Today we introduce Deng Pei, an early party member and a famous leader of the workers' movement.
Deng Pei is also known as Match, the character Shaoshan, pseudonyms Tang Fengming, Deng Shaoming, and Eryun. He was born in 1884 (the tenth year of Qing Guangxu) in Shihuzhou Village, Sanshui County, Guangdong Province. His family was poor, his grandfather was an industrial worker, and his father, uncle and uncle were forced to go to San Francisco to do hard labor because of their lives, and finally died in a foreign country. As a child, Deng Pei relied on his mother to raise him with painstaking efforts, and only barely studied in private school for two years. At the age of 14, he left his hometown to work as an apprentice at Tianjin Detai Machine Factory, where he studied technology assiduously and soon became able to see drawings for operation. In 1901, he went to the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory of the Beijing-Feng railway as a rotary bed worker, and soon became a skilled worker. Founded in 1880, the Jingfeng Railway Tangshan Manufacturing Factory is the earliest railway factory established in China, and the number of workers in the factory increased to about 3,000 in 1915. This factory has a glorious revolutionary tradition in the history of the workers' movement in our country. Before and after the founding of the Communist Party of China, Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia, and others guided the development of the workers' movement here and established party, regiment, and trade union organizations, making this factory one of the bases for the CPC to carry out the workers' movement in the north. Deng Pei was placed in the ranks of the Tangshan workers' struggle and trained to become a proletarian vanguard fighter. Under the exploitation and oppression of the imperialists and feudal leaders, the workers of the Tangshan manufacturing plant lived a life inferior to that of cattle and horses, and Deng Pei often indignantly said to the workers: "Why should the workers be oppressed, not enough to eat, and not warm to wear?" Why should the general manager and overseer who weigh on the workers' heads be blessed?" Later, through the introduction of others, he came into contact with and read progressive books and periodicals such as "New Youth" and "Weekly Review", and received an enlightened education from the revolution. After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Deng Pei shouted loudly: "Twenty-one Articles" wants us to destroy the country and exterminate the species, and we workers cannot ignore it! Deng Pei's words and deeds were very influential among the workers, and he became the leader of the struggle of the workers in Tangshan. During the May Fourth Movement, Deng Pei went to Beijing to meet with Li Dazhao, and Li Dazhao pointed out to him that the workers lived a life inferior to that of mules and horses because of the exploitation of their bosses, and proposed that more labor education should be done, which greatly taught and influenced Deng Pei. After Deng Pei returned to Tangshan from Beijing, he actively carried out work and launched an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. He organized the workers of the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory and the students of the Industrial College into many speech teams, gave speeches in the main streets, theaters, tea houses, parks, and other public places in the city, distributed leaflets, educated the masses on patriotism, and called for opposition to traitorous treaties and boycott of Japanese goods. When news of the Beijing warlord government's massive arrest of patriotic students reached Tangshan on June 3, it provoked great anger among people from all walks of life in Tangshan. On the morning of 12 June, more than 30,000 people from all walks of life in Tangshan held a massive mass rally in the square in front of the railway station to protest against the crimes of the warlord government and imperialism. Due to the obstruction and sabotage of Sun Hongzhe, a pawn of British imperialism and deputy director of the Aircraft Maintenance Department, more than 3,000 workers of the Tangshan manufacturing plant were unable to attend the congress. On June 24, people from all walks of life in Tangshan held another rally in the square in front of the railway station, and Deng Pei led more than 3,000 workers from the Tangshan manufacturing plant to participate. When Deng Pei led the workers to the factory gate, he was again blocked by Sun Hongzhe. Sun Hongzhe said: "The issue of opposing the Versailles Peace Treaty is a major national affair, what are you workers doing?" Deng Pei replied boldly: "The rise and fall of the country is the responsibility of the puppeteer" and "It is our responsibility to participate in the activities!" Sun Hongzhe threatened the workers again, saying: "You march on the streets and will not pay you!" Deng Pei angrily rebuked: "We workers are for the sake of saving the country, not just to make money!" At the end of the conversation, he led the workers' contingent out of the gate together, shouted slogans such as "Down with Japanese imperialism," "Down with traitors," and "Abolish the Twenty-one Articles," and rushed to the venue in a mighty way. In the end, the congress unanimously resolved to send a telegram to the Beiyang Government