Text: Huang Jianjun
Literature and history information provided: Yuan Ning (former descendant of Dian'ao) Wang Xusheng (descendant of Guo Congji, Guo Baoqing)
In the alley north of Changzhi East Street Teacher's School, there are several dilapidated Qing Dynasty houses, which are very inconspicuous in the high-rise buildings, which were once the former residences of the Guo family, a famous and prestigious family in the ancient city, and from here came a pair of famous fathers and sons: Guo Congji and Guo Baoqing.
Guo Congzhi
Guo Congji (1835-1885), also spelled Dingxuan, Jieyue, and Xinwu. According to the Qing Guangxu edition of the Chronicle of Changzhi County: ... In this year' Beijing Examination, Guo Congke, a 27-year-old scholar of the Changzhi County Chengxiang County, was awarded the Shu Jishi of the Editing and RepairIng Office of the Hanlin Academy, and was taught editing and revision in the Library for more than a year. Later, he was transferred to the imperial history. The funeral service is removed, the matter is completed, the official is still in charge, and the promotion is given to the matter. During the Tongzhi period, Guo Congzhi was awarded for his "Ili Border Affairs" and "Advice on the Salt Law", and entered the imperial history and prepared strategies. He was also transferred to the palm seal of the official department, and was awarded the Hunan Salt Law Changbao Dao, and then signed the Hunan Envoy. In the ninth year of Guangxu, several provinces north of the Yellow River suffered a severe drought, accumulating for five or six years. Also, Zhili, Shandong, river trouble especially drama. Cixi and Emperor Dezong summoned their courtiers to discuss the matter. Only Guo Chengduan advocated "three-way rule of the country" in order to return to heaven for change. Cixi said: "The subject has the style of direct advice from the Tang and Song dynasties. "For his merits, his grandfather Guo Lingxiu gave cheng de lang and gave it to zhongxian dafu; his father Guo Zhenhuan was given the title of zhongxian dafu; his brother Guo Shiji gave zhongxian dafu; and his maternal grandfather Zhang Pu gave cheng de lang. This precious passage gives a more detailed account of Guo Congji's promotion, political activities, and some of the guo family's situation. He grew up reading the Four Books and Five Classics. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), he participated in the township examination and successfully passed the examination. In the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860), he participated in the examination and the temple examination, passed the entrance examination, and was appointed as a Shujishi of the Hanlin Academy. After the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Guo Congji was successively appointed by the imperial court to assist in the revision and revision of the National History Museum, and was repeatedly transferred as an examiner of the Shuntianxiang Examination and the Hui examination. Later, he served as the inspector of Jiangnan Province and Fujian Province, and the Li Ke Zhi Zhong. After the second year of Guangxu (1876), he successively served as the official of the Palm Seal to Shi Zhong, Hunan Salt Law Changbao Dao, and Hunan Press Inspector.
Guo Congzhi's resume
During the Guangxu period, due to the Ili problem, which made the western border affairs tight, the imperial court asked for a solution several times. Guo Congzhi, who was then the imperial historian, advised the imperial court on the basis of the facts, and even presented a strategy for governing the country, especially his unique high opinion on the "Ili Border Affair". At the same time, in response to several changes to the Huainan Salt Law, he also advised the imperial court to improve the Salt Law, and the advice he made analyzed the advantages and disadvantages and hit the point, which was highly praised by the imperial court.
In the third year of Guangxu (1877), Shanxi, Hebei, and Shandong provinces suffered from years of severe drought, and in the hard-hit area of Shanxi, more than five or six million people were affected, and hunger was everywhere, which can be called a human tragedy that has not been encountered in a hundred years. In the face of such a major disaster, the imperial court sat restlessly and summoned all the courtiers to discuss a solution. Among the many Commentaries, only Guo Congzhi's "Three Roots rule of the country" was praised by Empress Dowager Cixi as "the style of direct advice from the Tang and Song dynasties" by Empress Dowager Cixi.
Figure 1: Guo Congji's handwriting (Source: National Palace Museum, Taipei)
During Guo Congzhi's tenure as an envoy to Hunan, some people in Yiyang plotted rebellion. He went to investigate the cause. I learned that only one or two people were actually claiming riots. Fortunately, the riot did not occur, otherwise a large number of people would be killed according to the laws of the dynasty. Meritorious promotion, for officials who are rich and unkind, Yiyang's conspiracy to cause chaos is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. If that were the case, I don't know how many innocent beings would be killed! Fortunately, after meeting Guo Congji, after understanding the origin of the matter, he only beheaded the first offender, Yi Longquan, and the matter of Yiyang's rebellion was resolved.
