After telling the story of the Qin state in the last issue, we will talk about the Chu state in this issue.
Chu History Introduction:
According to the excavated Shang Dynasty Bu Ci and the early Western Zhou bronzes, in the early Shang to Western Zhou, there was a powerful Chu state, such as the Shang Dynasty Bu Ci "Yue Yu Nandan, Yue Yu Sanmen, Yue Yu Chu (Yin Qi Zhi Zhi 73)", the "Chu" here is from the forest from the wood, and the Bu Ci in the woman Chu from the wood from the wood, there is a more obvious difference between the two, so these two branches of Chu should not be one.
The "Chu" of the first bu ci represents the Shang Dynasty hunting in Chutian, so his position should not be too far away from Yin Qinei, Guo Moruo and Chen Mengjia believe that Chuqiu in Huaxian County, Henan. The "Chu" of the female Chu means that there is a marriage relationship between this Chu and the Shang Dynasty, and some scholars should be the Chu people with the surname of Chu in later generations, and it can also be confirmed from the "Chu Ju" that Ji Lian married Shang.
Then, through the buci point of view, there should be two Chu people in the Shang Dynasty, and similarly, through bronze ware, there should also be two Chu people in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, one called Chu Bo, that is, the Chu of Huaxian County. One is called Jingzi and Chuzi, that is, the Chu people with the surname Qi. Chu Bo recorded according to the YaLingGui: "Only the king is in Chu Bo, in Yan." It can be seen that this Chu people should be located near this place called "Yan". This "Yan", Yang Caihua believes, is the guide Fang, Chu refers to the Chu barbarians in the south, that is, the Xiongying tribe that rebelled with Wu Geng.
According to Yang Caihua, it means that in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Xiong Ying tribe was quelled with the Wu Geng rebellion, so it was moved by the Zhou Dynasty from nanxiang, where it lived in the Jianghan region, and was ruled by Xiong Xuan, that is, the "Chu Man" referred to in the "Chu Shijia", which was not the same as the "Chu people" of Xiong Xuan, and the Xiong Ying Chu people were given the surname of Qi and viscount by King Zhou Cheng, and this branch of chu people established the state of Luo, and the later King Zhou Zhao's death of Chu, Nightmare, Chu of E, Chu of Zhou Mu, chu of destroying "Hanyang Zhuji", including the Chu of the Shang Dynasty, were all Chu Man, not Chu of the Surname of Qi.
Yang Caihua believes that Chu Man and Chu surnamed Chu are not the same branch to be discussed:
According to the Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Luo Xie, "Zhou Gong Li Xiang Tianzi, the Third Uncle and Yin Dong Xu, Yan and Xiong Ying. The Bamboo Book Chronicle records: "In the second year, the Xiangren, Xuren, and Huaiyi rebelled against Yu Shao. It can be seen that "Xiong Ying" is "Huaiyi", according to Yang Caihua's words, first, the Jing cut by Wu Ding is Xiong Ying, then Xiong Ying should be a hostile state of the Shang Dynasty, so how to participate in the Wu Geng Rebellion in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and eventually the Western Zhou Dynasty became an enemy of the Zhou Dynasty; second, the Huaiyi forces in the Wuding period had not yet developed to the Nanyang area; third, there is no evidence that the Badu State was "Chu Man" for this, and that the Badu had married the Zhou royal family and was surnamed Jiao; fourth, if King Zhou Zhao was victimized by this "Chu Man", why did Guan Zhong accuse the Chu people, and why did the King of Chu Cheng not defend; fifth, It is said that the Hanyang Zhuji were destroyed by this "Chu Man", but Tang, Sui, Shen, and Jiang were all destroyed by the Chu people, and how did the "Chu Man" come from, and the State of Wu also accused the Chu State of annexing Zhu Ji in Hanshui during the Battle of Baiju, and if the Hanyang Zhu Ji was destroyed by the "Chu Man", wouldn't it be unknown that the largest of the Hanyang Zhu Ji would not know; sixth, since the "Chu Man" had been suppressed by the Zhou royal family (King Zhou Cheng, King Zhou Zhao, King Mu of Zhou, King Li of Zhou), how could he still have the strength to annex The Ji of Hanyang, and also attack the vicinity of Luoyi.
And the most important point is the relationship between the Chu state and the luo state, Qin Jiamu ben "Shi Ben" said: "Luo Shi, the original self-mo, the last Yin sealed in Luo, the country was destroyed by Chu, and the descendants thought that it was a clan." Du Pre's "Twelve Years of Zuo Chuan Huan Gong" notes: "Luo, Xiong surnamed Guo. "Chu Shijia Justice": "Luo, xiong surname." It can be seen that Luo and Chu are of the same ethnic group, not Huaiyi, and if yang Caihua's words are said, it is a mistake in the literature, that is, because Luo is from Xiong Ying, taking the "bear" of "Xiong Ying" as his surname, because the Chu royal family is called Xiong, it is mistaken by later generations as the same ethnic group as Chu, but Yang Caihua's words may be to reconcile Guo Moruo's Chu source Dongyi theory and Chu source Zhongyuan theory, which is not advisable. The "Yan" here should refer to "Tan", and Tan happens to be located in the land of Huaiyi in the east, and the Chu here should have no relationship with xiongzhi chu, an ally of the Shang Dynasty, rebelled with Wu Geng, and was destroyed, that is, Chu in Hua County, Henan.
That is to say, the Chu people include two branches, one can be called Jing, many called Zi, that is, the Chu people with the surname of Qi, and the other is the Chu of the Shang Dynasty allies located in present-day Huaxian County, Henan, and the bronze is called Chu Bo. If it is still relatively easy to distinguish between the Chu state and the Chu people with the surname of Chu in Huaxian County, Henan, the Chu people with the surname of Chu Manhe are confused by most scholars.