on the grounds of "never giving in diplomatically," "punishing traitors," and "protecting students' freedom." After the meeting, Deng Pei and others also mobilized the masses to investigate and burn Japanese goods, and held strikes and anti-imperialist demonstrations. In July, Deng Pei established the "Workers' Association", a patriotic mass organization with workers as the basic masses, in the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant, and he was elected as the director general. Under the leadership of the "Workers' Association", the workers of the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory also organized workers' activists to form the "Ten People's League for Saving the Country". Together with the students, they formed a speech team and went to the streets and villages of the city to give speeches to publicize the boycott of Japanese goods and oppose the traitorous treaty. Subsequently, they contacted the Kailuan Coal Mine and the Qixin Yang Ash Company, so that the patriotic movement was widely launched in the city. In March 1920, the Beijing Marxist Theory Research Association led by Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia and other organizations was formally established. The Society pays great attention to the development of members among workers, the development of the workers' movement, and the focus of its work on the Changxindian and Tangshan areas. The study society sent Luo Zhanglong to Tangshan to investigate the living conditions of industrial workers and further contact Deng Pei and others. Deng Pei provided a large amount of materials for this investigation. Since then, the Society has often sent people to the Tangshan area to carry out work. Through a period of understanding, they believe that Deng Pei is a decent person, cheerful, good craftsmanship, high skill, with several classes of apprentices, very authoritative among the workers, and is the de facto leader. Therefore, Deng Pei was used as the contact person of the research association in the Tangshan area. Deng Pei also often took advantage of holidays to go to Peking University to meet with Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia, and others in the name of learning "hypnosis," read more progressive books and periodicals, further received enlightenment education in revolutionary thought, and understood some truths about the October Revolution in Russia and the organization of trade unions. Soon, Deng Pei was absorbed as a member of the Marxist Theory Research Society. He organized the workers more extensively to study revolutionary newspapers and periodicals such as "New Youth," "Workers' Weekly," and "Labor Voices," and publicized the principles of the October Revolution and the organization of trade unions to everyone. Under his organization and influence, a number of advanced elements such as Liang Pengwan, Ruan Zhang, and Wang Linshu became the backbone of the revolutionary struggle in Tangshan. On May 1, 1920, the working class of our country commemorated for the first time this holiday of the working people themselves. In order to guide the commemorative activities, Li Dazhao published an article entitled "History of the May Day Movement" in the "Labor Memorial Number" of "New Youth", introducing the history of May Day and the struggle of the working class in various countries. On May 1, Deng Pei gathered hundreds of workers at the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant to hold a commemorative meeting and distributed to everyone a leaflet entitled "Beijing Labor Declaration on May 1" sent by the Beijing Marx Theory Research Association. He also preached the significance of May Day to the masses of workers, encouraging them: "As long as we poor people work together, the cause of communism will one day be realized." The workers shouted excitedly: "May 10,000 years old!" "Long live communism!" In October of the same year, after the early organization of the Communist Party in Beijing was established, it established contacts with Deng Pei and other Tangshan workers. At the end of December, the early communist organization in Beijing sent Zhang Guotao to Tangshan and Deng Pei to discuss the Tangshan workers' movement and the organization of trade unions. With the guidance and help of the early organization of the Communist Party in Beijing, Deng Pei rectified the original "workers' association" of the Tangshan manufacturing plant, and established the first trade union organization in Tangshan in the spring of 1921, the Trade Union of the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory of the Beijing-Feng railway. The inaugural meeting of the trade union was held secretly at No. 5 Fanmian Street, and more than 30 people were present. At the meeting, Deng Pei talked about the significance of establishing a trade union, and finally everyone unanimously elected Deng Pei as the chairman of the trade union. On the evening of Labor Day this year, the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory Trade Union held a commemorative meeting in the auditorium of Tangshan Jiaotong University, and was surrounded by reactionary military and police. Deng Pei tucked the pennant presented to the trade union by the students of Jiaotong University on his belt and led the masses of workers to bravely break out of the encirclement. In order to