Sports competitions, participation in the Olympiad, national training teams, Xie Jun winning the championship, women's team championship, "Notice"...
Male chess players in China should be able to carve new milestones in the future.
In 1956, chess was listed as an official sports competition by the Chinese sports administration. This is the first milestone in the development of chess in China. The attention of the party and the state has always been a powerful driving force for the development of chess in China.
Chess is the art of thinking, the crystallization of people's understanding of science, art and competition. The versatility of chess influences people's deep understanding of it. Although chess has a history of thousands of years, the worldwide interest in the scientific research value and educational function of chess is only a matter of nearly six or seven decades. In the world, all countries have the problem of giving chess the proper social positioning. It is conceivable that in the mid-1950s, the new China, which had just been born for a short time, was waiting to be revived, and how to promote the development of chess, Go and chess was also included in the government's agenda. The three chess moves were transferred to the leadership of the Sports Committee by the Ministry of Culture, perhaps under the influence of the Soviet Union at that time, but in any case, this decision was objectively quite conducive to the development of chess. First, as a sports competition, chess has more opportunities to hold competitions, and competitions are of course very important for the development of chess. Second, as far as China's economic situation was concerned at that time, chess players were in the sports department, and their living conditions were better. Third, there are more opportunities for international exchanges. Fourth, it is less disturbed by ideological disputes. The favorable factors in these four aspects alone are enough to show that chess is included in the official sports competition, which is of great significance to the development of chess in China.
Before 1956, there were only some individual chess activities in China intermittently.
In 1957, there was a national chess tournament, and in 1958 there was a beginning of international bilateral exchanges.
In december 1965, at the Sino-Soviet Chess Tournament held in China, Zhang Donglu and Liu Wenzhe defeated the international grandmaster Crogius in one set, scoring five points in eight games, with a scoring rate of 62.5%, and the score was outstanding. It shows that after ten years of development, china's chess competition level has improved to a certain extent.
In 1975, the Chinese Chess Association officially joined the FIDE. In 1977, the Chinese team participated in the Asian Team Championship.
In 1978, he participated in the Chess Olympiad World Team Championship for the first time. This is the second milestone in the development of chess in China. It began the struggle of Chinese chess to the world. It is also from here that the world began to understand Chinese chess.
The reform, opening up and rapid economic development have created a good environment for the development of chess in China. Since then, chess has developed rapidly and has a place in the world chess world.
In 1980, Liang Jinrong and Liu Wenzhe were awarded the title of International Masters by the FIDE. This is the first time that a Chinese chess player has received an international title.
The 4th Asian Team Championship, hosted in China in November 1981, was held in Hangzhou, the first time that China hosted an international chess tournament.
In 1982, Liu Shilan entered the world women's quarterfinals and won the title of women's international grandmaster. (Four rank titles for chess)
In 1983, the Chinese men's team won the Asian team championship for the first time.
In 1986, the chess national training team was established, which was the third milestone in the development of chess in China. The chess national training team personally established by Chen Zude, chairman of the China Chess Association, has Chinese characteristics and has created very good conditions for the arrival of a take-off era for Chinese chess. The national training team is the cradle of China's training of world-class chess top talents, from which a large number of world-class high-level chess players have been trained, driving the overall level to climb to new heights. Especially in the field of women's chess, there is a world-class talent group. Foreign chess experts have lamented more than once that China's chess training environment is ideal and superior.
In 1987, Chen Zude proposed a "four-step" development strategy for Chinese chess to climb the world's peak.
In 1987, 1989 and 1991, the Chinese men's team won the Asian team championship for three consecutive times. It established the status of Chinese chess as the dominant asian chess player.
In 1988, Zhu Chen won the women's 12-year-old world championship. The president of fideso at the time called the Chinese chess association to express congratulations. Although this is only a children's championship, it foreshadows the bright prospects of Chinese chess players winning the world championship.
In 1990, Ye Rongguang was awarded the title of Men's International Grandmaster.
In 1991, Xie Jun won the Women's World Championship. This is the fourth milestone in the development of chess in China. It broke the monopoly of the Soviet Union for 41 years and Europe for 64 years on the women's world championship of chess, and Xie Jun became the 7th women's world champion in the history of chess. Since then, Chinese chess has continuously displayed the wisdom and wisdom of the Chinese nation on the world stage.