First, let's talk about the Chu people. For example, the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" records that "in the twenty-first year of (桀), the Shangshi recruited Luo, Kezhi, Sui zhengjing, and Jing descended. The "Jing" here should refer to the Chu people with the surname of Qi, because before this, they had discussed the Chu allies kunwu, Fengwei, Dapeng, etc., and likewise, the Chu people who were allies of the Xia should also be attacked, and then Jingman was located in the Jianghan region, and the Shang Tang Dynasty would not go as far as the Jianghan region to destroy the Xia Yu wing. At the same time, because although the Chu people temporarily surrendered to Yin Shang, but after all, they were not united with the Shang, so soon there was a rebellion, and Wu Ding again cut down Chu, such as the "Book of Yue Jie": "Tang Xing ren righteousness, worship ghosts and gods, and the whole world is dedicated to it." When it was, Jingbo did not obey, and Tang then adorned the cattle to do things to Jingbo, but entrusted his sincerity. The "Shang Song" also has a Wuding period: "Tart Pi Yin Wu, Fight Jing Chu." Similarly, this is also consistent with the Chu Ju record, according to the Chu Ju record, Ji Lian once married Wu Ding, presumably after the Chu people surrendered and married the Shang Dynasty in order to survive to show their submission to the Shang.
Ji Lian, according to the "Chu Shijia", said: "Ji Liansheng is attached to depression, and is attached to depression to burrow bear." Later in the micro, either in China, or in the barbarians, The Frenem Dynasty. That is to say, when Ji Lian was in the summer, Ji Liansheng was attached to the depression, depressed and depressed, after the cave bear, the Chu people began to decline, or in the Central Plains, or in the land of barbarians, and according to the "Chu Ju" record, Ji Lian was the grandfather of the bear, and the bear was the cave bear, then Ji Lian should be in the late Shang Dynasty, and called "Fu Neng Ji Qishi", probably although the Chu people briefly submitted to the Shang, but after all, there was a contradiction with the Shang, so after the rise of the Zhou, its leader defected to King Wen of Zhou and became one of the founding heroes of the Zhou Dynasty, and Chu Man was contrary to the Chu people and had always been hostile to the Zhou Dynasty.
The biggest war between Jingman and the Zhou Dynasty probably led to the death of King Zhou Zhao, as recorded in the "History of Zhou Benji": "King Kang pawn, Zi Zhao King flawed." At the time of King Zhao, the king's way was slightly lacking. King Zhao's southern tour did not return. Died on the river. His pawn did not go to court. Serendipity also. Most of the ancient scholars one-sidedly believed that King Zhou Zhao was victimized by Chu, such as Wang Yi said in his supplementary annotation of "Zhaohou Chengyou" in the "Heavenly Questions": "As for Chu in the south, the Chu people are Shenzhi." Bai Shouyi, Lü Simian, Zhu Shaohou, Wei Chang, Yang Kuan, and others also strongly advocated this. However, after the large-scale excavation of bamboo janes in the Chu state and bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty seventy or eighty years later, this theory could not withstand scrutiny.
According to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", "In the nineteenth year of King Zhao of Zhou, the heavens choked, the pheasants and rabbits were all shaken, and the sixth division was lost to Yu Han." The Shuowen records: "Master, 2,500 people are teachers." "The Sixth Division, i.e., fifteen thousand men, according to the Chu people, was weak at that time and could not resist such a powerful army of King Zhou Zhao, and this army was the elite Janissary of King Zhou Zhao, and included many princely states in the south. So is the Chu State so powerful? According to the "Chu Ju" record, at this time the Chu state did not even sacrifice the calf, the national strength is not only weaker than the power, yong, and even the capital state is far stronger than the Chu, if it is chu, the king of Zhou Zhao is not necessary to have so many troops, some people may say that the king of Zhou Zhao may be showing off force, but according to the "Historical Wall Disk" also has an inscription: "Guangneng Chu Jing, but the southbound." "Neng" is the meaning of "neng" for Rouyuan's ability to appease Huairou, which is enough to show that the Chu forces that King Zhou Zhao's crusade against were very powerful, and even the Zhou Dynasty was somewhat powerless in his crusade, and tried to adopt a strategy of appeasement. Obviously, the weak and small Chu state did not have such conditions.
The second was according to Chu Qu's answer to Guan Zhong's words: "The tribute is not entered, and the sins of the widow are also the same, and dare not give together." The king of Zhao is gone, Junqi asked the waterfront! It can be seen that the Chu people denied the death of King Zhou Zhao, and Guan Zhong could not do anything about it, and Du Qianzhu also said: "When King Zhao was in the Han Dynasty, he was not guilty. It seems that King Zhou Zhao did not crusade against the Chu people, and even Guan Zhong himself did not punish the Chu people for fighting with King Zhou Zhao, resulting in the death of King Zhou Zhao, but said that the Chu people should be responsible for the death of King Zhou Zhao, nor did he say that King Zhou Zhao's decision to cut Down Chu. Third, King Zhao of Zhou was at that time to seize the copper resources in the southeast of Hubei, from the bronze ware appeared in large numbers of "Fujin" can be seen, its main direction in the east of Hubei, that is, through the Nanyang Basin around the Suizhao corridor, and then cross the Han River, and the Chu people are located in the northwest of Hubei, and there are no more bronze resources, and even the Chu bronzes unearthed in the early Western Zhou Dynasty are also few,
Only JingZiding, or the copper mine given by King Zhou Cheng, did not openly contradict the Zhou royal family, and King Zhou Zhao had no reason to crusade against the Chu state.
From Qinghua Jian, it can be seen that the Chu people live in the area of Zhengzhou, Xinzheng, and Xinmi, and this area is also the same ethnic group of Chu people, and the surnames of Qiguo, Wuguo, Yanguo, and Kunwu are located and nearby, and there are also texts in the "New CaiJian" A 31 and Jia San 24: "In the past, I was first from Zhaozhuo, and I was depressed and Zhang (漳), in order to migrate to the place." ”
Chu Guo (?) ~223 BC), also known as Jing and Jingchu, was a princely state located in the Yangtze River Basin in the pre-Qin period, and the monarch was a descendant of the Five Emperors, who were surnamed Qi and Xiong. During the reign of King Cheng of Zhou, xiong Xuan, the leader of the Chu people, was made a viscount and established the state of Chu.