strengthen the unity of workers, the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant Union soon established close contacts with workers in the Kailuan Coal Mine and the Qixin Yang Ash Company. At the same time, Deng Pei began to organize workers along the Beijing-Feng railway line, and established close contacts with railway workers in Shanhaiguan, Changxindian and other places. The Tangshan Manufacturing Plant Union thus became the nucleus of the Tangshan area and the Jingfeng railway workers' movement. Immediately afterward, the Beijing party organization sent Li Shuyi, an auditor at Peking University and a member of the youth league, to work in Tangshan. As a teacher at the Tangshan Vocational School, Li actively carried out propaganda and education and organizational work to the workers, and organized the Socialist Youth League in Tangshan on July 6, 1921. Li Shuyi was the head of the regiment organization, and there were seven or eight members of the regiment, including Ruan Zhang. At this time, Deng Peinian was 37 years old, but due to the needs of his work, he was still absorbed into the Socialist Youth League. After the founding of the Communist Party of China in July 1921, in order to organize and lead the workers' movement, the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Union was established, and branches were set up in Beijing, Jinan, Guangzhou, Changsha and Wuhan, and Deng Pei was a member of the Secretariat of the Beijing Labor Union. In November 1921, the Secretariat of the Beijing Labor Union led a general strike of Longhai railway workers. Deng Pei sent a telegram of solidarity at the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant in the name of the "Workers' Association" to resolutely support the strike struggle of the Longhai railway workers. In January 1922, the Hong Kong seafarers held a general strike. Deng Pei also led the workers of the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant to send out a message of condolences of solidarity, and led the workers and students to the streets to publicize and raise hundreds of yuan in cash to support the strike struggle of the seafarers with practical actions. At the beginning of 1922, the Comintern convened the first congress of communist and national revolutionary groups in the Far East in Moscow, inviting 39 representatives of the Communist Party of China, the Kuomintang and other revolutionary groups to participate. Deng Pei attended the congress as a representative of industrial workers in Tangshan and introduced the strikes of Trade Unions and Railway and Metallurgical Workers in China. During the meeting, Deng Pei received Lenin as a representative of Chinese industrial workers. Lenin asked Deng Pei about work and life, as well as about the workers' movement, and clasped Deng Pei's hands tightly and said: "The railway workers' movement is very important. In the Russian Revolution, the railway workers played a major role. In the future Chinese revolution, they will certainly play the same or a greater role. At this congress, Deng Pei also listened to and studied the experience of the workers' movements in various countries, especially when he personally saw the Soviet workers being the masters of their own affairs, which further strengthened his revolutionary conviction and saw clearly the bright future of the Chinese workers' movement. After the meeting, Deng Pei secretly returned to Tangshan. More actively lead the struggle of the workers in tangshan. Under the cultivation and education of the Party organization, Deng Pei quickly grew into a proletarian vanguard fighter and workers' leader. Shortly after returning from Moscow, the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China approved him as an official member of the Communist Party of China. This was the first Communist Party member in the Tangshan area and one of the earliest Party members among the workers in the north. In the summer of 1922, under the leadership of the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Tangshan Regional Committee of the Communist Party of China was established. The members of the Tangshan District Committee of the COMMUNIST Party of China are Deng Pei, Ruan Zhang, Liang Pengwan, Wang Linshu, Li Shuyi, Peng Lihe (representative of the Beijing District Committee in Tangshan), and Deng Pei is the secretary. In November 1921, the Party Central Committee issued a circular to the whole Party on the establishment and development of the Party, the League, the trade union organization, and the propaganda and education work. The northern party organizations have made plans for the development of trade unions in railways, mines, and other industries and the work of carrying out strike struggles, and have successively organized more than a hundred strike struggles, such as the Longhai Railway strike and the Changxindian strike, and established trade unions at all levels and party and league organizations in the course of the struggle. With the development of the workers' movement, the composition of industrial workers gradually increased among the members of the Beijing District Committee. As the responsible person of the Beijing-Feng Railway Trade Union, Deng Pei participated in the leadership work of the Beijing District CPC Committee and served as a member of the District CPC Committee. After the