The location of the capital is the center of a country, and its location not only permeates the influence of rights, but also reflects the differences in the perception of the geographical situation within the regime, and more importantly, the location of the capital city is related to the actual and even long-term interests of the corresponding interest groups. So what kind of controversy did the location of the capital city experience at the beginning of the founding of Vietnam? Why abandon the original ancient capital of the Nguyen Dynasty, Hue, instead of choosing Hanoi, the thousand-year-old capital of Vietnam before the Nguyen Dynasty, and what are the considerations? And as a remote capital city, what role does Hanoi play?
Hanoi occupies a very important position in the history of Vietnam, it was once the capital of Vietnam's Ly, Tran, Hou Lê and other feudal dynasties, known as the "land of thousands of years of cultural relics". It is reported that the prototype of urbanization in Hanoi appeared around 300 BC during the reign of King An Duong, when the King of An Duong founded Ou Luo and built Luo City."
During the long-term county period, Hanoi was the center of county administration, and it was once the location of Hoang Binh County and Da Luo City. During the county period, Hanoi was subordinate to Jiaotong County, and Hanoi was recorded in the history books as songping county. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiaotong was renamed Jiaozhou, and the Tang Dynasty divided the prefecture into 12 prefectures, 59 counties set up the Annam Capital Protectorate, and Song Ping became the ruling center of the Annan Capital Protectorate at that time. In 866, Gao Biao built the city of Da Luo after pingning Nanzhao in Annan, and Song Ping changed its name to Da Luo, and until the millennium county era before the establishment of the Ding Dynasty, Song Ping County was the ruling center of Jiaozhou.
Imperial City of Hanoi
At the beginning of the end of the county era, due to the founder of the Ding Dynasty, Ding Buling, for decades, the capital of Annam was located in Hualu, deep in the mountains. Li Gongyun, the founder of the first stable dynasty in Vietnam, knew that Hua Lu was not the beginning of the long-term capital, so he moved the capital to Gu Da Luo City and established thang Long, the capital of vietnam's feudal dynasty.
In 1010, Li Gongyun moved the capital from Hualu to Daluo City, located in the Red River Delta. Li Gongyun's "Edict on Moving the Capital" describes the original intention of moving the capital to establish a stable capital:
In the past, the merchants moved to Pan Geng five times. Zhou Mu became the King of the Three Migrations. The number of three generations is favored by their own selfishness. Self-migration. In the mansion with its figure. For the sake of billions of descendants. Divine Destiny. Under the People's Chronicles. If you have it, you will change it. The Homeland is extended. Customs are rich. And ding li two family. It is selfishness. Suddenly destiny. Traces of Shang Zhou. Chang An Yi Yu Zi. To the Generations. The arithmetic is short. The people are attrition. Everything is out of order. It hurts a lot. Had to migrate.
Hanoi was known as Thang Long for a long time because of Li Gongyun's relocation of the capital, and it is said that when Li Gongyun arrived at Da Luo City by boat, he suddenly saw a golden dragon rising in the air, which was regarded as an auspicious omen, so he called the new capital Thang Long City. Since then, in all vietnamese dynasties, except for the Thuy Son Dynasty and the Nguyen Dynasty, Hue, all have used Thang Long as kyoto.
The site of the ancient capital of Hua Lu in Ninh Binh, Vietnam, is now a World Cultural Heritage Site in Chang'an
Thang Long can become the capital of all dynasties in the feudal dynasty, mainly because the terrain here is flat and the Wang Qi is vast. Vietnam has long owned only the area north of the current Hue, and thang Long is located in the center of the Red River Delta, and the surrounding area is the most materially rich place of civilization in ancient Vietnam, and the Vietnamese literati often use Hanoi as the land of Zhongzhou to rival the northern Central Plains. In Li Gongyun's "Edict of Moving the Capital", it is believed that Thang Long City is a rich region:
In the ancient capital of the King of Gao, the residence of Da Luo City, the heaven and earth area, the dragon and the tiger are in the position, and the position of the north, south, east and west is appropriate. Its land is wide and flat, the soil is high and cool, the dwellings are defiant, the abundance of all things is extremely prosperous, the whole state of Yue, the land is a resort, and the four sides of the four directions are the key meetings, and the emperors of all ages are above the capital.
The power centers of the later Lê Dynasty (Trần Dynasty (1225-1400), The Later Lê Dynasty (1428-1527), the Mo Dynasty (1527-1592), the Chung Hing Lê Dynasty (1533-1789) and the Zheng Dynasty (1545-1797)) were all in Hanoi, although later dynasties established a dual capital system, and the power centers continued to hover between Hanoi and Thanh Hoa. However, since the Red River Delta has basically become the solid foundation of the Vietnamese nation, Hanoi, the most central part of the Red River Delta, has always been the most important capital, so it has long been known as Tokyo or Dongdu in Vietnamese history.
