In March of the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1278 AD), Chen Yizhong, a major official of the Exiled Imperial Court of the Southern Song Dynasty who had retired to Leizhou Bay and supported the meritorious service of Emperor Duanzong of Song, suddenly had a desperate thought after hearing the death of Zhao Yan of the Song Duanzong due to the illness of falling water. In the absence of hope of reviving the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Yizhong, as the pillar of the Southern Song Dynasty court, borrowed troops from Champa on the pretext of fleeing from the Champa City. As a major courtier of the imperial court, he chose to protect himself and flee in times of crisis, and Chen Yizhong's behavior indeed insulted his identity and read the book of the sages, and his notoriety must be left in the annals of history. However, if we look deeply into the direction of his escape, we will find that the Champa State was able to become a refuge for some Song people at the end of the Song Dynasty.
Champa city, since the first contact with the southward expansion of the Han Dynasty, has been intertwined with China's love and hate for more than a thousand years. In the thousand-year history, Champa began to move toward civilization because of its contact with the Civilization of the Central Plains and the influence of Indian civilization, and prospered after the rise of the Maritime Silk Road at the end of the Tang Dynasty, so that in the late Years of the Southern Song Dynasty, it became a refuge for the core figures of the Song court like Chen Yizhong. However, such a tenacious and millennia-old kingdom was destroyed by Vietnam in the north at the end of the 17th century. So why would such a thousand-year-old kingdom be quickly overthrown by its opponents?
Champa Ruins
In 112 BC, civil unrest broke out within the Kingdom of Nanyue, which then occupied the Liangguang region of southern China and the area of present-day north-central Vietnam. Knowing that their own strength could not resist the Han Dynasty, the South Vietnamese Empress Dowager Fan clan decided to surrender to the Han Dynasty, but Lü Jia, the minister of state representing the local interest group, was unwilling to give up his rights, so he raised troops to kill the South Vietnamese kings Zhao Xing, Empress Dowager Fan, and the Han Dynasty emissary An Guo Shaoji, which caused the wrath of Emperor Wu of Han. At that time, the Han Dynasty attacked the Xiongnu in the north, and its military strength reached its peak, so Emperor Wudi of Han immediately sent the Fubo general Lu Bode, the Louchuan general Yang Shu, the Gechuan general Zheng Yan, and the Xiali general Tian Jia and Chiyi Hou He Yi to lead a four-way army to the south to conquer the South Yue Kingdom. Under the powerful offensive of the Han army, the State of South Vietnam was naturally difficult to resist, and in the winter of 112 BC, Lü Jia, the minister of state who fled westward from the sea, was captured by the Fubo general Lu Bode, and the State of South Vietnam, which had been on the throne for five generations in the ninety-third year of the founding of the country, was destroyed. With the fall of the South Vietnamese state, the land it controlled was inherited by the Han Dynasty, including the ancestors of the later Champa state, the Lin Yi people.
Linyi, also known as Linyi, this area is today's southern Vietnam Hue and other places, the South Vietnamese state was a Cham tribe subject to South Vietnam, after the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, here established the jurisdiction of Xianglin County, under the jurisdiction of Nichinan County. The Cham, an ancient people of the Indochina Peninsula, speak the same Austronesian language as the islanders scattered across the vast Pacific Ocean, and are deeply influenced religiously by Brahmanism, which originated in the Indian subcontinent. It was the great differences with the Han people in terms of race and beliefs that determined their future departure from the rule of the Han Dynasty. Sure enough, a Yellow Turban Rebellion at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty gave the ambitionists in the Linyi area a chance. In 192 AD, xianglin county gongcao's son, the Cham people's district lian saw the central plains chaos and could not take care of the opportunity of Linyi to rebel against the Han, killing Xianglin County Ling to claim to be the king of Linyi, thus beginning the history of the Linyi-Champa state that lasted for more than a thousand years. After the xianglin rebellion, the Han Dynasty and subsequent feudal princes (mainly Sun Wu) planned to reconquest the area, but the Champa people were fierce and unsatisfied, resulting in several unsuccessful conquests. On the other hand, Lin Yiguo, on the other hand, used centuries-long conflicts with the Central Plains Dynasty to finally ensure its independence and lay a solid foundation for its future prosperity.
