Bronze statue of cow tree plum
Niu Shumei, Zi Yutang, No. Xueqiao, a native of Niupo Village, Jichuan Town, Tongwei County, Gansu Province. In the Qing Dynasty, Daoguang Xin ugly jinshi, the official to Sichuan according to the envoy and the title of political envoy. He was an outstanding official and political achievement, and his reputation was far-reaching, and the Sichuan people called him "Niu Qingtian".
Niu Shumei successively served as the prefect of Longchang, Zhangming, Ya'an and other places, Ningyuan, and later as the envoy of Sichuan and the envoy of the government. In the 32 years of eunuchs, he was diligent and loved the people, honest and honest, and became a weathered person, and he has always been praised by the officialdom and the people at that time. The "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, The Biography of Niu Shumei" commented that he was "prudent in deciding prisons, the people's secrets are not reached, and he is cherished", "the official who is close to the people, with not disturbing the people as the first priority", and was the "first official" of the Qing Dynasty.
Loyalty and filial piety have been passed down to the family for a long time, and the poetry books have been passed down for a long time.
During the Ming Dynasty, the Niu family was transferred from Yanshi in Henan to be an instructor in Tongwei, Gansu. Niu Shumei is too tall to be wide, knowledgeable, helpful, and is known as "Niu Da Shan Ren".
After Niu Shumei's great-grandfather Niu Xinghuan entered the Yi Dynasty, he was full of responsibilities, "the external resistance to rape, the internal cultivation and reading of the industry."
Uncle's grandfather, Niu Bream, was a member of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty in the forty-fourth year (1705) of the Ethyl Unitary Family. Grandfather Niu Lu was a tribute to the Qianlong dynasty and was an official in Feng County.
Niu Shumei's father, Niu Zuolin (牛作麟), was born in Yi Kusheng and devoted his life to farming and teaching.
Niu Shumei was poor when he was young, and he studied with his father in the fields. Young children read without lights, taste the sunshine incense board, and read the moon at night. In the twentieth year of Jiaqing (1815), the 16-year-old Niu Shumei entered the Gongchangfu Fu School, Daoguang was selected as a Gongsheng in the fourth year (1824), and in the eleventh year (1831) at the age of 32, he won the sixth place. After that, he will try to stumble, go to the capital three times, and fall behind three times. During this period, he successively stayed in Beijing to worship Liang Province, went to Luoyang to worship Mr. Jia Lanpu as a teacher, and was hired by Jia Lanpu as the chief of Jialing Academy. Seventeen years later (1837), he went to Minzhou Wenchang Academy as a mountain chief. Until the age of 42 in the twenty-first year (1841), Niu Shumei participated in the fourth examination and won the middle school entrance examination.
List of the Niu family lineage
This kind of poetry and book heirloom farming family style has made Niu Clan a talented person.
Between the Kangxi Dynasty and the Guangxu Dynasty, niushi produced two jinshi, two juren, one tribute, eight gongsheng, three inmates, one wusheng, two twins, two zengsheng, nineteen kusheng, and twenty-four virgins, all of whom were famous for their poetry and articles, and their influence spread to Gan, Chuan, and Shaanxi.
Since the fall of the Republic of China, there are more than 20 descendants of the Niu clan who have included the newly compiled "Tongwei County Chronicle" and other historical records, and more than 100 people have achieved achievements, most of whom have become elites in the fields of science and technology, education, and finance, and have been praised by people.
The ancients said: "The gentleman's Zee, the fifth generation and the beheading", as the saying goes, "rich but not three generations". The Niu clan has been cultivating and reading heirlooms for four hundred years, and the tenth generation is elegant, which can be regarded as the Longshang Wang clan! As Zhao Yan said: "Xiang Xueqiao, Park Cheng, or blessed with unique nature, now know that there is a self-help." It can be said that it is the family style of poetry and book heirloom that has forged the ideological foundation of Niu Shumei's "first official of the Great Qing Dynasty".
