This article is a discussion by Lu Qiu, Director of the International Department of the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB) and Vice President of Continental Union Group-Wuhe International, on the green building technology system of passive houses in Germany:
The author systematically introduces the origin of passive house, the technical system of Passive House in Germany, including the core technical indicators of Passive House, the boundary conditions of passive house calculation model, the design points of Passive House housing, and the technical transformation of existing building Passive House. The advantages and development trends of Passive House, the cost increase of Passive House and government funding measures and three project cases are analyzed.
About the Author:
Director, International Department, German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB).
Standing Director of China Building Energy Conservation Association
Visiting Professor of EMBA Class, Tsinghua University
Visiting Professor, Southeast University
Vice President of 5+1 Zhoulian Group - Wuhe International
The origin of the Passive House
Passive house originally referred to the fact that in cold climate conditions, buildings do not need heating equipment, and only through the insulation of the enclosure structure can achieve a more comfortable indoor environment. The first work realized under this concept was the Fram polar research ship built in Norway in 1883, which was the world's farthest research vessel in the world at that time. In the extremely cold climate conditions of the Antarctic and Arctic, the ship does not need to open the heating stove to maintain a more comfortable temperature in the hull. This effect is mainly achieved by relying on excellent thermal insulation structure, the thickness of the ship wall and deck structure is 40 to 50 cm, which is composed of multiple layers of materials, and the windows are composed of 3 layers of glass. Today, the ship is preserved in Oslo as a museum.
Source www. timbowden.com.au
▲ Norwegian Fram polar research ship
Early Passive House practice exposed many problems, lack of high-performance windows, people did not realize the importance of building airtightness, many projects used complex technical equipment and structural mechanisms, making the use of enclosures in the later stage of the building complex and costly. In 1990, darmstadt-Kranichstein successfully built the world's first passive house experimental building. It is a 4-family privately invested house with 156 m2 each, and the architect is Bett/Ridder/Westermeyer Design. Funded by the Government of the German state of Hesse, the Passive House was so successful that it has been inhabited by 4 families and has been operating for many years, showing that its heating energy consumption is less than 12 kWh/m2.a.
Source PHI
▲ The world's first passive house building, a row of houses in Damstadt-Kranichstein, Germany
▲Indoor environment
▲ Residential profile
Advantages and trends of Passive House
Passive House is the original technical system mainly for residential buildings in Central Europe, and its biggest advantage is that compared with other low-energy technology system construction investment, low operation and maintenance costs, there is a high thermal comfort, comfortable and convenient to use, durable, not easy to see building damage.
▲ Weingarten-West, Germany, a high-rise residential project in the 1960s was converted into a passive housing project
At present, the passive house technology system has been continuously developed and improved, in addition to residential buildings, it has been extended to other building types, including offices, schools, hotels, gymnasiums, museums, industrial buildings, etc., and the project has also expanded to other climatic regions: including Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia.
▲ The world's largest passive office building completed in 2012, the Rhw2 office building in Vienna, with a usable area of 21,000 square meters
▲Vienna RHW2 office building foyer (left) and interior (right)
According to data from the authoritative website of Passive House (www.passivhausprojekte.de) at the end of January 2015, 3145 buildings have been certified as Passive House, including residential, office, school, museum, industrial buildings and other types, with a total construction area of more than 1 million square meters.
Passive House case study
1 CAMPO am Bornheimer Depot
▲Block square and commercial
▲General floor plan
▲Residential plane
Frankfurt city center is less than 5km away. The planning scheme forms the traditional Mediterranean urban space street scale, perfects the street space in this area, preserves the original repair workshop and other historically protected buildings, and transforms them into supermarkets, retail stores and taverns, shopping and food combined to form a high-quality new urban area. The project consisted of 146 passive residential apartments, the largest in the German inner city at the time.
▲Technical indicators of the CAMPO Passive House project in Frankfurt
2 Bahnstadt Heidelberg
Located in the center of Heidelberg with a site area of 116hm2, heidelberg railway city is currently the world's largest passive house construction project. Deepening urban planning in 2007 and construction began in 2010, the entire project will provide a vibrant integrated urban area of residence, research and development, business and culture.
