of the Persian army had more range and lethality than the European, Ottoman and Mohur armies of the same period. Jazaryage was an infantryman on horseback, so if necessary, he could transform into a cavalryman and mount a horse with a knife to launch an attack. The Jazarjech infantry, often used to accomplish difficult and critical tactical tasks.
However, although he could fight, Nadir Shah was a Sunni and he had been suppressing Shiites, which caused revolts throughout Persia. In 1747, Nadir shah, the year of the flower armor, went to Khorod to gather the Sunni Uzbeks and Turkmen, intending to massacre the Shia Persian generals, but unexpectedly missed the wind, and was assassinated by a group of Persian officers and soldiers.
After that, Persia fell into civil strife, and Nadirsha's nephew Adilsha ordered the massacre of almost all of Nadirsha's descendants, leaving only one grandson, Shah Rukh Afshaar, after which Adil established himself as Shah.
Nadir Shah's General of the Guards, the Afghan Ahmed Durrani, rebelled, failed, and was forced to flee back to Afghanistan, but he took some of Nadir Shah's treasures and established the Durani Sultanate in Afghanistan, making Afghanistan independent.
In 1748, Adilsha, overthrown by his brother Ibrahim Afshaar, staged a coup d'état. Less than two months after Ibrahim Afshar seized power, he was overthrown by his own army. Later, the Turkmen tribe, with Nadir Shah's grandson Shah Ruk Afshar as Shah, nominally ruled Khorasan.
In 1749, Shah Rukh Afshar was overthrown and blinded, and a few months later, he was reinstated and continued to be nominally lord of Khora. At this time, all the Persian princes claimed the throne, among them, Nadir Shah's general, the Kurdish Karim Khan, established the Zander dynasty with Shiraz as its capital.
After years of conquest, the Zand dynasty occupied the lands of the Afshar dynasty except Khorad. Karim Khan did not attack Shah Ruk Afshar's Khorak out of respect for Nadir Shah.
In 1779, Kalim Khan died, the Zander dynasty fell into chaos, the Turkic Qajar tribal chieftain Agha Muhammad Khan in northern Persia took the opportunity to expand his power, in 1794, the Zander dynasty was destroyed, in 1796, Agha Mohammed Khan, crowned as Persian Shah, established the capital of Tehran, established the Qajar dynasty, and subsequently, conquered Khorod, killed Shah Rukh Afshar, the Afshaar dynasty ended, and Persia began a new dynasty.
During Nadirsha's reign, he attacked the Ottoman Empire to the west and controlled the Khanate of Bukhara and Khiva to the east, so the Persian territory had surpassed the previous dynasty.
The Afshar dynasty fought against the Mohor Empire