Niushu Mei Daoguang entered the priesthood for twenty-one years and later, successively served as the governor of Ya'an County, Longchang County, Zhangming County, and The Governor of Zhizhou and Ningyuan Province. He adhered to the official way of "diligently listening to judgments and being a young scholar", single-mindedly serving the people, being honest and honest, and "governing without disturbing" during his term of office. The prison is clear and prudent, the people are hidden, and the salty love is cherished." He was successively recommended by qi junzao, the "emperor of the three dynasties", and Xu Zeol, the official Shangshu, as "Park Cheng's honesty and honesty" and "Xunliang first", and was praised by the people of Sichuan as "Qingtian".
DezhengFang
In Ya'an, he restricted usurious exploitation, stipulating: "Borrowing interest is no more than three points; if the account is to be taken, the voucher must be taken, and if there is any violation, the case must be strictly punished, and the money will be confiscated as usual, and the loan will never be forgiven." In this way, he severely punished some squires who had taken advantage of the plunder.
In Longchang, he tracked down and punished the extortion and extortion of the people's lawsuits, and formulated statutes and issued notices to restrain the behavior of the servants. When it was discovered that the subordinate officials had violated the law, in addition to punishment, he also punished himself by not eating meat within a month, not using cannons in and out, not using incense for fun, and not using umbrellas and fan gongs for travel, and the subordinate officials felt deeply guilty and even in awe. He also paid attention to the people's livelihood and set up a "Compassionate Association" to help widows who were in difficulty. Transferred away from Longchang, the shimins built a moral hall for him and erected a moral monument for him.
In Zhangming, he straightened out public order, and at the same time set up righteous studies, indoctrinated the people's customs, and set up sanatoriums to shelter the lonely and widowed elderly, which won the hearts of the people and made a name for himself, so much so that He Yuanfu, who gathered people in neighboring counties to rob the road, also claimed to "not practice every grass and tree in Zhangming County." After being trapped in the White Crane Cave, he shouted: "When the cow comes in the sky, I will come out." What is even more touching is that when Niu Shumei was transferred away from Zhangming, the people helped the old and the young to send each other to the Road.
Niu Shumei's "serving as an official for one term, benefiting one party" has outstanding political achievements, and the official voice has spread far and wide. The two "Dezheng Fangs" that still stand in Longchang and Zhangming are inscribed with the beautiful government yixing of Niushu Meiqin and loving the people.
In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), Niu Shumei was promoted to Zizhou Zhizhou. After he took up his post, he personally read and handled all official duties to prevent others from pretending to be public servants and doing evil from them. The backlog of cases over the years has been personally ascertained, and when there is a lawsuit among the people, they are mediated and persuaded to be courteous. When going to the countryside to observe the people's feelings, the light car is simple and obedient, and the car and horse meals are prepared by themselves. On the one hand, he composed "Persuasion Language" and "Rectifying Customs and Customs", gathered the crowd to preach and educate the people, and on the other hand, audited the tax deeds and reduced the burdens of the people, which was deeply supported by the people of Zizhou.
In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850), The Governor of Sichuan, Xu Zeol, admired the cow tree plum, "Ningyuan Province of the Lower Zha Committee". Niu Shumei set out to rectify the copper affairs, "wherever there is a sympathetic business furnace, all of them are thoughtful, powerful and adjusted." Sichuan Copper Affairs, thus on the right track, "people are enthusiastic, rest of the household, or resume the happy start." "There are unpredictable storms in the sky. During his tenure in Ningyuan Province, an earthquake leveled the city, and he and his son Niu Gongyu were also crushed into ruins, and his son was crushed to death, "In Xichang County, there were more than 20,000 people who could be audited, and the instructors of the two schools died." After being rescued, Niu Shumei endured the great grief of losing his beloved son, dragged his injured leg and threw himself into the earthquake relief effort, comforted the people, and took out his own silver 1500 taels to resettle the victims. The people of Sichuan praised "staying in the sky to persuade goodness", but Niu Shumei "blamed herself for being weak in morality, unable to shelter the people, and benefited the province." Therefore, the relief of the disaster is very thick, and the people wear it more and more. "Therefore, Niu Shumei has met all over the Ningyuan area, and the officials and people of Ningyuan are all loved.