The achievement of the world championship has greatly improved the status of chess in China and has also become an incentive to promote the unprecedented popularity of chess.
In 1993, Xie Jun successfully defended his title. She won the title again in 1999. "Win the championship, defend the title, lose the crown and regain it", the realization of this "three-step" that has never been seen before in the history of chess, makes the black hair flutter on the summit of the peak of the chess Olympus. In 2000, Xie Jun, the last world champion of the traditional format, won the first new format World Championship.
At the end of 2001, Zhu Chen, another female chess player in China, became the 9th female world champion in the history of chess (the beautiful women in the history of chess). She is also the only "Grand Slam" winner of all male and female world championships since 1886 (a combination of children, youth, adult individual and team champions). Fides league executives said: "China in the last 10 years of the last 10 years of the last century to control the women's chess world, Xie Jun 4 won the crown, the new format of the 2 championships by Xie Jun and Zhu Chen won, the World Cup champion Xu Yuhua is also a Chinese chess player, China has become the cradle of women's world champions, this pattern seems to continue, because the beginning of the new century, China has born a new champion Zhu Chen." ”
In 1994 and 1996, Zhu Chen won the World Women's Youth Championship twice. In 2000 and 2002, Xu Yuanyuan and Zhao Xue won the World Women's Youth Championship.
In 1998, the Chinese women's team won the Chess Olympiad World Team Championship. This is the fifth milestone in the development of chess in China. It marks the overall strength of Chinese women's chess as a world leader.
In 2000 and 2002, the Chinese women's team won the world team championship consecutively, and gloriously achieved the "triple crown". The members of this championship team are either doctoral students, master's students, or university students. A world championship team with such a degree is also rare in world sports. In recent years, among the top ten women in the world in the ranking list published by the FIDE, Chinese chess players account for 6 seats, and 6 of them are highly educated: Xie Jun is studying for a doctorate in psychology at Beijing Normal University; Zhu Chen and Qin Kanying, Wang Lei and Wang Pin are pursuing master's degrees at Tsinghua University and Shanghai University of Finance and Economics respectively; Xu Yuhua is studying in the senior year of Peking University. "High chess skills, high education", which is unique in the Chinese sports world.
In the past five years since the end of 1998, FIDE has hosted a total of 8 women's world championships (3 World Team Championships, 3 World Individual Tournaments and 2 World Cups), and all 8 trophies have been taken away by Chinese chess players without exception. The world chess world recognizes that the "China phenomenon" has completely replaced the "Georgian phenomenon" of the former Soviet Union, and China has become the world's number one women's chess power. This provides the basis for practical achievements for the ideological theory of the Chinese school of chess to be promoted to the world.
In recent years, the level of Chinese men's chess has also made great progress. In the last three chess Olympiad World Team Tournaments in 1998, 2000 and 2002, in which more than 100 countries participated in each time, the Chinese men's team won the 5th, 9th and 5th places respectively. This is a good achievement that is the envy of many Western and Nordic countries. Because according to their tradition, to be able to break into the top 16 of the men's team is a first-class team.
Among the more prominent individual achievements is Xie Jun's coach, Ye Jiangchuan, the current head coach of the Chinese team. For the past 3 years, his rating has been stable in the top 20 in the world. He played against a number of world chess masters, and the results were basically flat, with many world runners and top chess players, and the record was more than defeat. Ye Jiangchuan also tied for 9th place in the quarter-finals of the 2000 and 2002 World Cups and the most recent World Championship in 2001.
In addition, Zhu Chen's coaches Xu Jun (two-time Asian individual champion winner) and Zhang Zhong (two-time World Youth Runner-up winner) have also had good results in the past three years, and their rankings in the world are also in the top 50. Young Chinese chess players Bu Xiangzhi and Ni Hua both had an international rating of over 2600 in 2004. At the knockout world championships, 21-year-old young chess player Zhang Pengxiang eliminated former world champion Karpov, breaking the biggest upset in the history of the world championships.
With the results of men and women "flying with wings", many strong teams in the world hope to communicate with Chinese teams. China has signed four-year exchange competition contracts with the United States and Russia. In March 2001, China won the first Sino-US Confrontation Competition. In September 2001, Liang Chong defeated world champion Hariffman in the Sino-Russian match, the first time a Chinese male chess player had defeated the men's world champion. In 2002, China defeated the United States again 20.5:19.5, winning two consecutive Sino-US confrontations.