Former Site of Brahmanism
The founding of the State of Lin Yi can be said to be a product of the chaotic world that lasted for hundreds of years since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since the growth of Linyi is the product of the division of the Central Plains and the inability to take care of remote areas, will the situation change if the Central Plains are unified? Yes and no! Why? Then it is necessary to open the history of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the unification of the Sui Dynasty, The Sui Emperor Yang Jian, who was interested in restoring the old frontier of the Han Dynasty, sent troops to attack Linyi, and the Sui general Liu Fang once attacked the Kingdom of Linyi, but Linyi, like Goguryeo in the northeast, was far away from China for a long time, and the deep influence of Brahmanism was no longer a country that could be "re-educated", so he had no choice but to accept the surrender and become a vassal state of China. After Emperor Wen of Sui revived China, Emperor Taizong of Tang Had a fierce strategic vision, and knowing the defeat of the Sui Dynasty, he accepted the envoys of Fan Fanzhi, the king of Linyi, and continued to follow the Sui Dynasty policy as a vassal state. Throughout the Tang Dynasty, the relations between Tang and Lin remained generally stable, except in the early 9th century (802-803, 809), when Lin Yiguo sent troops to invade the Tang Annan Capital Protectorate and briefly captured Qi, Ai Erzhou and was expelled by the Tang army. It was precisely because of the stable relations between the Linyi state and the Tang Dynasty and the weakening of the surrounding powers (the Chenla state) that the Linyi state was able to enter its glory period. Perhaps the most important record of Lin Yiguo in Chinese historical records during this period is the change of its name. In the first year of the Tang Dynasty (758 AD), the state of Lin Yi changed its name to the Kingdom of Huan, and the Chinese began to call the State of Lin Yi the State of Champa at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which is the earliest origin of the later State of Champa.
In the middle of the 8th century, with the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion and the robbery of the Plateau Empire and the robbery of the Tubo Empire, the Silk Road, which was once an important trade route in Eurasia, was interrupted. The disruption of the overland Silk Road did not deter the huge East-West trade, and the sea route quietly emerged. The rise of the Maritime Silk Road was undoubtedly fundamental to the glory of the Champa kingdom. As the last resting stop for Chinese trade northward, the Champa kingdom prospered rapidly because of the merchant ships that came and went. The Cham kingdom did not think of danger while enjoying the enormous benefits of trade. And under the comfortable negligence of the Champa people, a lifelong enemy of the north was quietly born, and it was Annam. Annam, today's Vietnam, originated from the Tang Dynasty's Annam Protectorate, and during the Huangchao Rebellion that swept through the Central Plains at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the ruler of the Annam region at the time, the Jing Navy Jiedu, made Qu Chengyu quietly rise to power, and finally broke away from the Southern Han Dynasty during the Five Dynasties period and was established by the local Vietnamese nobleman Wu Quan. Annam's independence meant that the "good days" of champa were over! As the Kingdom of Annam survived the turmoil of its founding period, the Vietnamese Lee Dynasty, founded by Li Gongyun, began the history of Vietnam's expansion, and the Champa State, which lived in the south of Annam and enjoyed the dividends of the Maritime Silk Road, naturally became the first target of its invasion!
Vietnamese Lee Chao Jong Temple
Since independence, Annam has always had the idea of expanding abroad, but it was the Champa state that took the lead in provoking the incident in the conflict between the two countries. In 979, the Champa king Polo Mishu Lobma I, instigated by the exiled Annam nobleman Wu Ri Khanh, took advantage of the death of the Vietnamese Emperor Ding Buling to lead an army to attack the capital of Annam, Hua Lu. This kind of act of openly provoking war at a time of crisis was naturally intolerable to the Vietnamese, not to mention that the Central Plains region north of Annan had just been unified by the Song Dynasty at that time, so annan, which was under pressure from the north, was "stirred" by the Champa City after the Annan people planted the seeds of the annihilation of the Champa City. Naturally, when the Annam region completed its competition to form a unified and stable Li Dynasty, it became an inevitable choice to expand south to control the rich south controlled by Champa. The Annam regime, which was born out of the late Tang Dynasty, was indeed militarily stronger than Champa, but without sufficient financial support, Although Annam was able to suppress Champa but could never overthrow the other side. Maritime trade is the foundation of the Champa state, because it is prosperous, because it can withstand the Annam in the north, but will the maritime trade continue to prosper? Obviously this is dubious.