In the first year of Qing Xianfeng (1851), Niu Shumei resigned from his official post and returned to his hometown to guard filial piety for three years due to the death of his father. In the third year of Xianfeng's imperial court, Shangshu (former governor of Sichuan) Xu Zeol, who served as "Park Chenglian Gan" in various parts of Sichuan with Niu Shumei, respectfully requested the Holy Will to command Niu Shumei to join the military of Shu Xing'a, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. During his tenure, Niu Shumei witnessed the corrupt reality of Qing court officials corrupting the law and taking people's lives. In order to clean himself up, he resigned and returned to the field with his "old illness".
In the eighth year of Qing Xianfeng (1858), Hu Linyi, the governor of Hubei, and Yan Shuchun, the governor of Henan, successively entered the performance as "serving the people with virtue" and "xunliang first", and twice recommended Niu Shumei to enter the dynasty as an official. However, Niu Shumei took advantage of her illness and refused to enter the DPRK.
In the first year of Tongzhi, Shi Dakai led troops into Sichuan. Hubei Governor Hu Linyi and Henan Governor Yan Shusen strongly recommended it, and the Governor of Sichuan, Luo Bingzhang and Gao Yanhu, jointly petitioned, and the Qing court broke through the rules to promote Niu Shumei as sichuan's envoy, "starry night urgent", so that Niu Shumei "did not have to come to Beijing to thank grace" and went straight to Sichuan to take up his post. The people of Sichuan heard this and rushed to tell each other: "Niu Qingtian is here again!" ”
Gansu Tongwei Niushumei Memorial Hall
After Niu Shumei was appointed as an envoy, he often inspected various places, cleared up the backlog of cases, rehabilitated unjust prisons, eliminated adultery and punishment, strictly restrained Xu officials, and worked with his subordinate officials to formulate the "Statute on Fees for Book Service", clearly formulated rules and regulations, and imposed restrictions; he was upright by nature, did not tolerate scruples, and judged cases in prison, all on the basis of merit, and sternly refused those who gave gifts and bribes, thus gradually causing dissatisfaction among some officials and gentry, and even being attacked by various kinds, and at the same time, he had a disagreement with Luo Bingzhang. After Shi Dakai was captured, there was a righteous son, Nian Fang Twelve, and Shu Mei who were neither biological nor minor, and could be forgiven according to the law, so there was a dispute with Luo, and Luo Sui asked for internal use. In April of the third year of Tongzhi, Niu Shumei resigned from his old age and illness, and at the request of the new governor Wu Tang, he lectured at The Jinjiang Academy in Chengdu, where he was known as Mr. Songzhai for six years.
Niu Shumei was not only a famous courtier with outstanding political achievements, but also a master of Guan Long's science with profound achievements. He studied Guan Luo, whose theoretical thought originated from the Hedong school, was founded by Xue Xuan, was transmitted to Longyou by Duan Jian and Zhou Hui, and later passed on to Li Nanhui by Gong Jieting of Fuqiang (present-day Gangu). His ancestor Niu Xinghuan and Li Nanhui studied with Wang Xidan, and the two of them particularly respected Guanzhong Li Yong and his "Two Songs Collection". Niu Xinghuan passed on the niu zuolin, and niu shumei inherited his father Niu zuolin.