In the twelfth year of Tongzhi (1873), the "Yang Naiwu Case", one of the four strange cases of the late Qing Dynasty, occurred in Yuhang, Zhejiang. Yang Naiwu was falsely accused of committing adultery with Bi Xiugu and killing her husband, and was later retaliated against by Liu Xitong of Zhixian County, tortured to extract a confession, and asked to be a capital offense. His sister Yang Shuying risked his death to act as Jingkong and filed a complaint on the nail board. In the end, the case was revealed, the case was overturned, and a large number of officials were dismissed. The "Yang Naiwu case" had a great impact at the time and was thought-provoking. In view of this case, Guo Congju submitted to the imperial court the method for handling the "Beijing control" case, which was adopted by the imperial court, and it was agreed that in the future, the "Beijing control" case would no longer be submitted to the "original interrogator for review."
Guangxu Three Years Ding Pengqi Desert Year Guo Congzhi Changzhi's Contribution (Qing) Guo Congzhi: "Official's Palm Seal to the Matter guo Congzhi Playing Chen Jinmin's Illness and Suffering"
Guangxu II (1876)
Drought, dead trees scorched soil, no harvest in summer, no grass in autumn, bucket rice is worth one or two silver, money thousand and five hundred yuan.
Three Years of Guangxu (1877)
The drought continued, the bark and grass roots were eaten up, hunger was everywhere, and people couldnibalized.
Guangxu Four Years (1878)
Great droughts, successive disasters and famines, coupled with the epidemic of plagues in spring and summer, the people died three or four times out of ten, or the rooms were empty, or the villages were extinct, and the land was not cultivated. The local scholars and merchants jointly donated 13,000 taels of silver, and Guo Congzhi raised 1,000 taels of silver to give seeds to the seeds. The city set up a porridge factory, and many hungry people died on the way. At the beginning of the wood, it was soon replaced by a mat; after it was buried, it was buried in the east and south of the city, and the two dug their depths and widths, marked with male and female congs graves, and thousands of corpses were accumulated, which was a strange disaster.
On March 13, the Qing government issued an edict ordering the rapid release of Cao Grain to Go to Jin, and in addition to the 80,000 stones of Cao Rice in Shandong, the remaining 70,000 thousand stones were quickly dismantled.
On October 13, the Qing government allocated 120,000 stones of Caomi from Shandong to help Shandong's relief needs, limiting Shandong to the whole bank within the year.
Guo Congzhi often corresponded with Li Xiyuan in letters. Li Xiyuan, Character Xingmen, No. Dongping, Guangxi people. Influenced by his father-in-law's famous landscape painter Zhou Weigeng, he devoted his life to the creation of calligraphy and painting. Guo was born from the Moment Jinshi, and his calligraphy and painting skills are naturally not bad, but he can communicate with famous artists. It can be seen that there are also deep achievements in calligraphy and painting. In addition, during Guo Congji's tenure, he once traveled to Changsha to fix the wangtai and lamented the poem: "The palace of the king of Chu has been dusty for a long time, and there is still a platform in the east of the city." The next division of the clan thought of tears, Chang'an far away to mourn. Empty trees are slaughtered to tame birds, and the autumn geese of the river are not seen. Loyalty and filial piety are in my lifetime, and the Mozi monument is heavy and wandering. "His bosom and literary style are fully reflected in the poem.
Guo Songtao's epitaph of Guo Congji
Figure 2: The full text of Guo Congji's epitaph
Guo Congzhi is a frank and honest person, and he attaches great importance to righteousness. During his tenure as an official, most of his official income was used to help relatives and the old who were in difficulty in life; for some colleagues who lost their official positions or resigned their posts, if they had difficulties, he would also provide relief to help them tide over the difficulties. Guo Congzhi was not greedy or possessive of officials, and after all, the income of officials was limited, but he often did not consider his own family's situation because of relief, which also made him a life of incorruptibility, life without years, and death without capital.
In the eleventh year of Guangxu (1885), Guo Congzhi died of illness due to overwork and died in the post of envoy to Hunan. After his death, his family honored his last wishes and buried him in the east of Changzhi City, where he was buried with his wife Ye Gongren.
Guo Baoqing
Figure 3: Guo Baoqing
Guo Baoqing (1865-1937), Zi Boming, was a native of Changzhi, Shanxi. Under the influence of his father Guo Congji, he entered the GuoziJian to study very early. In the year of Guangxu Gengyin (1890), he was admitted to the examination at the age of 25.