establishment of the Tangshan Mountain Committee, it actively developed party and group organizations among students. In the summer of 1922, Tangshan Jiaotong University established and developed the Socialist Youth League organization, and also established an open peripheral organization reading club (later changed to the Social Science Research Association) to unite and organize young people to study and study Marxism-Leninism, and to carry out discussions on "opposing feudalism" and "opposing imperialism." The league organization of Tangshan Jiaotong University soon grew to more than 20 people, and developed party members, officially establishing the party branch of Tangshan Jiaotong University. Under the guidance of Deng Pei and the Tangshan Prefectural Committee, the members of the party group of Tangshan Jiaotong University actively propagated Marxism to the workers, and also founded a civilian night school, which on the one hand taught the workers to learn culture, and on the other hand, explained to the workers Marx's "labor theory of value" and other principles. In order to propagate Marxism-Leninism to the workers and unite the workers around the Party, the Tangshan Manufacturing Factory Trade Union, which Deng Pei directly led, regarded educating the workers and strengthening the workers' organizations as the most urgent central task. Learning from the experience of changxindian in organizing workers' clubs, the trade union has prepared a workers' cram school, a workers' night school and a workers' library. On February 5, 1922, the Tangshan Workers' Library published documents such as the Establishment of the "Jianzhang" in the Beijing Workers' Weekly, which was one of the earliest workers' libraries established in China. Inside the library, there are many works by Marx, Engels and Lenin, as well as publications such as The New Youth and The Workers' Weekly. It was not only a front for propagating Marxism-Leninism to the workers, but also a mass organization of workers, an organization of party organizations and liaison between the workers, and it was very popular with the workers, and the number of members who participated in the library soon grew to two or three hundred. This activity expanded the line-up of trade union organizations and enabled many workers to further raise their ideological consciousness and move closer to the Party organizations. In July 1922, the Secretariat of the Chinese Labor Union put forward the NineteenTh Article of the Outline of Labor Legislation, which requires the recognition of workers' right to assemble and association, the right to strike in alliances, and the eight-hour working day system, calling on workers throughout the country to participate in the labor legislation movement. The first people in the whole country to rise up to answer this call were the Tangshan trade unions under the leadership of Deng Pei and the Tangshan Mountain Committee. They mobilized trade unions such as the Tangshan Manufacturing Plant of the Beijing-Feng railway, the Kailuan Coal Mine, the Qixin Yang Ash Factory, and the Huaxin Spinning Factory, established the Tangshan Labor Legislation Alliance, and electrified various organizations and the National Assembly throughout the country to demand the adoption of the "Outline of Labor Legislation" put forward by the Secretariat of the Labor Union. On September 3, the newspaper published the "Declaration of the Great Alliance of Labor Legislation in Tangshan", and after the declaration was published, Deng Pei and the Tangshan Committee organized workers to hold rallies and demonstrations. Through extensive propaganda, the labor legislation movement has penetrated the hearts of the people among the masses of workers, and has made everyone clear the direction of the struggle. With the upsurge of the national workers' movement, the climax of the workers' strike struggle in Tangshan has arrived. The Secretariat of the China Labor Union successively dispatched five or six people, including Peng Lihe and Luo Zhanglong, to be stationed in the Tangshan area in batches to work with Deng Pei and others to plan various matters concerning the workers' strike. Deng Zhongxia, director of the Secretariat of the Labor Union, and Wang Gemei, a representative of the Secretariat's Trade Union stationed in Shanhaiguan, also went to Tangshan to guide the work. On September 13, 1922, deng Pei, on behalf of the tangshan manufacturing plant trade union, put forward five demands to the factory side, such as increasing wages and improving the treatment of workers, which were warmly supported by the workers. However, the factory refused to respond to the workers' requests. To this end, in early October, Deng Pei, Li Shuyi and other leaders held a workers' congress, and on the basis of the original five requirements, they put forward six supplementary requirements, such as the railway authorities to recognize trade unions, expand the power of trade unions, and employ and dismiss workers through trade unions. On the one hand, the trade union sent representatives to negotiate with the factory in accordance with these requirements, and on the other hand, it actively brewed a strike struggle. On October 10, under the leadership of the Tangshan Mountain Committee, Tangshan workers and students held a grand National Day lantern parade, Deng Pei walked at the