Niu Shumei was at a time when the West was learning from the East, but he insisted on "cultivating the Tao with benevolence", and put forward the cultivation method of nourishing the body and the mind, so as to achieve the state of mental perfection and "the Lord is not suitable" in the practical study and practice. He said: "Benevolent, sincere also." When the heart reaches the truth, there is compassion. Whoever has a strong conscience does his best to change himself, so he is known as a cultivator of benevolence. The interpretation of "Niu Shumei", "benevolent, sincere also", does not conform to Zhu Xi's theory of "existing in heaven", but is played out from the heart of "ren", the life source of "ren", that is, Mencius's so-called "the first king has the heart of not being tolerant of people, and Si has the government of not being tolerant of people". The theory of "sincerity" changed Zhu Xi's idea of "survival and destruction" and was a new play for Confucius's idea of "benevolence" learning. Niu Shumei further thought, "My generation has been reading all my life, where is the so-called grid?" Where is the so-called cause? To be confused to the point of right and wrong. What is the status process? The one who is truly confused is probably still the conscience of nature, and the conscience of ignorance. "People in the world who cannot read a word, watching drama in the theater, encountering loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and so on, can make fools and fools cry together. Therefore, to truly understand ren xingren, we must discover from the nature of "heaven and me", but people are blinded by selfishness and floating, and they do not recognize themselves.
Cow tree plum hand planting mulberry trees
As a master of acting studies, Niu Shumei has always attached great importance to strengthening culture and education. Zhangming County examination, seeing the difficulty of Tong Sheng carrying a table and stool, created a repair examination shed on the left side of the office, and repaired the academy, and the Lord of the Immortals. Change the local vices, such as the custom of "the dead of the cold plague are not buried, put in the wild", niu shumei when he arrives, he cuts the edict, and faces the township protection, limited to one month to be buried. If there is really no owner, report to the official for burial. Therefore, the tired and withered skeletons were spared from exposure, and the people were spared from the spread of the plague.
After his dismissal, Yu Gengwu, Xin Wei, Nongshen, and Yu You, for four years, taught at Jinjiang Academy. During this period, Niu Shumei made many regulations for the revitalization of the college and the inheritance of scholarship. Among them, the "Sayings of the Scholars," "The College Should Be Disciplined," "The Sayings of the Scholars," "The Theory of The Wind," "The Theory of Discernment in Raising One's Profession," and the "Instructions of the Academy" have made clear and meticulous stipulations in terms of abstaining from drinking, gambling, eating opium, and abstaining from yanqi, and good scholarly conduct has been derived from the practice of "not looking at the incivility." At the same time, in terms of supporting the good conduct of students and apprentices, Niu Shumei made the Articles that the Academy Should Do According to His Own Experience, he believed that learning the noble affairs book should sit upright, concentrate on the mind, and be considerate of the body and mind every word, and should not work the time of the exam, that is, the eight strands of the text. At the same time, he recommended the hongru Rao Gongchen, Deng Bozhao, Tu Zijing and other scholars to give lectures at the academy, and the sichuan study style was prosperous for a while.
Niu Shumei's inheritance of the Guanlong School, influenced by his father, was particularly admired by Guanzhong Li Yong and his "Erqu Collection", for which he presided over the engraving of the "Erqu Collection" in Chengdu, and extended the "thing" of Li Yong's "GeWu Zhizhi" to practical learning such as "Lile Military Punishment and Enlistment of Farmers", gradually becoming its own system, forming a "practical learning" communication system with unique insights, which had a positive impact in Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan. Niu Shumei was even more opposed to the martyr virginity that the Confucians tirelessly preached, and practiced it himself. He believes that the great sage's natural reason, quasi-human feelings, and even the conclusion of the difficult can put an end to the differences between the people who have never discussed the ceremony, and cannot take the meaning out of context and harm life. Niu Shumei herself has experienced the pain of bereavement twice, but her wives have died unnaturally, and according to local customs, they are not allowed to enter the ancestral tomb due to childbirth deaths. Niu Shumei believes that this is also not in line with the method of "making rituals for saints and being faithful to the truth". Therefore, Niu Shumei made a heavy promise to his beloved wife who died in childbirth in the "Haruka Wang Clan Text": "I will not bear to abandon Ru in a foreign land after a hundred years." When he returned home in the same year, he planned to move and bury Ru in the land of the Niu clan, and he did not yet hate it."
