Three Kingdoms, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Lower Qi Jin Dynasty. It lasted 60 years from 220 AD to 280 AD (also said from 184 AD to 280 AD). During this period, the three main regimes of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Sun Wu appeared successively.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Yellow Turban Rebellion shook the eastern Han dynasty and triggered the division of the masses</h1>
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ten constant plagues of chaos in the government, the central government's control over the local areas became weaker and weaker, resulting in serious land annexation, and the people who were overwhelmed by natural disasters and man-made disasters were breathless.
Zhang Jiao used his own medical skills to save the people and founded Taiping Taoism, using religion to win people's hearts. Many of the suffering people drank Zhang Jiao's potion to cure their diseases and joined Taiping Taoism. Taiping Taoism developed rapidly, with hundreds of thousands of people scattered throughout the country. Zhang Jiao united the congregation and prepared for the uprising, intending to overthrow the Han Dynasty and establish his own regime.
In 184, during a severe drought, many places lost their grain harvest, and the imperial court's taxes were not reduced. In addition, the imperial court sold officials and knights, resulting in corruption of officials and wanton looting of the people. Officials forced the people to rebel, Zhang Jiao and the faithful agreed to rebel, and the rebel army tied a yellow scarf to its head, so it was called the "Yellow Turban Uprising". The rebel army burned down the official palace, plundered everywhere, and within a month, the rebel army swept through seven prefectures and twenty-eight counties (thirteen counties in the Han Dynasty). Suddenly, the prefecture and county fell, the officials fled, and the central government of the Eastern Han Dynasty was shocked.
The Han Ling Emperor heard the news and hurriedly dispatched troops to negotiate with Zhang Jiaojun, including the great general He Jin, the famous generals Huang Fusong, Zhu Juan, Sun Jian and others, but the initial battle of the Han army was not successful, and the Yellow Turban army was like a broken bamboo. Later, Emperor Fusong was besieged and attacked the Yellow Turban Army with fire, causing chaos in the Yellow Turban Army, just when Cao Cao came to the aid, Emperor Fusong, Zhu Juan and Cao Cao attacked from three sides, killing tens of thousands of Yellow Turban troops, and the Han army won a great victory. After 10 months of fierce fighting, the Yellow Turban Uprising was put down.
Although the Yellow Turban Rebellion was suppressed, a wave of uprisings large and small in the world had been set off, and successive uprisings made the Han court tired of coping, and the Han Dynasty was in turmoil.
In 188, the remnants of the Yellow Turban rebelled again. In order to quickly quell the rebellion, Emperor Ling of Han accepted The Suggestion of Liu Yan of Taichang and changed part of the History of Thorns to Zhou Mu (州牧), giving him local military and political power in order to strengthen his strength to suppress the rebel army.
Emperor Hanling's policy of delegating power led to the local army supporting the army and respecting itself, forming a divided force, and the imperial court was unable to restrain it. The masses rose up together, chasing deer in the Central Plains, and the Eastern Han Dynasty court existed in name only, opening the prelude to the Three Kingdoms.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > eunuchs to compete with foreign relatives for power, and dong Zhuo was introduced to Beijing</h1>
In 189, emperor Ling of Han died, and the 14-year-old crown prince took the throne, and was known as the Young Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Was young, and his mother Empress He and uncle He Jin came to power.
At the beginning of Emperor Hanling's death, the eunuch Jian Shuo and others intended to kill He Jin and establish Liu Xie's younger brother Liu Xie instead. After Liu Zhen succeeded to the throne, He Jin conspired with Yuan Shao and others to remove the Ten Constant Attendants, but was opposed by Empress He. He Jin followed Yuan Shao's advice and summoned Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou to bring troops into Beijing, forcing Empress He to agree. The eunuchs preemptively killed He Jin. He Jin's subordinates led troops into the palace to kill eunuchs in the name of He Jin's revenge, and Zhang Rang and others abducted Liu Zhen and Empress He and others out of the palace to avoid chaos. Dong Zhuo heard that the Young Emperor was in Northern Mangshan, and hurriedly led his troops to make a great contribution to saving the car. The remnants of He Jin belonged to Dong Zhuo, and he lured Lü Bu to kill Ding Yuan, seize his soldiers and horses, and recruit Lü Bu into his command, greatly increasing his strength. After that, Dong Zhuoquan fell to the opposition.
