Speeches and interjections at the Chengdu conference
(March 9, 1958, 10th, 20th, 22nd, 25th, 26th)
II Speech of 10 March
Rules and regulations are a problem, take this as an example, talk about the problem of ideological methods - adherence to principles and originality.
On the international front, it is a principle to be friendly with the Soviet Union, all people's democracies, all communist parties and the working class, to speak of internationalism, and to learn from the strong points of the Soviet Union and other foreign countries. However, there are two methods of learning, one is special imitation, the other is the original spirit, and learning should be combined with originality, and the rules and regulations of the Soviet Union are rigidly copied, that is, the original spirit is lacking.
From the period of founding of our party to the period of the Northern Expedition (1921 to 1927), although Chen Duxiu's bourgeois ideas cloaked in Marxism were relatively vivid and lively. In the third year after the victory of the October Revolution, we founded the Party, and the people who participated in the Party were all young people who participated in and were influenced by the May Fourth Movement.
After the October Revolution, Lenin was alive, the class struggle was sharp, Stalin had not yet come to power, and they were also lively. Chen Duxiu's doctrine originated from foreign social democracies and the domestic bourgeoisie. During this period, although the mistakes of Chen Duxiu's doctrine occurred, generally speaking, there was no dogmatism.
From the time of the civil war to the Zunyi Conference (1927 to 1935), there were three "Left" lines in the Chinese Party, and from 1934 to 1935, when the Soviet anti-Trotskyists won the victory and theoretically defeated the Deborin School, and almost all the Chinese "Left" opportunists were affected in the Soviet Union, and of course not all those who went to Moscow were dogmatists.
Among the many people in the Soviet Union at that time, some were dogmatic, some were not, some were connected with reality, some were not in connection with reality, and only looked at foreign countries. In addition, Stalin's rule began to consolidate (the great consolidation was after the repression); The Comintern was Bukharin, Pikov, and Zinoviev at that time, the minister of the East was Kusinin, and the head of the Far East was Mif.
Miff's role has become greater, and these conditions have enabled dogmatism to take shape, as have some Chinese comrades, and there are also "Left" tendencies among intellectual youth. At that time, Wang Ming and others engaged in a so-called "twenty-eight and a half Bolsheviks", and hundreds of people studied in the Soviet Union, why were there only twenty-eight and a half? It is that they are "left" to the death, rectify themselves, isolate themselves, and narrow the circle of the Party.
Chinese dogmatism has Chinese characteristics, manifested in war, in the question of the kulaks, because the kulaks are very small in number, and decide not to move in principle and make concessions to the peasants. However, the "Left" faction did not approve of it, and they advocated that "the rich peasants divide the bad land and the landlords do not divide the land." As a result, the landlords had no food to eat, and some of them were forced to go up the mountains and engage in green guerrillas.
On the question of the bourgeoisie, they advocate total annihilation, not only politically but also economically, confusing the democratic revolution with the socialist revolution. Imperialism is also not analyzed, it is regarded as monolithic and indivisible, and it all supports the Kuomintang.
After the liberation of the whole country (from 1950 to 1957), dogmatism arose in economic work and cultural and educational work, and some dogma was adopted in military work, and the basic principles were adhered to, which cannot yet be said to be dogmatism. Dogmatism in economic work is mainly manifested in heavy industry, planning work, banking work, statistical work, especially in heavy industry and planning, because we do not understand, have no experience, do not know it horizontally and vertically, and have to move.
Statistical work was almost copied from the USSR; The education aspect is also quite strong, such as the five-point system, the five-year consistent system of primary schools, etc., and even the educational experience in the Liberated Areas is not taken into account. Health work was also the case, which prevented me from eating eggs and chicken soup for three years, because there was an article in the Soviet Union that said that eggs and chicken soup could not be eaten, and later said that I could eat it. Regardless of whether the article is correct or incorrect, Chinese have listened to it and followed it. In short, it was the soviet union first.