The entire urban area is planned and committed to passive house standards, including offices, laboratories, commercials, cinemas, schools, kindergartens, university dormitories, residential building types, etc. In cooperation with the Heidelberg Consultancy for Climate Protection and Energy (Klimaschutz and Energieberatungsagentur Heidelberg) and the Community Alliance (Nachbargemeinden), heidelberg is responsible for the quality assurance of the implementation of passive houses.
▲The main technical indicators of Heidelberg Railway City
▲Heidelberg Railway City Planning Master Plan
The first phase of development land: 60hm2, including: residential 9hm2, industrial research and development 16.5hm2, campus 4.5hm2, open space 16hm2, social infrastructure 3hm2, road land 11hm2, public facilities include: 2 kindergartens, 1 primary school, 1 civic center, 3 children's play fields. Urban long-term provision of municipal heating through renewable energy. The park will also implement a smart grid system.
Lu Qiuzhao
▲ Heidelberg Railway City Passive House House
▲Heidelberg Railway City Passive House Office R&D building
▲The courtyard of the Passive House in the Railway City of Heidelberg
3 Leonberg production villa in Stuttgart, Germany
Located in the small town of Leonberg Warmbron near Stuttgart, this villa not only reaches passive house level, but is also a successful productive building.
Breaking through the traditional concept of passive ultra-low energy buildings, the building is elegantly and modernly embedded in the hillside tree scenery, and the huge connected glass surface in the south direction integrates the surrounding beauty into the interior, creating this fantastic German villa.
Source Professor Fisch
▲ Leonberg production capacity villa in Stuttgart
▲ Leonberg production villa restaurant in Stuttgart
▲ Stuttgart Leonberg production villa kitchen
▲Stuttgart Leonberg production villa outdoor terrace
▲Stuttgart Leonberg production villa living room
The owner of this building himself is an excellent building mechanical and electrical equipment engineer, after careful design, simulation calculations, relying on advanced building materials and technical systems, so that solar radiation can be effectively controlled, the building's heating and cooling energy consumption requirements are very low.
A family of four lives in this villa, all year round heating, cooling, fresh air, lighting, household appliances, domestic hot water, cooking and other use of energy, all from the roof of the photovoltaic power generation, the owner does not need to buy any energy from the city, and the power generation can also be charged for two private electric vehicles, to meet the daily transportation energy needs.
▲The main technical indicators of Leonberg production capacity villas in Stuttgart, Germany
Note: The power generation margin is equivalent to 65 000 km of electricity (17 kW and /100 km) that can be used by a medium electric car.
▲ Stuttgart Leonberg capacity villa electric vehicle
4 Controversy and reflections about passive houses
Although the construction of large-scale Passive House projects has significantly reduced the energy consumption of building heating, indoor thermal comfort has been improved. However, the extent to which Passive House technology contributes to building energy efficiency and environmental protection is controversial in Western countries.
The passive house indoor comfort standard, equivalent to the German "full air conditioning" (vollklimatisiert) indoor environment standard, the problem is that a comfortable indoor environment requires a well-designed, installed ventilation system. It's not that simple when internal functions need to be adjusted. If a conventional house converts a storage room into a bathroom, it only needs to change the way it is used, increase the ventilation habit of opening the window or add an exhaust fan, while the passive house may not be easily changed, otherwise the technical system will be destroyed.
Compared with passive house technology, on the basis of low-energy buildings, combined with solar energy utilization, it is possible to achieve the same energy consumption level at the same investment scale, obtain an indoor comfortable environment that can be adjusted according to individual needs, and the operating cost can be lower. By reducing the thickness of the external insulation, it is also possible to effectively improve the ecological evaluation index performance of the building (Oekobilanz).
bibliography
● German Passive House Institute (PHI) official website: www.passiv.de
● German Passive House Institute Certification Project Database: www.passivhausprojekte.de
●《The world’s first Passive House, Darmstadt-Kranichstein, Germany》 PHI
●《 Passive House Configuration Package (PHPP)》PHI
●《Criteria for the certification of Passive House》PHI
●www.heidelberg-bahnstadt.de
● www.heidelberg.de
●《Bahnstadt construction area in Heidelberg-Urban energy and heat supply concept》Ing.Office EBOEK
●《Energy Plus Buildings and Districts as Renewable Energy Sources》N. Fisch
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