forefront of the line, followed by three brigades of workers from Jingfeng Tangshan Manufacturing Factory, Kailuan workers and Tangshan Jiaotong University Students, showing the fighting unity of the working class and the strong strength of the masses. The demands made by the factories and the railway authorities against the workers have been repeatedly delayed and do not want to be resolved. This provoked great anger among the workers. On the evening of 12 October, the Tangshan Committee called for an emergency meeting of workers' representatives and activists on Fanmian Street, decided to strike immediately, adopted the "Strike Declaration", established a strike office, and elected Deng Pei and 25 other people to form a strike committee, with Deng Pei as the chairman. With the "Ten National Salvation Regiment" as the backbone, the strike committee organized pickets of more than 1,000 people, in addition, it also organized investigation teams and watch teams. The action of the trade unions in organizing strikes terrified the leaders of the factory. They hurriedly sent telegrams to the Tianjin Jingfeng Railway and the warlord governments of Cao Feng and Wu Peifu in Beijing, demanding that troops be sent to suppress them. The Tianjin Police Department quickly dispatched 300 military and police officers to Kailuan and Tangshan to stand by and wait for an opportunity to suppress the striking workers. In view of the delay in the authorities' refusal to accede to the workers' demands, the Beijing District Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Secretariat of the Labor Union, and the Tangshan Mountain Committee jointly studied and under the direct command of Deng Pei, at 5 a.m. on October 13, the workers' pickets guarded the factory gate. At 7 o'clock, the factory staff division (staff) has not yet gone to work, the workers will enter the factory to take off the badge, put a seal on each plant, and then walk out of the factory in an orderly manner. At this time, the pre-organized pickets began to maintain order, and the investigation team went around to visit the various organs. The strike of more than 3,000 workers at the Tangshan manufacturing plant began. At 6 p.m. on October 14, the striking workers held a meeting in front of the gate of the manufacturing plant, and Deng Pei and others spoke successively to report to everyone on the situation of negotiations with the authorities. Their speeches were warmly welcomed by the audience, who chanted slogans such as "Long live labor". On the one hand, the Jingfeng railway authorities threatened the striking workers with force, and on the other hand, they tried to win over the divided workers. They said to Deng Pei: "If you order the resumption of work, the factory can give you a salary increase, or you can be the head." Deng Pei replied, "I am a worker and I don't want to be the head." If you want to raise money, you will give everyone an increase. Tell you the general manager, I Deng Pei people are not poor, money can not buy me. During this period, Luo Zhanxian, a member of the strike committee and a train house worker, went to contact the workers along the Beijing-Hankou Railway, but when Luo Zhanxian returned from Changxindian, he was arrested by the police station at Fengtai Station. When Deng Pei heard the news, he immediately convened a workers' meeting of the whole factory and called on everyone to add another one in addition to the eleven requirements of the original TiYi: immediately release Luo Zhanxian's deputies. On the third day after the strike, the Jingfeng Railway Bureau had to send representatives to negotiate with Deng Pei and seven other representatives. It was not until the eighth day of the strike that the railway bureau was forced to agree to increase wages, improve treatment, and most of the conditions. The Party organization and the Secretariat of the Labor Union agreed to resume work, taking into account that the strike had been a major victory. On 20 October, representatives of the strike committee and the factory negotiated and signed an agreement. On the 21st, the Tianjin Police Station sent back Luo Zhanxian, the detained worker's representative. At this point, the strike ended in victory. Through this strike struggle, the workers in Tangshan were more united, and Deng Pei's prestige among the workers was even higher. Workers at the Tangshan manufacturing plant voluntarily joined the trade union led by Deng Pei, and when the trade union was openly established, Deng Pei was elected president. The victory of the Tangshan strike was a great encouragement to the workers along the Beijing-Fengzhou Railway in Tianjin, Fengtai, Goubangzi, Shanhaiguan, and other areas. Subsequently, party organizations and trade unions in Tianjin, Goubangzi and other places along the Beijing-Fengfeng Railway were established one after another. In 1923, the Jingfeng Railway Trade Union Representative Conference was held, and the Jingfeng Railway Federation of Trade Unions was formally established, and Deng Pei was elected as the chairman of the committee. In late October 1922, Deng Pei, as an instructor assigned to Tangshan by the Secretariat of the Labor Union, participated in and led the general strike of more than 7,000 workers in the Qixin Yang Ash Factory in Tangshan and the strike of the General League of Kailuan Five Miners, setting