In order to establish his prestige, Dong Zhuo deposed Liu Xie and established Liu Xie as emperor, known in history as Emperor Xian of Han.
To say that he had the power to control the government, even dong Zhuo had the final say in the abolition of the emperor, and his prestige was enough, but Dong Zhuo was not satisfied. Immediately after that, he poisoned Empress He and took advantage of Empress He's burial to steal the treasures from the tomb of Emperor Hanling. What is good on the top will be worse for the bottom. Dong Zhuo's soldiers plundered rich households and raped women in Luoyang City, so perversely, but Dong Zhuo let it go. Many courtiers were killed by Dong Zhuo, and Lu Zhi, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, and Cao Cao fled from Luoyang to avoid disaster.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the crowd to fight Dong Zhuo, but each has its own thoughts</h1>
Under Dong Zhuo's violent rule, everyone was at risk. Zhang Yang, Cao Cao, Wei Zi and others all recruited troops at the local level in an attempt to confront Dong Zhuo. In 190, The Eastern Commandery Taishou Qiao Mao sent letters to various places under the guise of the Three Dukes of the Imperial Court to jointly attack Dong Zhuo. The eleventh local army joined, including: Bohai Taishou Yuan Shao, Later General Yuan Shu, Jizhou Mu Hanfu, Yuzhou Thorn Shi Kong Ling, Yanzhou Thorn Shi Liu Dai, Hanoi Taishou Wang Kuang, Chen Liu Taishou Zhang Miao, Guangling Taishou Zhang Chao, Dongjun Taishou Qiao Mao, Shanyang Taishou Yuan Yi, and Jibei Xiang Baoxin. Because the fourth and third dukes of the Yuan Shao family had the highest prestige, everyone jointly elected Yuan Shao as the leader of the alliance, known in history as the "Kwantung Army".
The Kwantung Army was so powerful that Dong Zhuo heard the news and sent people to kill Liu Wei to prevent the Kwantung Army from joining forces with Liu Wei, and then abducted Emperor Xian of Han and moved the capital to Chang'an. Millions of people in Luoyang were forced to migrate, and countless people died of starvation, trampling, and looting. Dong Zhuo stayed in Luoyang Biguiyuan, murdered and plundered rich households, and burned Luoyang City, and the magnificent Luoyang capital became a ruin.
Although the Kwantung Coalition army was full of troops, each of them was afraid of Dong Zhuo's great power, and no one was willing to fight the vanguard. Only Cao Cao (Zhang Mi's subordinates) led his troops to engage Dong Zhuo's general Xu Rong, but Cao Cao had too few soldiers and was quickly defeated, and Cao Cao was also wounded by the sword and almost killed, after which Cao Cao turned to Yuan Shao.
On the other hand, Sun Jian killed Jingzhou Assassin Shi and Nanyang Taishou and defected to Yuan Shu. Sun Jiantun attacked Liang Dong and met Xu Rong's army, sun Jian was defeated, and most of them were captured or killed.
Wang Kuang of Tun Bing Hanoi was trapped, and before he could send troops, he was attacked from the rear by Dong Zhuo's army, suffering heavy casualties.
In the same year, Dong Zhuo sent Hu Zhen and Lü Bu to lead an army to attack Sun Jian, and due to internal discord among Dong's army, Sun Jian won a great victory and beheaded the governor Huaxiong and others. Later, Dong Zhuo co-opted Sun Jian and personally led an army to fight Against Sun Jian, and Dong Zhuo was defeated.
Sun Jian attacked the city of Luoyang again, defeating Lü Bu, and Dong Zhuo defeated Chang'an.