According to the "Qinghua Jian Chuju" record, at the beginning of the founding of the Chu people, the theft of cattle sacrifices in the capital state shows the poverty and weakness at the beginning of the founding of the country; after hundreds of years of development, the Chu state began to rise in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Chu Dynasty, and there were Jianghan and Constantly annexing the surrounding small princely states.
In 704 BC, Xiong Tong was crowned king of Chuwu. During the reign of King Zhuang of Chu, he appointed Yu Qiuzi, Sun Shu'ao and other sages to dominate the Jin state after the defeat of the Central Plains and the Battle of Wu, ushering in the most prosperous era of the Chu state in the Spring and Autumn Period. Entering the Warring States, king Ren Wu of Chu changed the law, and for a time the soldiers were strong and strong, and the momentum of dominance was first revealed. During the reign of King Xuan of Chu and King Wei of Chu, the territory stretched from DabaShan, Wushan, and Wuling Mountains in the west to the sea in the east, Nanling in the south, and now central Henan, Anhui and northern Jiangsu, southeastern Shaanxi, and southeastern Shanxi in the north. The State of Chu has now entered its most prosperous period.
Xiong Xuan (熊绎), surnamed Xiong (芈), xiong (more will be said later), the first monarch of the Chu state, reign time unknown. Xiong Xuan's great-grandfather, Huan Xiong, served King Wen of Zhou and died very early. Xiong Yi's grandfather Xiong Li and father Xiong Fan also served King Wu of Zhou, the son of King Wen of Zhou. During the reign of King Wu of Zhou's son King Cheng of Zhou, he was grateful for the merits of the ministers who assisted in the government during the reigns of King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou, so he promoted their descendants, sealed Xiong Xiong's great-grandson Xiong Xuan in the wild land of the south, gave him the title of viscount with only fifty miles of land, established the chu state regime, and lived in Danyang. As a Chu emperor, Xiong Xuan developed production, expanded his territory, opened up Jingshan Mountain by chai cart and wore torn clothes, waded through mountains and rivers to pay tribute to Zhou Tianzi, and assisted King Zhou Kang with the kings of Qi and Lu.
Xiong Ai (熊愛), surnamed 芈, was the son of Xiong Xuan (熊绎), the second monarch of the Chu state, whose reign time is unknown. It is recorded that King Zhao of Zhou made two southern expeditions to the Chu state, but both were defeated by Xiong Ai.
Xiong, son of Xiong Ai, the third monarch of the Chu state, his life and deeds are unknown.
Xiong Sheng, son of Xiong, was the fourth king of the Chu state. After his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother Xiong Yang.
Xiong Yang, son of Xiong, brother of Xiong Sheng, fifth king of the State of Chu. During his reign, the main range of activities was still limited to jingshan and the upper reaches of the Ancient Depression and Zhanghe Rivers.
Xiong Qu, son of Chu Xiong Yang, was the sixth monarch of the Chu state. After Xiong Qu succeeded to the throne, he took advantage of the weakening of the Zhou royal family and the turmoil in the Central Plains to begin the process of expanding the territory, successively attacking the States of Yong, Yangyue, and E, pushing the forces of the State of Chu to the Jianghan Plain, so that the State of Chu gradually flourished.
Xiong Zhi (熊挚), formerly known as Xiong Zhihong (熊志红), was the second son of Xiong Qu and the seventh monarch of the Chu state. When Xiong Qu died, the eldest son Xiong Wukang died early, and according to the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the second son Xiong Zhihong succeeded to the throne of Chu Jun, but the youngest son Xiong Zhiyi launched a coup d'état and made his brother a monarch.
Xiong Yan, the youngest son of Xiong Qu, the eighth monarch of the Chu state, reigned for twenty-nine years. When Xiong Qu died, his brother Xiong Zhi took the throne as Chu Jun, but Xiong Yan launched a coup d'état, killed his brother Xiong Zhi, and established himself as a king.
Xiong Yong, son of Xiong Yan, was the ninth monarch of the Chu state and reigned for nine years. Because he was childless, he was succeeded by his younger brother Xiong Yan.
Xiong Yan, xiong yan's younger son, xiong yong's younger brother, the tenth monarch of the Chu state, reigned for ten years. Because his elder brother Xiong Yong was childless, he became The Prince of Chu after his brother's death.
Xiong Shuang, the eldest son of Xiong Yan, was the eleventh monarch of the Chu state and reigned for six years. The "Chronicle of History" records that after Xiong Shuang's death, the second brother Zhongxue, the third brother Uncle Kan, and the fourth brother Xiong Yu competed for the throne, as the order of the eldest and youngest, Zhongxue should have been Chu Jun, but before he could take the throne, he died, the third brother Uncle Kan fled to Puti for refuge, and the fourth brother Xiong Yi took the throne as Chu Jun (it can be guessed that it was a battle of contention).
Xiong Yan, the fourth son of Xiong Yan, the fourth brother of Xiong Shuang, the twelfth monarch of the Chu state, reigned for twenty-two years.
Xiong Yi (熊咢), son of Xiong Yi (熊徇), was the thirteenth monarch of the Chu state and reigned for nine years.
Chu Ruo'ao Xiongyi, son of Xiong Yi, the first of Xiong Yi, the fourteenth monarch of the Chu State, reigned for twenty-seven years. Chu Ruo'ao's reign was the beginning of Chu Jun's title, the beginning of the fall of Western Zhou, the move of King Ping to Eastern Zhou, and the beginning of King Xiang of Qin' ranking.
Chu Xiao Ao Xiong Kan, chu ruo'ao's eldest son, the fifteenth monarch of the Chu state, reigned for six years, and his life deeds are unknown.