off a new climax in the strike struggle of Tangshan workers. Luo Zhanglong, Wang Gemei, Peng Lihe, Deng Pei, etc., are the main members of the strike headquarters of the Kailuan Minmetals General Alliance. The great strike of the Kailuan Minmetals Alliance terrified the imperialists and the Beiyang warlord government, and they suppressed the striking workers in blood. On the second day of the strike, Du Keru, a Belgian and chief miner of Kailuan, sent a telegram to Yang Jiali, the prime minister of the Mining Bureau and a Britishman, asking foreign troops and police to come to the mine for "special protection." At the same time, the Kailuan Mining Bureau wrote a letter to the police department of the province directly under the jurisdiction of the province to request that the police be sent to suppress it. On October 29, Yang Yide, the police commissioner of the province, brought a large number of police to the mine to suppress the striking workers. Because Deng Pei did a lot of work in leading this strike struggle, it attracted the attention of the enemy. After arresting Peng Lihe, commissioner of the Secretariat of the China Labor Union, they targeted Deng Pei. In spite of the enemy's pursuit, Deng Pei hid in the home of his nephew Deng Bochang under the cover of the masses of workers, and established a secret trade union office here. In order to avoid the enemy's wanted and searched, he once avoided Tianjin. However, due to the needs of work, he still often traveled between Beijing, Tianjin, and Tang, got in touch with comrades from various places, exchanged information, and temporarily transferred the work form of the Beijing-Feng Railway Trade Union to a hidden state and carried out secret activities. Soon, Deng Pei returned to Tangshan from Tianjin and secretly organized a "comrades' meeting" in a small building in Ouyang Hutong near the Tangshan manufacturing plant. He continued to go deep into the miners of various factories in Tangshan and the students of Tangshan Jiaotong University, developed party and league organizations, established student reading clubs, and studied Marxist works. After the February 7 strike in 1923, Deng Pei led the Tangshan workers to rally, donate money, and send a telegram of solidarity. In order to support the General Strike of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Workers, Deng Pei led the Jingfeng Railway Trade Union to contact the Jingsui Railway Workers, and unanimously decided to carry out the strike on the 8th and 9th. Due to the February 7 massacre, the strike trend gradually subsided, and the move had to be stopped. In the face of the enemy's frenzied suppression, Deng Pei, undaunted by rape, still secretly convened a meeting of representatives of the jingfengquan road, and put forward six demands, such as punishing the murderers, restoring the Beijing-Hankou Railway Federation of Trade Unions, not interfering in workers' assemblies and associations in the future, not arresting workers without reason, not deducting wages for rest and sick leave, and not being allowed to dismiss workers without cause, and decided to hold a memorial meeting for the martyrs of the "Second Seventh" massacre. At the same time, Tangshan workers donated 200 yuan to the Jinghan workers who were killed. In June 1923, the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Guangzhou, where a resolution on the united front of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was discussed and adopted. Deng Pei attended the congress as a representative of the Beijing area and was elected as an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee. After the third party congress, Deng Pei returned to Tangshan, continued to lead the workers' movement, and participated in the preparation of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. In February 1924, on the occasion of the anniversary of the February 7 Massacre, the National Railway Workers' Congress was secretly held in Beijing, and Deng Pei attended the congress on behalf of the Jingfeng Railway Federation of Trade Unions and participated in the leadership of the congress. The congress officially announced the birth of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions, elected the Executive Committee of the All-China Railway Federation, and Deng Pei was elected chairman of the committee. After the meeting, Deng Pei, Li Dazhao, and others contacted Feng Yuxiang's Nationalist Army through the Railway Federation of Trade Unions, and the responsible persons of various railway trade unions who had been arrested since the "Second Seventh" period were rescued through various ways, so that they could be released. In the same year, the party launched a nationwide campaign to boycott Japanese goods. Deng Pei led the Workers and Students of Tangshan to organize the "Anti-Japanese Meeting." In November of that year, the Jingfeng Railway Bureau laid off a large number of workers under the pretext that raw materials were lacking and unable to produce. Deng Pei led the workers of the Tangshan manufacturing plant in a struggle against the layoffs of the factory. He called a meeting of more than 2,000 laid-off workers at Tangshan Rotary Primary School and decided to carry out the struggle against layoffs and return to work, and at the same time selected representatives, organized a petition group, and