Before the Ming Dynasty, the Song and Yuan dynasties always maintained an open attitude in maritime trade, which allowed Champa in the Song and Yuan dynasties to enjoy trade dividends to resist foreign invasions (Champa in this period even took advantage of the weakening of Chenla to nearly destroy Chenla). The Mongol nobles, who showed great desire for expansion in the Yuan Dynasty, once sent troops from the sea to attack Champa City, but the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan mistakenly chose to use Annam to trigger the outbreak of the Yuan-Vietnam War. In the Yuan-Vietnam War, Vietnam took advantage of its geographical advantages to defeat the Yuan army southward, and at the same time reconciled with Champa under the pressure of a common enemy and once married. However, the marriage was full of troubles, because the difference in customs was that when the Champa kingdom demanded that Princess Xuanzhen of the Vietnamese Dynasty bury her husband Jaya Sanghavarma III in Brahmanical law, the relations between the two countries became hostile again. The fall of Champa this time seemed inevitable (and indeed it was, the Vietnamese army moving south once made Champa subjugated), but the Ming Dynasty's sudden intervention in vietnamese dynasties and annexation of Vietnam allowed Champa to be restored. Unfortunately, after a long time of Vietnam's independence, it has long been dissatisfied with the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty, and soon the Lê Dynasty established Vietnam to become independent again. At the same time, the Ming Dynasty also began a policy of sea ban that lasted until the Qing Dynasty, and suddenly the Maritime Silk Road road rapidly weakened, and the economic resources on which Champa depended for its livelihood were almost interrupted and had to commit to Vietnam as a vassal state of Vietnam. In the following century, the Vietnamese continued to invade the hinterland of Champa and enter the Mekong Delta, and were constantly attacked by the Vietnamese in the confrontation between the Vietnamese Nguyễn And Trầnh in the late 16th century. In 1697, the quang nam Nguyen lord who occupied South Vietnam could not stand the Yin Feng Yang of Champa city and sent troops to suppress the Cham rebellion and changed the champa city to Shun town, and the Champa state was destroyed!
Nguyen Dynasty Royal Palace
Since the complete destruction of Champa in 1697 and the fall of the Puppet Under Vietnamese control, the remnants of the Champa royal family have been living in the territory of Quang Nam, the separatist regime in South Vietnam. For this opponent who had fought against the millennium, the ruler of the Vietnamese quang nam state Nguyễn Nguyễn Nguyễn Trần trầnh still showed In 1712, the two sides signed the Five Articles of Agreement, Nguyễn Trầnh made peace with Trần Trần Đồng Trịnh With the full integration of Champa into Vietnam, the royal family name was changed to the royal family name of the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam - Nguyen surname. In the centuries of assimilation that followed, the Cham who had once embraced Brahmanism were completely transformed into Vietnamese who believed in Confucianism. The Champa people who spent thousands of years in China without conquering and assimilating were eventually conquered and assimilated by the Vietnamese, and it has to be said that this is really an indescribable "success". In 1832, the Nguyen Dynasty, founded by the lucky Nguyễn Phúc Vại Vạng Dynasty, was rehabilitated under the auspices of Emperor Ming, and the Champa nobleman Nguyễn Van Thanh, who was in charge of the Qi (similar to Tusi, with a certain degree of autonomy), colluded with the rebel generalSayen Van Qui and the Siamese Intervention Army to try to revive the champa city. The rebels were unable to resist the government army at all, and in the end the rebellion failed, and the Nobles of Champa were purged by the Nguyen Dynasty, and since then Champa has completely disappeared into the clouds of history!
Ups and downs, ups and downs, since the han dynasty, but in the end can not escape the fate of being assimilated by the Confucian cultural circle. The Champa ups and downs of Brahmanism are empirical evidence of the retreat of Brahmanism in Southeast Asia and the best portrayal of the penetration of Confucian culture. Unfortunately, this time was also the last expansion of Confucian culture. Soon the great powers swarmed to the east, and under the obscene power of the French, Vietnam finally embarked on the road of abandoning Confucian culture, which was undoubtedly the most painful failure of the Confucian cultural circle in East Asia.