Most of the coalition forces remained on the sidelines, just setting up banquets and gatherings to eat, drink and have fun together. They are nominally crusading against Dong Zhuo, but in fact they are spying on each other's forces, ready to find opportunities to strengthen themselves. As a result, a lot of resentment was forged. When the food of the army was exhausted, they each led the troops back to their own territory.
There were also infighting in the coalition forces, such as Liu Dai's killing of Qiao Mao; Yuan Shao's plan to capture Han Fu's Jizhou and engage Gongsun Zhan; Yuan Shu and Liu Biao (that is, in the battle with Liu Biao, Sun Jianzhong was killed in battle); Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu's brothers broke up; and the group fought openly and secretly. The struggle between the princes intensified, the weak preyed on the strong, and the division of the country was in full swing.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > warlord melee, And Cao Cao stood out</h1>
After Dong Zhuo entered Chang'an, his rule became more violent, and Situ Wang Yun and Lü Bu jointly killed him. Soon Dong Zhuo's subordinates Li Dai and Guo Feng killed Wang Yun, and they controlled the imperial court for four years. In 195, Li Dai and Guo Feng fought among themselves, and Emperor Xian of Han fled back to Luoyang after suffering hardships, and Cao Cao sent people to welcome Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang, after which he "blackmailed the Son of Heaven to order the princes" and took the lead in pacifying Guanzhong.
After Sun Jian's death, his son Sun Ce led Sun Jian's old forces to fight in Jiangdong, and eventually divided Jiangdong and confronted Liu Biao.
In 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor in Shouchun, but was later attacked and destroyed by Cao Cao and Liu Bei.
During this period, the warlords were fighting each other, and the strongest were Yuan Shao and Cao Cao. Yuan Shao occupied the four prefectures of Qing, Ji, You, and Hebei, and Cao Cao successively destroyed Yuan Shu, destroyed Lü Bu, lowered Zhang Xiu, and expelled Liu Bei, controlling the Central Plains regions of Yan, Yu, Xu, and Some Sili and Yongzhou.
In 200, the Battle of Guandu broke out between Yuan Cao. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao through this battle and eliminated the Yuan forces. After that, Cao Cao pacified Liaodong and made an expedition to Wuhuan, basically unifying the northern region. In the same year, Sun Ce died after unifying Jiangdong, handing over the power of Jiangdong to his younger brother Sun Quan.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Sun Liu to unite against Cao Cao</h1>
After Cao Cao unified the north, he actively prepared to go south, trying to destroy Liu Biao first, and then down the river to destroy Sun Quan, thus unifying the world.
In 207, Liu Beisan Gu Maolu and Zhuge Liang presented "Longzhong Pair".
In 208, Cao Cao personally led a large army to the south, Liu Biao fell ill and died, and his successor Liu Chun surrendered. Liu Bei of The Tun army Fancheng learned of Liu Chun's surrender and quickly led his army out of Xinye and went south to Jiangling. Cao Cao led an army to pursue and kill Liu Bei, and Liu Bei was forced to abandon his wife and son, and only took Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and more than ten other horses to escape.
When Liu Bei was chased and fled into the wilderness, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to Liu Bei to discuss the alliance, and Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to jiangdong, and the alliance was in the interests of both sides, and Sun Liu immediately agreed.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Chibi world war</h1>
In 208, Sun Jian, with Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu as the governors, led 30,000 troops, and formed a coalition with 20,000 soldiers and horses led by Liu Bei, and Cao Cao led an army of 200,000 (known as 800,000), and the two sides met at Chibi.
At that time, the plague spread in the Cao army, and the casualties were very heavy. Coupled with the fact that the original northern generals did not run in enough with the Jingzhou army that joined later, the Cao army was defeated in a battle. Since most of the Cao army came from the north and were not accustomed to taking boats, they connected boats and boats together, and people could walk on the boats as if they were on flat ground. Zhou Yu's subordinate Huang Gai saw the flaw and suggested attacking with fire, which was adopted by Zhou Yu, which is the famous "burning Chibi". The Cao army was burned and drowned countless people, Sun Liu's army took advantage of the situation to pursue the Cao army, the Cao army was forced to flee, and on the way it encountered heavy rain, and more than half of the soldiers died of hunger, stampedes, and plague.