petitioned the Tianjin Railway Bureau. All the unemployed workers issued a declaration, which immediately received the response of the workers of the whole factory and the support of people from all walks of life, and condemned the layoffs of the Road Bureau. In the end, the road bureau had to agree to the return of all unemployed workers to work and win the struggle against layoffs. In January 1925, the Communist Party of China held its Fourth National Congress in Shanghai, at which Deng Pei was re-elected as an alternate member of the Central Executive Committee and served as the special representative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Tangshan. After the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Deng Pei continued to serve concurrently as the secretary of the Tangshan District Committee, implemented the Resolutions of the Four Congresses in the Tangshan area, and strengthened the Party's leadership over the mass movement. On February 7, 1925, the National Railway Federation of Trade Unions held its second congress in Zhengzhou. There were 41 delegates to the meeting, and Deng Pei attended and presided over the conference. The congress was held for 4 days and issued the Declaration of the Second Congress of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. At the meeting, Deng Pei and 18 others were elected as members of the executive committee of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. On March 1, in order to counter Duan Qirui's "aftercare conference", the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Beijing Executive Department of the Kuomintang held a national conference in Beijing. Deng Pei attended the meeting as a representative of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. On May 1, Deng Pei went to Guangzhou to attend the Second National Labor Conference. The congress elected the executive committee of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and Deng Pei was elected as the executive member. After the meeting, he inspected the work of the Guangdong-Han, Guangjiu, and Guangzhou-San railway trade unions in Guangzhou. After the May Thirtieth Massacre, Deng Pei returned to Tangshan from Guangzhou and led more than 20,000 people from all walks of life to rally in the station square to denounce the crimes of imperialism. Immediately afterwards, workers' strikes, student strikes, and merchants' strikes were organized, and demonstrations were held in solidarity with the just struggle of the Shanghai working class. In June, Deng Pei went to Guangzhou to carry out the railway workers' movement. At this time, Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan of the Guizhou Army engaged in a military rebellion and plotted to overthrow the revolutionary government in Guangdong. Deng Pei, Yang Yin, adviser to the Guangzhou Workers' Congress, and Liu Ersong, member of the Cpc Liangguang District Committee, led the railway workers of Guangdong han, Guangjiu, Guangsan, Chaoshan and Ningyang (Jiangmen to Taishan) in their struggle against the rebellion of Yang and Liu. In the winter of that year, the warlord Sun Chuanfang secretly killed Liu Hua, vice chairman of the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, and the warlord Zhao Hengti arrested Liu Shaoqi, vice chairman of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, in Changsha. Deng Pei and others expressed great indignation at the warlords' crimes, and openly published in the organ newspaper of the provincial and Hong Kong strike committees across the country: "The All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions secretly shot Liu Hua for The recent shooting of Liu Hua by Sun Chuanfang in Shanghai, Zhao Hengti arrested Liu Shaoqi for no reason, and the workers of the Hankou Tobacco Factory were slaughtered and electrified" to protest the crimes of the reactionary warlords. Later, Zhao Heng was intimidated by the pressure of the masses and public opinion and released Liu Shaoqi. At the end of 1925, because of the needs of work, Deng Pei was transferred to Beijing and took up the work of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. On February 7, 1926, the Third Congress of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions was held in Tianjin. Of the 58 delegates attending the meeting, Deng Pei presided over the meeting, and Li Dazhao, Wang Hebo, and Li Jida made reports at the meeting. The Congress adopted a manifesto calling on the railway workers throughout the country to work hard to complete the national revolution and the proletarian revolution of the whole world. At the meeting, Deng Pei, Luo Zhanglong, Sun Yunpeng, Wang Hebo, Shi Wenbin, and 13 others were elected as members of the National Railway General Trade Union. With the development of the revolutionary situation and the needs of work, Deng Pei was transferred from Beijing to Guangzhou, serving as the general representative of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions and concurrently serving as the director of the Guangdong Office of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. On May 1, 1926, the Third National Labor Conference was held in Guangzhou, and Deng Pei attended the congress and was re-elected as an executive member of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions. During his work in Guangdong, Deng Pei actively