There is less commerce, because the central authorities have more contacts, more documents are approved and forwarded, there is less dogmatism in light industry work, and the socialist revolution and agricultural co-operation are not affected by dogmatism, because the central authorities directly grasp it, the central committee has mainly grasped revolution and agriculture in recent years, and commerce has also grasped a little.
The situation of dogmatism is also different, and it is necessary to analyze and compare to find the reasons:
First, the design, construction, and installation of heavy industry are not good on their own, there is no experience, There are no experts in China, the minister is a layman, he has to copy foreign ones, and he will not identify them if he copies them. Moreover, it is necessary to borrow the experience of the Soviet Union and the bourgeois ideas of the soviet experts to break the old Chinese experts, and the Soviet design is used in China for the most part, and some of it is incorrect, and it is hard to move.
Second, we do not understand the whole economic situation, let alone the difference between the economic situation of the Soviet Union and China, and we have to blindly obey. Now the situation has changed, the design and construction of large enterprises, generally speaking, can be done by themselves; The equipment, which can be built in five years, has some understanding of the situation in the Soviet Union and China.
Third, there is no mental pressure, because superstition has been broken. Bodhisattvas are several times larger than the people, in order to frighten people, the heroes on the stage are heroic and outstanding, different, Stalin is that kind of person, Chinese used to being a slave, it seems that he will continue to be, Chinese artists paint the portrait of me and Stalin, always shorter than Stalin, blindly succumbing to the mental pressure of the Soviet Union at that time, Marxism-Leninism is equal to everyone, should be equal to others.
Khrushchev's beating of Stalin with a stick was also a form of pressure, which the majority of the Chinese Party did not agree with. Still others succumb to this pressure to bring down the cult of personality. Some people are very interested in opposing the cult of personality, there are two kinds of cult of personality: one is correct, such as marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin is right, we must worship, always worship, do not worship can not, the truth is in their hands, why not worship?
We believe in truth, truth is a reflection of objective existence, a class must worship the class leader, do not worship can not be. The other is the wrong worship, unanalysis, blind obedience, which is not right. There are also two purposes of anti-personality worship: one is to oppose incorrect worship, the other is to oppose the worship of others, to ask for the worship of oneself, the question is not the cult of personality, but whether it is the truth.
If it is the truth, it must be worshipped, and neither the truth nor the collective leadership will be achieved. Historically, our Party has emphasized the combination of individual role and collective leadership. Some people who killed Stalin had resonance and personal purpose, just to make others worship themselves, and some people opposed Lenin and said that Lenin was dictatorial, and Lenin replied very simply: Instead of letting you dictate, it is better for me to be dictatorial.
Stalin admired Gao Gang very much, and sent a car, and Gao Gang sent a congratulatory telegram to Stalin every year on August 15, and now there are such examples in the provinces; Is it the Jiang Hua dictatorship, or the Chawen Han dictatorship? Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Anhui, Shandong and other places have all had such problems, you should not think that the world is too peaceful, the situation is unstable, "down-to-earth" is unstable, one day the mainland will sink, the Pacific Ocean will become land, we have to move. Minor earthquakes are frequent, and the Gao Rao event is an eight-magnitude earthquake...
Fourth, we have forgotten the lessons of history, do not understand the law of comparison, and do not know how to establish opposites. As I said yesterday, many of our comrades do not envisage whether there is another plan for many rules and regulations, but choose those who are suitable for China's situation to apply, and those that are not suitable, and draw up another plan.
There is no analysis, no brains, no comparison. In the past we opposed dogmatism, and their Bolshevik publications presented themselves as one hundred percent correct and boasted of themselves by doing so. Attacking one point or a few points, not as good as the rest, "Truth News" attacked the five major mistakes of the Central Soviet Region, without talking about a single benefit.