King Xiong of Chu, the eldest son of Chu Xiao'ao, was the sixteenth monarch of the Chu state and reigned for seventeen years. After Chu Xiao'ao's death, Xiong Xuan succeeded to the throne. During the reign of King Li of Chu, he expanded his territory and conquered The Kingdom of Chu increased its strength. After the death of King Li of Chu, Xiong Tong, the brother of King Li of Chu, killed the son of King Li of Chu and established himself as King Wu of Chu.
Xiong Tong, King of Chuwu, second son of Chu Xiao'ao, brother of King Li of Chu (Chu Yi Mao), and the seventeenth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for a total of fifty-one years, one of the three minor lords of the Spring and Autumn Period. King Li of Chu died, and King Wu of Chu killed the son of King Li of Chu and established himself as king. After King Wu of Chu succeeded to the throne, he married the daughter of the Duke of Deng and married the State of Deng. In the second year of King Wu of Chu, he conquered the state of Quan that could not be destroyed by Xiongqu to Chu Xiao'ao, and established the first county in China, Quan County. In the thirty-seventh year of King Chuwu, because Zhou Tianzi did not agree to promote the title of Chu State, King Chu Wu was furious and called himself Wang. King Wu of Chu pursued an iron-fisted policy and dared to act boldly, leaving the Chu state with a clear and peaceful Jianghan Plain and a set of state machines that had begun to take shape, and the Chu state became strong.
Xiong Yun, King of Chuwen, son of King Wu of Chu, was the eighteenth monarch of the Chu state and reigned for thirteen years. King Wu of Chu died on the way to the fall, and Xiong Zhen took the throne. King Wen of Chu received a strict education in his early years (King Wu of Chu attached great importance to early childhood education), and his master was invited from Shen Guo, known in history as "Bao Shen". Because King Wu of Chu reigned for fifty-one years, King Wen of Chu was already middle-aged when he succeeded to the throne, and his personality was sharp. The first thing King Wen of Chu did after he succeeded to the throne was to move the capital to Ying (present-day Yicheng Chu Imperial City). In the following thirteen years of his reign, from the destruction of Deng to the end of Zheng, he annexed thirty-nine countries, expanded the territory of the State of Chu, and made the State of Chu stronger and stronger, although there were also people under house arrest who died cai Aihou, who delayed state affairs because of the beauty, but he could also listen to the advice and correct the mistakes in time, so in the minds of the Chu people, he was a qualified monarch. By the way, by the way, Heshi Bi was obtained by King Wen of Chu for the craftsmen to process the jade that Bian he had presented.
Chu Tuo Ao Xiong Yan, son of King Wen of Chu, half-brother of King Cheng of Chu, the nineteenth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for five years. When Chu Tuo'ao was in power, he flew eagles and running dogs all day and did not do the right thing, but you said that the angry people were not angry, and the Chu state was still getting stronger and stronger. Three years after Chu Tuo'ao, Chu Tuao wanted to kill his younger brother Xiong Yun (also known as King Cheng of Chu), and Xiong Yun fled to Suiguo (present-day northwest of Suizhou, Hubei). After Xiong Yun received the support of the Suiguo people, he joined forces with the Suiguo people to attack and kill Chu Duo'ao and seize the throne of the country, and after King Chu Cheng took the throne, he "ruled the country with Xiong Yan and did not become a king, and was called "Blocking Ao" and was not buried with the king's ceremony."
Xiong Yun, King of Chucheng, son of King Wen of Chu, brother of Ao Xiong of Chu, and the twentieth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for forty-seven years. After fleeing with the support of his countrymen, he killed his brother Chu Tuo'ao and seized the throne. After King Cheng of Chu ascended the throne, He gave grace and made an alliance with the princes, paid tribute to Zhou Tianzi to consolidate the throne, suppressed the Yiyue tribes, and vigorously expanded the territory. Defeated Song Xianggong at the Battle of Hong, and dominated the Central Plains. However, in the end, King Cheng of Chu wanted to change the crown prince, and as a result, he was forced by the crown princes Shangchen (King Chu Mu) and Pan Chong to hang himself.
Xiong Shangchen, King of Chumu, the eldest son of King Cheng of Chu, was the twenty-first monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for twelve years. During the reign of King Cheng of Chu, Shang Chen was made crown prince. After King Chu Cheng's attempt to change the status of a prince was learned by the Shang courtiers, he led troops to surround the palace and forced King Chu Cheng to hang himself and establish himself as a king. After the death of King Chu Cheng, King Chu Mu gave King Chu Cheng the nickname "Ling" (this name is later given to everyone to popularize science), and as a result, King Chu Cheng did not close his eyes, and finally changed to "Cheng" before closing his eyes. During the reign of King Chu Mu, he successively destroyed the State of Jiang (southwest of present-day Xi County, Henan), the Six Kingdoms (present-day Northern Lu'an, Anhui), and the State of Tate (present-day northeast of Gushi, Henan). Moved to the new capital Shangyin (上郢, in present-day southeast of Yicheng, Hubei). Attacked the State of Zheng and forced the State of Zheng to make peace with the State of Chu. Attacked the State of Chen and captured the State of Chen (陳国壶丘) (in present-day southeastern Xincai, Henan). Envoys were sent to visit the country of Lu to establish friendly relations. Quell the rebellion of Douyixi and Zhonggui. Captured the king of the Shu state and the monarch of the zong state, attacked the chao state, and expanded the power of the state of Chu to the Jianghuai region.