After Cao Cao defeated and retreated to Jingzhou, fearing that the loss at the Battle of Chibi would lead to instability in the northern base area, he deployed the generals Cao Ren, Xu Huang, And Man Yu and others to guard Jingzhou with the "Six Armies", while he himself returned to the north.
At the Battle of Chibi, Sun Liu's army won a great victory, and the Cao army suffered heavy losses. Cao Cao could no longer gather such a large number of troops in a short period of time to unify the world with absolute superiority, while Sun Quan and Liu Bei took the opportunity to develop and grow rapidly. Therefore, the Battle of Chibi laid the foundation for the establishment of the Three Kingdoms.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > sun liu's power expanded rapidly</h1>
After the Battle of Chibi, the Battle of South County broke out. From 208 to 209, the Allies and the Cao Army began a battle for Jingzhou, a place where soldiers must fight. The Allied forces were led by Zhou Yu and Liu Bei, with Cheng Pu, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Gan Ning, Ling Tong, Lü Meng, and other generals participating in the battle, Cao Ren as the main commander of the Cao Army, and Xu Huang, Man Yu, and Li Tong as the generals involved in the battle.
Zhou Yu led the Eastern Wu soldiers and horses to fight against Cao Ren, Guan Yu led an army to stop the Cao army supported by various sources, and Liu Bei led Zhao Yun and others to capture the four counties of Jiangnan. The allies won the Battle of Nan County, and Zhou Yu appointed Nan Commandery Taishou (南郡太守) and distributed the south bank of Nan Commandery to Liu Bei, who was a public security officer on the south bank of the army.
In the Battle of Nan County, Jingzhou was divided among three families. Cao Cao occupied Nanyang Commandery (南阳郡), the largest county in northern Jingzhou, and Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡) north of the Yangtze River, Sun Quan (孙權) south of the Yangtze River and most of the Southern Counties, and Liu Bei (南郡) south of the Yangtze River and four counties south of Jingzhou (Changsha, Lingling, Guiyang, and Wuling).
After the Battle of Nan Commandery, Zhou Yu proposed a strategy of taking Shu, and Zhang Lu, joining Ma Chao, and then using Xiangyang as a base to encroach on Cao Cao, and the north could map. In 210, Sun Quan approved Zhou Yu's proposed strategy of Vayi Prefecture, but Zhou Yu fell ill and died on his way back to Gangneung.
After Zhou Yu's death, Liu Bei asked Sun Quan to borrow Nan Commandery (南郡), where Eastern Wu was located, in an attempt to develop. At Lu Su's suggestion, Sun Quan lent Nan Commandery to Liu Bei, with the aim of allowing Liu Bei to grow his strength against Cao Cao.
On the other hand, after Cao Cao returned to the north, he rested and recuperated, and two years later reorganized the northwestern coalition forces of Ma Chao and Han Sui. Since then, the rear of the northwest has been solid.
In 211, Liu Zhang, the mu of Yizhou, asked Liu Bei to enter Shu to fight against Zhang Lu and supply Liu Bei with money and grain for military supplies. After "Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou", he was trying to find ways to capture Yizhou, and he never dreamed that there would be such a good thing, and immediately agreed. After Liu Bei entered Shu, instead of attacking Zhang Lu, he attacked Liu Zhang, forcing Liu Zhang to surrender, and Liu Bei captured Yizhou. In the same year, Cao Cao attacked Liangzhou, chasing horses and chao, breaking Han Sui, and Liangzhou was basically pacified.