In Asia, Chinese chess is in an undisputed leading position. Xu Jun won the Asian Men's Championship twice in 2000 and 2001. Xu Yuhua won the Asian Women's Championship in 1998 and Li Ruofan in 2001. Li Ruofan and Wang Yu also won the Asian Women's Youth Championship in 1997 and 1999, respectively. The Chinese women's team won the Asian Women's Team Championship in 1999.
In addition to intercontinental competitions, Chinese chess players have also participated in many international open tournaments and invitational tournaments, and have also achieved good results. Zhang Pengxiang won the first place at the Linares Open in 2002, the first time a Chinese player has won the world's most famous Open. Zhong Zhang won Group B at the 2003 Waikonza Masters Invitational In the Netherlands and qualified for the Group A Invitational, one of the world's most senior events in 2004.
At present, there are 15 female international grandmasters in China, namely Liu Shilan, Wu Minqian, Xie Jun, Qin Kanying, Wang Pin, Zhu Chen, Wang Lei, Xu Yuhua, Xu Yuanyuan, Zhao Xue, Ning Chunhong, Li Ruofan, Tian Tian, Wang Yu and Gu Xiaobing, 15 with the title of male grandmaster, Ye Rongguang, Ye Jiangchuan, Xu Jun, Xie Jun (female), Wang Zili, Peng Xiaomin, Zhang Zhong, Liang Jinrong, Zhu Chen (female), Wu Wenjin, Bu Xiangzhi, Wu Shaobin, Zhang Pengxiang, Li Shilong and Ni Hua.
Since 1999, the level score of Chinese chess players has taken a qualitative leap. Ye Jiangchuan, Xu Jun, Peng Xiaomin, Zhang Zhong, Wang Zili, Wu Wenjin, Bu Xiangzhi and Ni Hua have successively broken through the 2600 mark and entered the world's top 100, of which Ye Jiangchuan has ranked about 20th in the ranking list for 9 consecutive times. In the women's ranking list, Xie Jun, Zhu Chen, Xu Yuhua, Wang Lei, Qin Kanying, Wang Pin, etc. remained in the top 15, and 6 people in a country entered the top 15, which is also rare in the world.
In 1980, there were only 9 chess players in China with international ratings. In 1996 there were more than 60 people. Now, China's number of chess players with international ratings has grown to 238. A statistics in October 2001 showed that the per capita ranking of Chinese chess players ranked first in the world, indicating that China's overall competitive level is increasing.
China's reserve force is "growing gratifyingly." In 1995, Xu Yuanyuan won the women's 14-year-old group championship at the World Junior Championships. In December 1996, 14-year-old Ni Hua won the World Junior Quick Chess Tournament, becoming the first men's junior world champion in the history of Chinese chess. Since then, Chinese young chess players have frequently won the World Junior Championships. In 1997, Zhao Xue and Xu Yuanyuan won the championships in the women's 12-year-old group and the women's 16-year-old group respectively. In 1998, Wang Yu and Bu Xiangzhi won the women's 16-year-old group and the men's 14-year-old group respectively. Bu Xiangzhi won the title of International Grandmaster at the age of 14 and was once the youngest international Grandmaster in the world. In 1999, Wang Yue and Zhao Xue won the men's 12-year-old group and the women's 14-year-old group respectively. In 2000, Tan Zhongyi won the women's 10-year-old group championship. In 2001, Tan Zhongyi won the women's 10-year-old group championship, and Shenyang won the women's 12-year-old group. In 2002, Tan Zhongyi won the women's 12-year-old category. From 2000 to 2002, Tan Zhongyi has won the World Age Group three times, which is also a world record. In 2002, the Chinese team composed of Wang Yue, Zhao Jun, Zhou Weiqi, Wang Hao and Li Chao won the World Junior Olympic Team Championship, which was the first time that an Asian country had won this honor. In 2003, Wei Chenpeng won the men's 12-year-old group championship. Hou Yifan won the women's championship in the 10-year-old group. Ding Yixin won the women's championship in the 12-year-old group.