King Xionglu of Chuzhuang, also known as King Jingzhuang, son of King Mu of Chu, the twenty-second monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for twenty-three years, and was one of the five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period. When King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne, he was not yet twenty years old, and there were many internal contradictions, and a rebellion between Gongzi Xie and Gongzi Yi broke out. Under the complicated situation, he adopted the countermeasure of watching and moving with observation and discerning adultery, showing a situation of indulging in sound and color and not asking about political affairs. Three years later, he had a basic understanding of the political situation and various personalities of the Chu state. He reused loyal ministers such as Wu Ju and Su Cong, attacked the Yong state that had come to attack, expanded the power of the Chu state to the northwest, and appointed Sun Shu'ao as Ling Yin, attaching importance to social production, developing the economy, and enriching national strength. After the State of Chu defeated the Jin army at Beilin, the State of Zheng began to obey the orders of the State of Chu. In order to compete for supremacy, the Chu and Jin dynasties fought a long war, and the two sides won and lost each other, and the Chu state won a great victory in the Seventeenth Year Battle of Chu Zhuang. The prestige of the Chu state was greatly enhanced, and the power of the state became stronger and stronger, while the prestige of the Jin state among the small and medium-sized countries declined, and it lost the ability to dominate them. Soon, King Zhuang of Chu destroyed the State of Xiao and attacked the State of Song for three consecutive years, forcing the State of Song to seek peace with Chu. King Zhuang of Chu drank the Yellow River and conquered the Central Plains, realizing his desire for hegemony. The story of Xia Ji and Wu Chen, which was told earlier, took place during the reign of King Zhuang of Chu.
Xiong Zhen, King Xiong of Chu, son of King Zhuang of Chu, was the twenty-third monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for thirty-one years. King Gong of Chu ascended the throne at a young age and was ruled by his son Zhong (son of King Mu of Chu, brother of King Zhuang of Chu, and uncle of King Gong of Chu). In the first year of the reign of King Gong of Chu, Zi Zhong gave way to Ling Yin, and Wu Chen was ordered to send an envoy to the State of Qi, and the Wu Chen, who had completed the mission, took the opportunity to flee with Xia Ji to the State of Jin, and was appointed by the State of Jin as the Master of Xing, and the allusion of "Chu Cai Jin Yong" came from here, so the Son re-destroyed the Wu Chen family. In the sixth year of the reign of the King of Chu, in order to avenge the destruction of the gate, Wu Chen obtained the permission of the Jin Jing Gong and sent an envoy to the State of Wu, so that Jin and Wu could be reconciled, and they would unanimously deal with the State of Chu, teach Wu Che to fight, and continuously attack Chu. Seven times a year, the barbarian small country that originally belonged to the State of Chu was occupied by the State of Wu, which greatly increased the strength of the State of Wu and became a fierce enemy of the State of Chu. In the fourteenth year of the chu dynasty, Zheng Guo attacked Xu Guo, the younger brother of the Chu state, Xu Guo asked for help, and the Chu state sent troops to rescue, and the Zheng state, who could not defeat, submitted to the chu state and became the younger brother of the chu state. In the sixteenth year of the Chu Communist King, the State of Jin sent troops to attack his original younger brother Zheng Guo, Zheng Guo was defeated, and the soldiers of the Prince of Chu Gong marshaled the rescue, only to be blinded by the Jin general Wei Kun, so that the Duke of Jin restored the status of the overlord of the Central Plains.
Xiong Zhao, King of Chukang, grandson of King Zhuang of Chu, eldest son of King Gong of Chu, King Ling of Chu, King Chu of Chu, eldest brother of King Ping of Chu, and the twenty-fourth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for fifteen years. During the reign of King Chu Kang, he faced a political environment quite similar to that of his father, King Chu Gong, who not only had to go north to the Central Plains and compete with the Jin State for hegemony, but also had to spend a lot of effort to deal with the constant turmoil and invasion of the State of Wu from the east to the State of Chu. Fighting on both sides, the vast number of soldiers were exhausted and miserable. The grim situation forced King Chu Kang to find a way to reconcile in order to break this impasse that was not conducive to the development of the Chu state as soon as possible. At this time, the Jin state was even more difficult at home and abroad, poor to cope with, deeply tired of conquest, and also wanted to reconcile with the century-old enemy Chu State. Finally, after the mediation of the Song State, the Chu and Jin states and several princely states concluded a pact in the fourteenth year of King Chu Kang to stop the war and divide the hegemony equally. King Chu Kang not only succeeded in relieving the northern Central Plains countries of the powerful military threat to themselves, but also relied on his own strong strength to sit on the throne of the Central Plains together with the Jin state Dinggong.
Ao Xiong of Chu, son of King Kang of Chu, was the twenty-fifth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for four years.
Xiong Wei, King of Chu Ling, the second son of King Gong of Chu, uncle of Ao Xiong of Chu, and the twenty-sixth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for twelve years. Because of the killing of his nephew Chu Yu'ao, he established himself, that is, changed his name to Qian after taking the throne. King Chu Ling, who established himself as the monarch of the State of Chu, was a famous emperor of poverty and extravagance, who liked to have a thin waist and required the palace ministers to eat only one meal for three meals. In the ninth year of the Chu Ling King, in order to maintain the face of the hegemonic country, he went around in conquest and fought continuously with various princely states. In the name of quelling Chen's internal strife, although he killed several doctors who caused Chen's internal strife, he took the opportunity to destroy Chen Guo, and then booby-trapped Cai Linghou, attacked Cai Guo despite the mediation of the princes, and even killed Cai Guo's Shiziyou to worship the gods. Finally, under his tyranny, the people of chu overthrew his rule, and the king of Chu Ling fled, and finally hanged himself in the suburbs.
Xiong Bi, King of Chu, the third son of King Gong of Chu, King Kang of Chu, third brother of King Ling of Chu, third brother of King Ping of Chu, and the twenty-seventh monarch of chu, reigned for one year.