Guo Baoqing, a graduate of Hosei University in Japan, graduated from Shen Junru at the same time
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Guo Baoqing sent officials to study in Japan. In August of that year, the Chinese League was formed in Tokyo, Japan, which had a great influence on Guo Baoqing, who gradually became enlightened and more inclined to the democratic revolution. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), Guo Baoqing graduated and returned to China and served as the county magistrate of Suiping County, Henan. In the face of the late Qing Dynasty, which is like "candles in the wind and frost on the tiles", what can be done? Guo Baoqing thought of industry to save the country. Therefore, in the establishment of industrial Tianxing and business names. According to the descendants of the Guo family, the business was very large at that time, not only had stores around Changzhi, but also extended its tentacles to all parts of the country, and had its own merchant ships in Fuzhou in its heyday.
Figure 4: Inauguration of the Shanxi Provincial Party Committee
In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Guo Baoqing was assigned to Fujian as a governor. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1916), on the recommendation of Chen Yu, the civil administrator of Shanxi Province, Guo Baoqing was appointed as the chief of the General Affairs Department of the Shanxi Governor's Office. In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928), Guo Baoqing served as the secretary general of the Shanxi Provincial Government. In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), the Nationalist government appointed Guo Baoqing as a member of the Shanxi Provincial Party Committee.
During Yan Xishan's reign in Shanxi, he vigorously promoted compulsory education. As a result, a wave of rural school running has been set off in various parts of Shanxi, resulting in a serious shortage of rural teachers. In this situation, some people of insight in the shangdang began to plan the establishment of a rural teacher training institute in Changzhi specifically for training rural teachers.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Jinshi talked about the characters written by Daolong to Guo Baoqing during his study in Japan
Although Guo Baoqing was an official in the provincial capital, he was also concerned about the affairs of his hometown. During the Spring Festival of the twenty-first year of the Republic of China (1932), Chang Sumin, a fellow who taught at the Taiyuan National Normal School, found Guo Baoqing and consulted with him on the issue of establishing a township teacher, which coincided with Guo Baoqing, so the matter of running the school was quickly finalized. Under the active mediation of Guo Baoqing, he contacted a group of well-known gentry in his hometown to form the "Shangdang United Simple Rural Normal School Board", and established the Shangdang Lianli Simple Rural Normal School (hereinafter referred to as the Shangdang Township Division) in Beizhai Village, Luzhou District in the same year. Shangdang Township Division was the first private normal school in the history of Changzhi, and Guo Baoqing was hired as the first principal. In the autumn of this year, the Shangdang Township Division officially opened its school, with a 4-year study system. The first period recruited two classes, and most of the students were poor children from the counties of shangdang.
In the early days of the establishment of the Shangdang Township Division, it was originally aimed at training rural teachers, but later after Shi Jiyan, Wang Zhongqing, Zhao Shuli, Zhao Qiuxin, Li Guohua, Zhang Deyi, Li Guofu, Ma Jianxin, and a number of other revolutionaries joined, the students of the Township Division began to come into contact with Marxist progressive ideas, and successively trained a large number of influential students, such as Meng Xiande, Shi Pizhen, Hou Guoying, Cheng Guanzhou, Zhang Kaideng, Zhang Yuanying, Guo Tingjun, Li Shangwen, Li Bin, and Yang Kehong. In the spring of the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), the Changzhi County League association formed an 80-member commando team in Changzhi, and more than 30 people signed up for the Shangdang Township Division, accounting for nearly half. This commando team was later incorporated into the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, which led and encouraged the progressive teachers and students of the schools around Changzhi to throw themselves into the torrent of the Rolling War of Resistance.
In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), due to the impact of the war, the Shangdang Township Division was suspended. In the five years of running the school, more than 250 students were enrolled in 5 classes, and the vast majority of these students joined the League, joined the Eighth Route Army and the Death Squad, and threw themselves into the vigorous War of Resistance Against Japan.
During the Republic of China, Guo Baoqing edited the Chronicle of Changzhi County, which was published in the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933). The book consists of 10 volumes, which are now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
In the 26th year of the Republic of China (early 1937), a generation of celebrities Guo Baoqing died of illness. Hearing this bad news, tens of thousands of people in Changzhi took to the streets and bid farewell to them reluctantly, and the Republic of China government, the Shanxi provincial government, and people from all walks of life in Changzhi sent wreaths to show respect.
The passing water flows in the east, and the floating is like a dream. Looking back at the long history of Shangdang, there were many famous celebrities who made Shangdang shine brightly. Today, although they are far away from us, we should always remember the contributions they have made...
Editor: Xiao Cai