From 1997 to 2003, in the 10-group competition of the World Age Group Junior Championship, in terms of the total team score, China was either 2nd or 3rd for 7 consecutive times, directly approaching the Russian team of the chess kingdom. In the most recent 2003 medal table, Russia ranked first with 3 gold, 1 silver and 6 bronze, and the Chinese team ranked second with 3 gold and 1 bronze.
Since its establishment in 1995, the National Junior Training Team has selected a group of promising seedlings, among which Xu Yuanyuan, Wang Yu, Zhao Xue, Bu Xiangzhi, Ni Hua, etc. have begun to emerge in the world competition.
Since 1999, high-level reserve talent training bases (including experimental bases) have been established in Wenzhou Chess Association, Qingdao Chess Academy, Shanghai Weihai Road Third Primary School, Guangdong Chenghai Chengnan Primary School, Jiangsu Wuxi Northeast Tang Primary School, Jinan Qilu Evening News Chess Academy, Handan Chess Association and Suzhou Third Sports School, laying the foundation for the popularization of various places. In 2002, the China Chess Academy and the Affiliated Middle School of Renmin University jointly established the National Junior Training Team to comprehensively and systematically train the trainees.
In the past decade or so, China's chess population (people who can play chess) has grown exponentially. And the "growth" is in the ascendant. According to the statistics of the China Chess Association, before Xie Jun won the world championship in 1991, there were about 20,000 or 30,000 chess enthusiasts in China, and now according to commercial data, the country's major chess manufacturers produced and sold a total of 1.25 million chess pieces in 2002, which is estimated that China's chess population has exceeded 5 million. The astonishing growth rate has attracted the world's attention, and the FIDE has given a fairly high evaluation of China's popularization work.
There are five reasons for the rapid development of China's chess population, first, the rise of Chinese chess players in the world chess world, the competitive function has been fully exerted, and the improvement has led to popularity. Second, in the transition from test-taking education to quality education in China, the chess education function has played a significant role in the development of students' intelligence, especially their innovative ability. The "main force" of the balloon population is undoubtedly the majority of young children and students and even kindergarten children. The chess boom in kindergartens is due to the fact that chess education can play a role in developing non-intellectual factors and intellectual potential. Third, in recent years, the "man-machine war" and "network war" that have sensationalized the world have demonstrated the scientific research function of chess and attracted a record number of chess fans (especially those with cultural levels and in line with high technology and the new economy). Fourth, it has benefited from the solid development of the cultural exchange function of chess. After chess was listed as an official sport in 1956, there was only one national competition per year (sometimes biennially, and during the "Cultural Revolution" years, it was suspended for 8 years), and bilateral international exchanges were held once every few years. In the 1990s, the number of national and international competitions and visiting competitions held in China increased to about 10 times a year, more than 20 times in 1995, an average of 5 times per year since then, and about 50 times a year since 2000. Fifth, all sectors of society, including the education sector, the business community, and the press, are concerned about the development of Chinese chess. Overseas Chinese have also shown great enthusiasm. For example, Singaporean industrialist Lee Sung Chi has donated heavily to set up the Lee Cheng Chi Chess Fund since 1992 and built the Lee Sung Chi Library as a training ground for the national team. The funds of the "Li Chengzhi Chess Fund" have successively held the International Grandmaster Tournament, the 4th Beijing International Open, the 11th National Children's Championship, many coaching and referee study classes, which has greatly promoted the development and popularization of chess and achieved excellence. Over the years, Mr. Chen Zhennan of Malaysia has been an advisor and enthusiastic friend of the Chinese Chess Association, and the "Chen Zhennan Cup" International Grandmaster Tournament funded by him has become the world-renowned and the highest top competition in Asia, creating a famous brand in China's local competition and winning the President's Award issued by the FIDE.
On February 23, 2001, the Department of Sports, Health, Arts and Sports of the Ministry of Education and the Group Department of the State General Administration of Sport jointly issued the Notice on Carrying Out Three Chess Activities of "Go, Chess and Chess" in Schools (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice"). This is the sixth milestone in the development of chess in China. Guided by the important thinking of the "three represents," the "Circular" clearly puts forward the three "advantages" of the "three chess" entering the school: Actively advocating chess activities in schools is conducive to shaping the personality and cultivating virtues of young students, is conducive to students' ability to solve problems independently, and is conducive to improving students' cultural quality. In order to further implement the spirit of the "Notice", promote the popularization of chess in China, give full play to the function of chess education, encourage and commend large, middle and primary schools and kindergartens that have made contributions to the cause of chess education, and promote the promotion of chess into schools, in April 2003, with the strong support of the Ministry of Education and the Group Department of the State General Administration of Sports, the "International Seminar on Chess entering the Classroom of 100 Schools" was held in Suzhou. The significance of the "Notice" and the "International Symposium on Chess entering the Classroom of 100 Schools" is extraordinary, and will undoubtedly have a profound impact on the development of chess in China.