King Xiong of Chuping was the younger son of King Gong of Chu, the younger brother of King Ling of Chu, and the twenty-eighth monarch of the State of Chu, who reigned for thirteen years. It is really strange that there are monarchs from generation to generation, and there are many Spring and Autumn Warring States, so let's talk about this Chuping King. In order to make peace with Zheng Guo, the reigning King of Chuping sent Zhi Ruzi to return the counties of Li and Que to Zheng Guo, and supported the restoration of the two kingdoms of Chen and Cai, which had been destroyed by the Chu state. Wu Juzi Lian Yin Wu was appointed as Taifu, and his favorite minister Fei Wu was appointed as a very young fu, and Prince Jian disliked Fei Wuji, causing Fei Wuji to secretly hate Prince Jian. Then the good drama began, Fei Wuji told the King of Chuping that the prince was old and had remarried his wife, so the King of Chuping hired the daughter of the Duke of Qin as his wife, and let Fei Wuji go to the Qin Kingdom to greet his relatives, and as a result, Fei Wuji found that Meng Ying was beautiful, and when Meng Ying arrived in the capital, Fei Wuji persuaded the King of Ping to marry himself, and the King of Chuping was lustful, no matter what his son thought, he actually dropped the bag and married Meng Wei as his wife (I don't know what the Duke of Qin Ai should think, inexplicably became the old father-in-law of the King of Chuping), and at this point, the King of Ping was particularly fond of Fei Wuji. Fei Wuji then falsely accused Prince Jian of conspiring with Wu Hao to launch a rebellion for foreign aid, believing that the real King of Chuping had killed Wu Hao and Wu Shang, causing Prince Jian to flee to the Song state and wu Zixu to flee the state of Wu, and finally laid the groundwork for Wu Zixu to lead people to break Chu into the capital city of Ying and dig up the corpses.
Xiong Ren, King of Chu Zhao, son of King Chu Ping, was the twenty-ninth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for twenty-seven years. King Chuping died, and was succeeded by crown prince Nong, who was less than ten years old. In the first year of king Zhao of Chu, the people of the State of Chu did not like Fei Wujie, because he slandered Prince Jian and made Prince Jian flee, and killed Wu Hao's father and son and Hao Wan, causing the Wu army to invade the State of Chu repeatedly, and in order to appease the people's resentment, Yin Zi often killed Fei Wuji. In the second year of King Zhao of Chu, he took advantage of the civil unrest in Wu to send troops to attack the state of Wu. In the fourth year of King Zhao of Chu, King Wu ordered Wu Zixu to seize Shuyi in the Chu state. In the fifth year of King Zhao of Chu, the Wu army defeated the Chu army at Yuzhang and captured the nest. In the ten years of King Zhao of Chu, 18 kingdoms of Jin, Qi, Lu, Song, Cai, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu, Cao, Moss, Qiu, Dun, Hu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiao Yi attacked Chu at the Summoning Association, and the State of Wu took the opportunity to raise an army, under the direct command of Sun Wu and Wu Zixu, after five major battles, it took only ten days to attack the Chu capital, and Wu Zixu, who had broken the city, of course dug up the body of King Chuping and whipped the corpse to relieve the hatred. King Zhao of Chu, who had fled, fled successively to the state of Yun, Suiguo, and asked the Duke of Qin to send troops. Finally, the Yue Kingdom took advantage of the fire and robbery to sneak attack the indeed Wu State in the rear, so that the Wu State had no choice but to return to the Dynasty. King Zhao of Chu, who had returned to the capital, died after seeing the destruction of the capital.
Xiong Zhang, King hui of Chu, son of King Zhao of Chu, was the thirtieth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for fifty-seven years. After King Hui of Chu ascended the throne, he reused Zixi, Ziqi, Zilu and others, reformed politics, rested with the people, and developed production, so that the power of the Chu state could be rapidly recovered. In the second year of King Hui of Chu, Zixi summoned Bai Gongsheng, the son of Prince Jian of Chuping, back to the State of Chu, and Bai Gongsheng, who was bent on revenge, staged a coup d'état and established himself as the King of Chu, but finally hanged himself under the suppression of Ye Gong Shen Zhuliang. After quelling the rebellion of Bai Gongsheng, he successively destroyed the states of Chen, Cai, and Qi, expanded the territory of the Chu state to the East China Sea, Huaihai, and Surabaya, and took the opportunity to attack the Song state. Therefore, in the fifty years of King Hui of Chu, King Hui of Chu ordered the people of Lu to create a ladder of clouds and prepare to attack the State of Song, but was finally stopped by Mozi.
King Xiongzhong of Chujian, son of King Hui of Chu, was the thirty-first monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for twenty-four years. In the first year of the reign of King Jian of Chu, King Jian of Chu sent an army to the Northern Expedition and destroyed the state of Ju (ju county, shandong). In the seventh year of king ChuJian, Song Mourning Went to the Chu Kingdom to meet king Chu Jian, in addition to meeting king Chu Jian, he also sued the domestic Sicheng monopoly and weakened the power of the office, and the self-confident King of Chu Jian did not return the favor, so he sent Mo Aoyang to lead the division to pacify the Song kingdom. Then he built the Huangchi and Yongqiu places, so that the Three Jins were not happy, and felt that the Chu state actually wanted to invade the Central Plains, so Wei Wenhou, Zhao Xianhou and Han Wuzi led their respective armies to surround Huangchi. In the eighth year of king Jian of Chu, the State of Chu sent Mo Aoyang to once again lead an army to attack the Three Jins, capture Yiyang, and besiege Chi'an. The Three Jin armies jointly counterattacked the Chu army and rescued Chi'an. The State of Chu and the Three Jins fought at the Great Wall, and the State of Chu was unable to defeat the Three Jins and had to withdraw. In the nineteenth year of King ChuJian's reign, King Jian of Chu sent troops to attack the state of Wei and attack Shangluo (上洛; present-day Luonan, Shaanxi).
Xiong Dang, King of Chusheng, son of King Jian of Chu, was the thirty-second monarch of the Chu state and reigned for six years. During his reign, the Chu state was in social turmoil and the state affairs accumulated more and more seriously. In the sixth year of King Chusheng, King Chusheng was killed by "thieves".