Farmland in Hanoi, Vietnam, red river delta in a horse flat river
During the Nguyen Dynasty, because the founder of the Nguyen Dynasty originated in South Vietnam, the rulers chose the ancient capital of Nguyen Hue as the capital, and the former Tokyo was changed to Hanoi Province, and the name of Hanoi means the land surrounded by the Red River. Since then, the place name Hanoi has finally replaced Thang Long, which has been used for seven or eight centuries.
Hue, the capital of the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam
At that time, the monarchs of the Nguyen Dynasty believed that the capital of Hanoi was uncertain, mainly because the territory of the Nguyễn Dynasty extended south to the Khmer, which was no longer comparable to the former Great Yue Kingdom, and the Nguyễn Dynasty was a brand new dynasty, a new state covering the historical Great Viet Nam and the Yue Kingdom. It was also for this reason that the Nguyen Dynasty monarch specifically asked the Chinese emperor to abolish the ancient name of Annam and re-establish a new name for vietnam. The Nguyen Dynasty eventually chose the so-called Phu Chun Hue, the center of the world, and abandoned Thang Long, which had been reduced to a remote corner of the north.
Living in only one side of the security, things are not safe, and it is difficult to control remotely.
Seventy or eighty years after the development of the Nguyen Dynasty, due to the long-term invasion by the French, it was finally defeated and completely reduced to a French colony in 1885. The French divided and ruled, and set up a Tokyo protectorate around Hanoi that was equal to the Nguyen Dynasty court (Annam protectorate), with Hanoi as the center of Tokyo's rule.
The Vietnamese Presidency was once the governor's palace of French Indochina
After many years of full French colonization of Indochina, it established the Federation of French Indochina in the early 20th century, and finally established Hanoi as the capital of Indochina in 1902, making Hanoi the center of Vietnam and even the three countries of Indochina after a hundred years. The French also re-planned and built Hanoi in the hope of creating a new Paris in the Far East.
On March 9, 1945, japanese troops stationed in French Indochina occupied French Indochina, supported Hue Nguyen Dynasty Bao Da to establish the Vietnamese Empire, and briefly restored Hue into the capital. However, the historical trend was so great that on August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered, and the paper-paste Vietnamese Empire finally returned to the light.
On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh announced the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi and declared Vietnam's independence
Ho Chi Minh, who had been engaged in anti-French resistance for many years, led the Viet Minh To start the August Revolution, seized power, and established an independent state on September 2, 1945, with Hanoi as the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The process of Vietnam's independence was tortuous and long, and due to the obstruction of the French, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam left Hanoi in the same year, taking the vast mountainous areas of northern Vietnam as its temporary capital. In the end, after eight years of resistance to the Law, the Vietnamese signed the Geneva Agreement in 1954, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam once again freed Hanoi from the rule of the French colonialists, was completely liberated, and became the official capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
After the independence of North Vietnam, due to the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was in a north-south split, when the Vietnamese were not willing to do so, waging a twenty-year war of reunification, and in the process of reunification with the United States a protracted Vietnam War, the final victory belonged to the Vietnamese people, on April 30, 1975 South Vietnam fell, in 1976 Vietnam north and south were reunified into the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and finally determined that the capital of Vietnam as Hanoi.
Modern Hanoi, Vietnam
After so many years of development, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, has been transformed into a modern, civilized and happy city.
In recent years, with the development of Vietnam's economy, the Vietnamese government has further expanded Hanoi and planned a large Hanoi that can adapt to future economic development. On May 9, 2016, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc approved the resolution on the administrative division of the capital Hanoi to 2030 and the expansion and construction adjustment of the outlook to 2050. The urban area of Hanoi was set to Hanoi City and nine provinces around Vinh Phuc, Bac Ninh, Hai Duong, Hing An, Henan, Heung Hoang, PhuOc, Thom Thínom and Bac Giang, covering an area of 24,300 square kilometers.
Hanoi, Vietnam
The Vietnamese government's development strategy of Hanoi is to build the Hanoi region into a new engine for Vietnam's economic take-off, and to build Hanoi into a center of finance, culture and history, training and modern craftsmanship and technology. The Vietnamese said it was a strategy to consider future development. Let Hanoi become the capital of a big country and the capital of modern civilization with a population of more than 120 million in the future, and promote Vietnam to become an industrialized and modern country.
References: "The Complete History of The Great Yue", "The Edict of Moving the Capital"
Papers: Han ZhouJing, "Why the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam Was Set in Hue", Nguyen Youxin, "Planning And Envisioning of Vietnam's "Great Hanoi District"" and "Analysis of the Cultural Connotation of Street Names in Hanoi, Vietnam"
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