In April 1956, he put forward the "On the Ten Great Relations" and began to put forward his own construction line, the principles are the same as those of the Soviet Union, but there is a set of contents for us. In "On the Ten Great Relations", these five points are mainly industry and agriculture, coastal and inland, central and local, state, collective and individual, national defense construction and economic construction. Defense spending should be less in peacetime and less administrative costs at any time.
In 1956, Stalin was criticized, and we were one happy and the other afraid. Removing the lid, breaking the superstition, removing the pressure, and emancipating the mind are completely necessary. But when a stick is killed, we don't approve of it, they don't hang up the image, we hang the image.
In 1950, Stalin and I quarreled in Moscow for two months, and our attitude towards the treaty of mutual assistance and alliance, the Middle-Long Road, the joint stock company, and the national border question: one is that you put forward it, and those who I disagree with it must fight, and the other is that you must insist on it, and I accept it. This is because socialist interests are taken into account. There are also two "colonies", namely the northeast and Xinjiang, where people from a third country are not allowed to live, and which have now been abolished.
After criticizing Stalin, it sobered up those who were superstitious. Let our comrades realize that the ancestors also had shortcomings, and they must be analyzed and not so superstitious. For the Soviet experience, all that is good should be accepted, and what is not good should be rejected. Now we have learned some skills, have some understanding of the Soviet Union, and understand ourselves.
In 1957, in the report "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People", the issues of simultaneous employment and agriculture, the road of industrialization, co-operation, and birth control were put forward. A major event occurred this year, that is, the rectification of the whole people, the anti-rightists, and the mass criticism of our work have greatly inspired the people's thinking.
In 1958, three meetings were held in Hangzhou, Nanning and Chengdu. At the meeting, everyone put forward many opinions, used their brains, summed up the experience of the past eight years, and greatly enlightened their thinking; the Nanning meeting raised a question, that is, the rules and regulations of various departments of the State Council can be changed, and they should be changed. One way is to meet with the masses, and the other way is to engage in big-character posters.
Another problem is the decentralization of powers at the local level, which has now begun to be implemented, and the centralization of power and the decentralization of local powers exist at the same time, and the concentration of those who can be concentrated and the division of powers that can be divided is determined after the Third Plenary Session of the Cpc Last Year. The decentralization of power cannot, of course, be bourgeois democracy, which was progressive before socialism and reactionary in the period of socialism. The Russians in the Soviet Union accounted for fifty percent, the ethnic minorities accounted for fifty percent, while the Chinese Han accounted for ninety-four percent, and the ethnic minorities accounted for six percent, so they could not join the republic.
The Chinese revolution was victorious against Stalin's will, and the fake foreign devils "do not allow revolution." The "Seventh National Congress" proposed to mobilize the masses, strengthen all revolutionary forces, and establish a new China. The controversy with Wang Ming began in 1937 and ended in August 1938, when we proposed the Ten Programs and Wang Ming proposed the Sixty Programs.
According to the practice of Wang Ming, that is, Stalin, the Chinese revolution cannot succeed. Our revolution was successful, Stalin said it was false, we did not defend it, and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was true as soon as it was fought. However, when we put forward the idea of "correctly handling contradictions among the people," we said that they did not speak, and that we were engaged in liberalism, as if it were again untrue.
After the report was published, the New York Times published it in its entirety and published an article saying that it was "China's liberalization." It is only natural that the bourgeoisie will perish and see the reeds as a ferry. But bourgeois politicians are not without opinions, such as Dulles, who heard our article and said that he wanted to see it, and in less than half a month he came to the conclusion that China was bad and the Soviet Union was better. But at that time the Soviet Union could not see clearly, and gave us a note, afraid that we would turn to the right. Together with the anti-rightists, of course, "liberalization" is gone.
In short, the basic line is universal truth, but each has its own branches and leaves. This is true of countries, and it is also true of provinces. There are consistencies and contradictions, and the Soviet Union emphasized consistency and did not talk about contradictions, especially the contradictions between the leader and the led.