The achievements of Chinese chess have aroused widespread concern from all walks of life, especially the news media. Since 1991, the publicity for Xie Jun's victory in the world championship has been higher than a wave. Since 1998, the achievements of Chinese chess have been repeatedly listed on the top 10 sports news lists of the year selected by CCTV, Xinhua News Agency, People's Daily, China Sports News and so on. Among them, in 2000, due to the world championship women's gold medal slam (Tan Zhongyi won the world 10-year-old children's championship; Xu Yuanyuan won the world youth championship; Xu Yuhua won the World Cup championship; Xie Jun and Qin Kanying won the world women's individual championship; and the Chinese women's team composed of Xie Jun, Zhu Chen, Xu Yuhua and Wang Lei won the world team championship), it was included in article 2 of the top 10 sports news (article 1 is the sydney Olympic Games Chinese athletes gold medal number ranked 3rd in the world).
In 2003, the State General Administration of Sport officially approved the establishment of the national chess team.
At present, the total number of domestic and international competitions filed in the chess and card sports management center is about 60 per year. So far, China's national traditional competitions include "Li Chengzhi Cup", "Chess Boy Cup", "Broadcast Cup", "Hope Cup", etc., and the scale of participation is also expanding, and it is not uncommon for more than 1,000 people to attend. These competitions are aimed at amateur chess players such as young enthusiasts.
The professional competition is dominated by the national team and individual competitions. The National Sports Congress also includes chess as an official sport, and the format of the game is 25 minutes of fast chess to facilitate news coverage.
Since 1996, China has organized international competitions that have been better than before in terms of both form and scale. Heavyweight events such as the 1999 Women's World Championship Final, the 1999 Asian Team Championship, the 2000 Individual World Cup, the 2001 China National Women's Team and the World Women's Star United, the 2001 China-Russia Match, the 2002 Sino-US Match, etc., have made China the center of Asian chess.
In 1997, 1998 and 2000, karpov visited China three times, and its sensational effect was unique, which not only attracted the attention of journalists, but also objectively gave Chinese chess players a good opportunity to observe and learn the talents and knowledge of the world chess masters at close range.
The State General Administration of Sport and the Chinese Chess Academy attach great importance to the training of chess coaches and referees to meet the needs of training and competition. Among them, there are many training courses for junior and intermediate coaches, and twice for senior coaches. Liu Wenzhe, Chen De, and Lin Feng have been approved as national coaches by the State General Administration of Sports. There are currently fifteen senior coaches. There have been nearly ten national referee training courses and national referee examinations. From 1981 to 1988, Xu Jialiang, Wang Pinzhang, Lin Feng and Xiao Guanjun were successively approved by the FIDE as international referees. From 1998 to 2002, Huang Xiwen, Li Jizu, Li Ang, Wen Genhong, Yin Hao, etc. were approved by the FIDE as international referees. There are nearly 100 national-level referees.
The development of chess in China has not only achieved remarkable achievements in practice, but also made breakthroughs in theory. The concept of "Chinese School" was first proposed in 1997 by the British authoritative magazine Chess, and Western theorists generally believe that the way of thinking of Chinese chess players is unique. Liu Wenzhe's monograph "Chinese Chess School" was published in 2001, which elaborated on the chess theory of the "Chinese School", many views have never been seen before, not only a summary of China's chess achievements, but also conducive to exploring and building a chess theoretical system with Chinese characteristics and establishing the image of the Chinese school. In 2003, the English edition of the Chinese School of Chess was published in the United Kingdom.
National Fortune, Chess Luck! The "China phenomenon" is bound to prevail in the twenty-first century. The future of Chinese chess will be more brilliant.
Author: Liu Wenzhe, some of the data in this article is quoted from Lin Feng's article
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