Thirteen years after Tongzhi, Niu Shumei resigned and returned to Li. In his lifetime, he loved all kinds of classics, collected a large number of books, and built a Niu library. Although he is old and rare, he still works hard. He is the author of twelve volumes of the Provincial Zhai Anthology, four volumes of Wen ShanLu, and six volumes of The Wencun of Xiangye; those who have not yet paid the zi include "Zhou Yi Exploring the Source", "Miscellaneous Records of the Heavenly Domain of the Sea Country", "Ghost Wind Map", "Xueqiao Poetry Cun" and so on. In addition to the poems, Chang He hoes and carries water, plants locust willows all over the village in front of the village and behind the village, and enjoys the pleasure of the countryside.
As a feudal scholar and doctor, Niu Shumei has always been people-oriented, not greedy and not corrupt, eliminating maladministration, being close to the people and loving the people, and really has the style of an ancient famous courtier, and is finally loved by the people. During the Tongwei period, the people of Zhangming County, grateful for their kindness, once sent a pair of Shoumu thousands of miles away, and he gave 80 taels of silver in return. But soon the silver was returned.
Niu Shumei felt the feeling and wrote a book: "What is good for the people to think of themselves as orders?" And in the second year of Zhang, nearly twenty years away from Zhang, how can he get this generous reward" "Now bring back the original silver still to the original messenger, or the academy, or the sanatorium, to add a drop of lubrication, his heart can still be a little at ease." "His love for the people for the people is as clear as the moon."
A generation of followers of the cattle blue sky
Niu Shumei died at home at the age of eighty-four. Yan Zhi "from the ancestral hall of the ancestors, the deeds were compiled into the circulation of the officials". More than 1,000 paintings were sent from all over the world. Jinjiang Academy's union reads: "Bashu praises famous courtiers, and the Si people live up to the expectations of the people; kansai preaching, and the master can be called a Han Confucian sage." ”
Because Niu Shumei was an official Qingzheng, it was called "Niu Qingtian" at that time. The story about him is widely circulated in Sichuan folk, and there are even people in the bookstore who say "Niu Gong Case". So far, there are many plaque inscriptions and ink marks in Sichuan's famous mountains and rivers, scenic spots and museums.
As a generation of xun officials, Niu Shumei was repeatedly evaluated by the Qing court as "Xun Liang First", and was a "Qingtian" who truly regarded the people as parents.
The "Qing History Manuscript • Niu Shumei Biography" states that he was "an official who came to the people, with the first priority of not disturbing the people", and that "the prison was clear and prudent, the people's hidden was not reached, and he was cherished." ”
In 1936, when Red Army soldiers led by Xu Haidong passed through Niujiapo Niu Qingtian's hometown, many soldiers from Sichuan and Hunan did not enter the Niujia ancestral house but spent the night under the eaves of the house to show respect for this Manchu Qing official.
Niu Shumei's former residence has a mulberry tree planted by his hand. It is said that when Niu Shumei returned to his hometown in the thirteenth year of Tongzhi, the students of Jinjiang Academy casually folded the mulberry branches in front of the door to provide shade. Unexpectedly, when I arrived at my hometown, the mulberry branches were still fresh and tender, and I remembered the old feelings, so I planted them in the garden. After many years and vicissitudes, the mulberry trees are still leafy. Isn't this the spiritual portrayal of the cow tree plum? Although the Si people have passed away, their demeanor has lasted forever, and they have been high and virtuous, and Youze Sangzi has been born. (The picture of this article comes from the Internet, invaded and deleted)
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