led the railway workers to carry out revolutionary struggles, which further developed the railway workers' movement in Guangdong. During the provincial and Hong Kong general strike, he mobilized railway workers to donate money and materials to aid the strike struggle, and led a delegation of railway workers to the strike committee to present flags and send letters to comfort comrades-in-arms and support the just struggle of the striking workers. After the Northern Expedition began, Deng Pei and others, in the name of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions, sent telegrams to the whole country, expressing their support and organizing the Guangdong-Han railway workers to speed up the transportation of revolutionary troops and weapons and ammunition for the Northern Expedition. Soon, the railway workers were dispatched to form the Northern Expedition Transportation Team and set out with the army. When Chen Xiubai, the head of the railway traffic team, returned to Guangzhou to report on the heroic deeds of the railway workers of the traffic team, Deng Pei was very happy to hear this. He highly praised the traffic brigades, saying that they had done a good job and calling on the railway workers to learn from the revolutionary spirit of the traffic brigades. In the autumn of that year, the Guangdong Machinery Trade Union, which was manipulated by the right wing of the Kuomintang, sabotaged the Xinning (Ningyang) Railway Federation of Trade Unions and colluded with the local bandit Chen Shirong to transport dozens of reactionary armed "sports teams" from Guangzhou to the road to suppress the workers. Deng Pei immediately agreed with Chen Yannian, secretary of the CPC Liangguang District CPC Committee, Su Zhaozheng, Deng Zhongxia, and others, to send Yang Yin to lead the workers' pickets of the three roads (Guangdong-Han, Guangjiu, and Guangsan) and the second detachment of the fourth brigade of the picket team of the Provincial and Hong Kong Strike Committees to the Xinning Railway on two steamships, shengli and minsheng, annihilating Chen Shirong's reactionary forces and consolidating the Xinning Railway Federation of Trade Unions.
In the winter of 1926, the Right Wing of the Kuomintang posted a notice in Guangzhou prohibiting strikes, suppressing the workers' movement and undermining progressive trade unions. On New Year's Day 1927, at the behest of the right wing of the Kuomintang, fifty or sixty members of the Guangdong Machinery Trade Union's reactionary armed "sports team" suddenly attacked the Guangdong-Han Railway Trade Union. Deng Pei and others immediately deployed workers' pickets to counterattack and repulsed their attack. The next day, the reactionary forces again surrounded the Guangzhou-San Railway Federation of Trade Unions, and the Federation of Trade Unions organized the workers to fight back. Deng Pei led the pickets of the Guangdong-Han railway workers to deploy across the river, participated in the resistance, and with the support of the peasant self-defense army, repelled the invasion of the reactionary armed forces. Soon, the reactionary forces repelled the re-attack on the Guangdong-Han Railway Federation of Trade Unions, and the railway trade unions were consolidated and developed. In February 1927, Deng Pei attended the Fourth Congress of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions held in Hankou and was elected as a member of the Presidium. With the victorious march of the Northern Expedition and the upsurge of the workers' and peasants' movement, the Right Wing of the Kuomintang, hidden in the ranks of the revolution, stepped up the activities of separatist Kuomintang and Communist cooperation. After Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup, the Guangdong warlords created the "April 15" counter-revolutionary coup and carried out large-scale raids and massacres throughout The city of Guangzhou. Due to the urgency of the situation, although Deng Pei received a notice from the party organization asking him to temporarily conceal himself, he still went to work at the Guangdong office of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions on April 15 in order to clean up and burn the relevant documents. As a highly prestigious worker leader, Deng Pei had long been the target of the enemy's attention. Before Deng Pei could finish his work in the office, the Kuomintang reactionary army surrounded the office. At this time, Deng Pei was still sitting at his desk, his face was not afraid. The fierce and vicious enemy broke through the door, and Deng Pei denounced the betrayal of the Kuomintang reactionaries. The reactionaries tied up Deng Pei, put him in a black cloth bag, and secretly escorted him to the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau. In prison, the enemy asked Deng Pei to give up the list of Communist Party members and trade union cadres in the railway system, but Deng Pei severely refused. The enemy tried to lure him with money, but was severely reprimanded by Deng Pei. The enemy tortured Deng Pei and wounded him all over his body, but he always strictly guarded the party's secrets and preferred to die. On the night of April 22, 1927, Deng Pei, Liu Ersong, Li Qihan, Xiao Chunu, Xiong Rui, and a number of other outstanding Communist Party members were secretly killed by the enemy. Deng Pei was 43 years old.