King Xiong of Chu, son of King Sheng of Chu, was the thirty-third monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for twenty-one years. After King Chusheng was killed by the "thieves", Xiong Doubt and Xiong Ding competed for the throne, and Xiong Doubt won the throne. In the first year of the reign of King Chu, Xiong Ding fled to the State of Wei. In the second year of the reign of King Chu, the combined forces of the Three Jins defeated the Chu division yu Chengqiu, and the intention of the Three Jins was to weaken Chu's right wing in order to remove the threat of its left wing. In the ninth year of the reign of King Chu, the State of Chu attacked Korea and captured the Bearer. Eleven years after the King of Chu mourned, the combined forces of the Three Jin Dynasties came to take revenge and captured Daliang and Yuguan. The State of Chu not only lost these two important strategic places, but even the Places such as Daliang, which occupied the State of Zheng, were also taken by the State of Wei, making the State of Chu overwhelmed, so it had to bribe the State of Qin with heavy gold and ask the State of Qin for assistance, so the State of Qin sent troops to capture Liuyi in Korea, and the Three Jins turned to deal with the State of Qin, thus reducing the pressure on the State of Chu. When the Three Jins saw the unity of Qin and Chu, they turned to the State of Qi, and from then on, the contradictions between the Three Jins and Chu became more acute and complex, thus posing an extremely serious threat to Chu.
The very ambitious King of Chu mourning, very much wanted to get out of this predicament, but he could not come up with a good strategy, did not know where to start, just at this time Wu rose to the Chu kingdom, the king of Chu mourning received Wu Qi with the highest etiquette, and appointed Wu Qi as Ling Yin (the highest official position in the Chu state), and said that Ling Yin's order is my order, those who dare to disobey, kill nothing! So Wu Qi began to reform in a big way, so the Chu state became strong. Twenty-one years after the King of Chu mourned, the Three Jins fought each other, the State of Zhao asked the State of Chu for help, and when the opportunity of the Chu army swept through the Central Plains, recovering the territory occupied by the Three Jins, the Wei army shrunk into the city, and the Qi army fled back to his hometown, just at this time the King of Chu Mourning died of illness due to too much excitement, Wu Qi returned to the division to mourn, and was shot by the group of ministers on the spiritual hall.
Xiong Zang, King of Chusu, son of King Chu, was the thirty-fourth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for eleven years. After the death of King Chu Mourning, Wu Qi was shot by the group of courtiers on the spiritual hall, because the random arrow hit Wu Qi and also shot the body of King Chu Mourning, at that time there was such a law in the Chu State, any weapon that touched the body of the monarch was executed, and the three tribes were sinned. The first thing king Chu Su did after he ascended the throne was to let Ling Yin arrest more than seventy families of the rebellious nobles and punish them with the punishment of the three tribes. In the fourth year of the reign of King Su of Chu, Shu cut down Chu and took Zi Fang, and Chu was forced to build a barrier for defense. In the sixth year of the reign of King Su of Chu, Wei attacked Chu and fought at Yuguan, and Korea took the opportunity to attack the State of Zheng and move the capital to Zheng.
Xiong Liangfu, King Xuan of Chu, son of King Mo of Chu, brother of King Su of Chu, was the thirty-fifth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for thirty years. Because King Su of Chu was childless, he was succeeded by King Xuan of Chu. In the twelfth year of King Xuan of Chu, Chu cut down Wei and broke the river water to attack Changyuan. In the sixteenth year of King Xuan's reign, the Wei army attacked the Zhao capital Handan, and King Xuan of Chu ordered Jing She to lead the Chu army to aid Zhao. And sent troops to capture Badi. King Xuan of Chu attacked the State of Cai in the twenty-sixth year. In the twenty-seventh year of King Xuan of Chu, the State of Chu sent troops to destroy the State of Chen. At that time, the Ling Yin of the Chu State was Zhao Xi Qi in power, and King Xuan of Chu was very surprised to hear that the northern countries were afraid of Zhao Xi Qi, at this time the minister Jiang Yi told King Chu Xuan that Zhao Xi Qi was just a fox and a fake tiger, relying on King Xuan's power to make a fortune.
Xiong Shang, King of Chuwei, son of King Xuan of Chu, was the thirty-sixth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for eleven years. The reigning King of Chu Wei succeeded King Xuan of Chu in saving Zhao and opening up Bashu. In the seventh year of the reign of King Wei of Chu, he sent an army to attack the State of Qi, fought with the Qi general Shen Jiao at Surabaya, and besieged Xuzhou, but after the great defeat of Shen Wei, he was defeated by the Qi general Tian Pan, although the Chu State said that it won first and then lost, but due to the annexation of the State of Yue, its power expanded to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Jianghuai region.
Xiong Huai, King of Chuhuai, son of King Wei of Chu, was the thirty-seventh monarch of the Chu state and reigned for thirty years. During his reign, he appointed Qu Yuan for reform, but the change of law was abandoned halfway, and Qu Yuan committed suicide. King Huai of Chu defeated the State of Wei and captured eight cities in six years. King Huai of Chu served as the commander of the Five Kingdoms Alliance for eleven years, and joined forces to conquer Qin. In the seventeenth year of the chu huai king, he promised the qin state to cede six hundred miles to break off diplomatic relations with the state of Qi, only to find that he had been deceived by Zhang Yi, and the angry king of Chu Huai launched the battles of Danyang and Lantian against Qin, resulting in the loss of soldiers and the loss of Hanzhong. In the eighteenth year of King Huai of Chu, under such a situation, the State of Chu had to ask the State of Qin for peace. Twenty-three years after the king of Chu Huai, the civil unrest in Yue, the king of Chu Huai took the opportunity to destroy the Yue kingdom and expand the border of Jiangdong. In the twenty-eighth year of the reign of King Huai of Chu, the four kingdoms of Qi, Han, Wei, and Qin fought against Chu, and the battle of Chusha was greatly defeated, and the land was lost. Thirty years after King Huai of Chu, King Huai of Chu and King Zhaoxiang of Qin met at Wuguan, and the State of Qin detained him and coerced him into ceding Wu County and Qianzhong County, but he categorically refused. In the end, King Huai of Chu died in the State of Qin.
Xiong Heng, king of Xiang of Chu, son of King Huai of Chu, was the thirty-eighth monarch of the State of Chu and reigned for thirty-six years. King Xiang of Chu served as a hostage twice when he was still crown prince, the first time when King Huai of Chu was a hostage in the Qin kingdom for twenty-six years, and the second time when king Huai of Chu was a hostage in the state of Qi in the twenty-ninth year. Because King Huai of Chu died in the State of Qin, King Xiang of Chu broke off diplomatic relations with the State of Qin after he ascended the throne, but in the sixth year of King Xiang of Chu, King Zhao of Qin sent the general Bai Qi to attack Korea at Yique, and won a great victory, killing 240,000 Korean troops. King Zhao of Qin then sent a letter to King Xiang of Chu, saying: The State of Chu has betrayed the State of Qin, and the State of Qin will lead the princes to attack the State of Chu to duel. I hope you will reorganize your army and we will fight a battle with pain and pleasure. King Xiang of Chu was very anxious after receiving the letter, so he sought to make peace with the State of Qin again. In the seventh year of the reign of King Xiang of Chu, King Xiang of Chu married a bride from the State of Qin, and the two countries of Qin and Chu reconciled again. In the fourteenth year of The Fourteenth Year of King Xiang of Chu, King Xiang of Chu and King Zhao of Qin met in Wanyi in a friendly manner and discussed peace. In the fifteenth year of the reign of King Xiang of Chu, King Xiang of Chu, together with the states of Qin, Zhao, Wei, Han, and Yan, attacked the State of Qi and captured Huaibei. In the sixteenth year of the reign of King Xiang of Chu, King Xiang of Chu and King Zhao of Qin met twice in Yanyi and Yanyi.
King Xiong of Chu, son of King Xiang of Chu and the thirty-ninth monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for twenty-five years. King Chu Kaolie, who was still a hostage in the Qin state when he was critically ill, wanted to return to China to fight for the throne, but the king of Qin Zhaoxiang would not let him go back, and the attendant Huang Xie deceived the Qin people with the plan of stealing beams and changing pillars, so that he could flee to the chu state and successfully inherit the throne. In order to repay Huang Xie, King Chu Kaolie, who had ascended the throne, granted the official position of Yin and gave him the title of Twelve Counties of Northern Huai, with the title of Chun Shenjun. King Chu Kaolie was four years old, Qin besieged Zhao Qian, and King Chu Kaolie ordered Chun Shenjun to lead troops to rescue Zhao. Later, Chu annihilated Lu. In the twenty-first year of King Chu Kaolie, Chu and the princes jointly cut down Qin, returned without success, and moved the capital to Juyang Shouchun. In order to organize a conspiracy to conspire against the Qin state, he sent people to the king of Zhou zhao to request that the king of Zhao issue a request to form a coalition army in the name of the co-lord of the world, which resulted in the king of Zhou Zhao's debt being high. King Chu Kaolie also has a story similar to that of King Xiang of Qinzhuang and Zhao Ji, and the Warring States Policy and the Chronicle of History record that King Chu Kaolie had no sons, and Chun Shenjun was very worried about it. Later, Chun Shenjun adopted the advice of Li Yuan, a native of Zhao, and married Li Yan, the sister of Li Yuan. After Li Yuanmei became pregnant, Chun Shenjun dedicated her to King Kao Lie, and the son was made crown prince, that is, King You of Chu. After the death of King Chu Kaolie, King Chu You succeeded to the throne, and his biological father Chun Shenjun was killed by Li Yuan. (Credibility is worth thinking about)
King Xiong Hun of Chu, son of King Chu Kaolie, is said to be the illegitimate son of Chun Shenjun and the fortieth monarch of the Chu state, reigning for ten years. There is such a thing about the life of King Chu You (I am still that sentence, it is worth everyone's consideration), Li Yuan was a guest of Chunshen Jun in his early years. He dedicated his sister Li Yan to Chunshen Jun Huang Xie, and when Li Yan became pregnant, he dedicated her to King Chu Kao Lie. Li Yan soon gained the favor of King Kaolie. Li Yan gave birth to a son, Xiong Hun (actually Huang Xie's son), in the palace. After the death of King Chu Kao Lie, Li Yuan entered the palace first and secretly arranged assassins inside the Thorn Gate. When Chun Shenjun passed the Thorn Gate, Li Yuan's Assassins jumped out from both sides of the door to kill him, then cut off his head and threw him outside the Thorn Gate. At the same time, Li Yuan sent someone to kill all of Chun Shenjun's family.
Xiong You, King of Chu' Lai, son of King Chu Kaolie, half-brother of King Chu You, and the forty-first monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for two months. After the death of King You of Chu, Xiong Yu succeeded to the throne as King of Chu. After reigning for just over two months, King Chu Ai was killed by his half-brother's disciples, his mother Empress Dowager Li Yan was also killed, and his uncle Li Yuan's family was beheaded. The negative blade established himself as the king of Chu, which was the negative blade for the king of Chu.
King Of Chu, son of King Chu Kaolie, the forty-second monarch of the State of Chu and the last monarch of the State of Chu, reigned for five years. Two months after king of Chu'ai ascended the throne, Negative Jiao asked his disciples to kill King Chu'ai, and Negative Jiao established himself as King of Chu. In the second year of the chu king's reign, the Qin army cut down Chu, broke the Chu army, and occupied more than ten cities. The King of Chu proposed to the State of Qin that he intended to offer land west of Qingyang to seek peace. After that, the State of Qin still sent Li Xin to lead an army of 200,000 to attack Chu Zhipingyu, Yu, and Chen Ying. Taking advantage of the lack of preparation of the Qin army, the Chu army counterattacked, defeated the Qin army, killed seven lieutenants of the Qin army, and recovered the lost land. The King of Chu was four years old, and because he did not want to sacrifice the land west of Qingyang, he sent a Chu army to attack Qinzhinan County, where the former Chu capital was located. In the same year, The Qin emperor Sent Wang Qi to lead an army of 600,000 to attack Chu. He sent the main force to resist Qin; the general Xiang Yan committed suicide after being defeated by the Qin army. Five years after the Chu king lost his life, the Qin generals Wang Qi and Meng Wu led an army to attack the Chu capital Shouchun, captured the Chu king Negative Jiao, and the Chu state was destroyed. The State of Qin abolished the name of the State of Chu and set the chu land as Changsha County.