After Liu Bei gained Yizhou, Sun Quan sent someone to reclaim Jingzhou. Sun Liu and Liu were fiercely fighting over this, and in 215, Sun Quan sent Lü Meng to attack 3 counties in eastern Jingzhou. Cao Cao took the opportunity to advance into Hanzhong, and Liu Bei, fearing that Yizhou would be lost, asked Sun Quan for peace. Sun and Liu redrew Jingzhou into Xiangshui: east of the three counties of Changsha, Jiangxia, and Guiyang belonged to Sun Quan; south of Nan County, Lingling, and Wuling belonged to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei and Sun Quan each occupied three counties. Cao Cao occupied Hanzhong, and Sun Quan took the opportunity to attack Hefei and was almost captured by Zhang Liaosheng.
In 218, the people of Wancheng rebelled, and joined forces with Guan Yu and Cao Ren, who were stationed in Jingzhou, to put down the rebellion. In 219, Liu Bei and Cao Cao fought over Hanzhong, Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong beheaded the Cao general Xiahou Yuan, Cao Cao personally led a large army to fight for Hanzhong, and was robbed of grain and grass by Zhao Yun in Hanshui, Cao Cao had to retreat, and Liu Bei recaptured Hanzhong. In the same year, Guan Yu went to Xiangfan to attack Cao Ren and besieged Fancheng. Cao Cao sent 30,000 people to the forbidden belt to rescue, when the Han River flooded, Guan Yu took advantage of the surge in the Han River to flood the Seventh Army, forced to surrender to the ban, and captured Pound. After that, the mountain thieves south of Xu Du, Cao Wei's assassination history in Jingzhou, and Nanxiang Taishou all defected to Guan Yu, and Guan Yu shook Huaxia. Even Cao Cao wanted to move the capital to avoid his attack, but was dissuaded by Sima Yi and others. Cao Cao personally led a large army to attack Guan Yu and joined forces with Sun Wu to sneak into Jingzhou, and finally Guan Yu was defeated and killed by Lü Meng's men.
In 220, Cao Cao died, and Cao Pi forced Emperor Chan of Han to give up the throne and set the capital at Luoyang, with the state name "Wei", known in history as Cao Wei, marking the official end of the Han Dynasty era. In 221, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor, with the capital at Chengdu, and the history was called Shu Han. In 229, Sun Quan was proclaimed emperor, the capital was Jianye, the state name was "Wu", and the history was called Sun Wu.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > three families returned to Jin</h1>
Shu Han
Shu Han: 221-263, 43 years of the country, successively two generations of emperors. Shu Han was the weakest of the Three Kingdoms and mainly controlled Yizhou.
The founder of the Shu Han Dynasty was Liu Bei, who claimed to be a descendant of King Jing of Zhongshan. Liu Bei's debut began with the Yellow Turban Uprising, where he made meritorious contributions to the suppression of the Yellow Turban Rebellion, obtained an official position, and later participated in the crusade against Dong Zhuo, which continued to grow and develop.
In 221, Liu Bei learned that Cao Pi was proclaimed emperor and declared himself emperor in Chengdu as the successor of the Han dynasty. In 222, Zhang Fei was killed. Liu Bei claimed the title of empress dowager, and personally led an army against Sun Wu in the name of avenging Guan Yu. The Han army penetrated deep into Wu, but was finally defeated by Sun Wu Xinrui Lu Xun with fire, and after the defeat, Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an, known in history as the "Battle of Yiling". In the Battle of Yiling, Feng Xi, Sha Moke and other generals were killed, and Shu Han suffered heavy losses.
In 223, Liu Bei died of illness in Yong'an, and his son Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, causing Zhuge Liang to open the government.
When Zhuge Liang was alive, Liu Chan obeyed his father's orders, and everything was handled by Zhuge Liang. On the one hand, Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to Eastern Wu to consolidate the Wu-Han alliance, and on the other hand, he appeased the people and governed the Shu Han in an orderly manner, the country was rich and the people were strong, and the Shu Han regime transitioned smoothly. In 225, Zhuge Liang personally led an army to capture meng yu, the king of southern Manchu, and made Meng yu convinced, and from then on, southern barbarians returned to Shu Han and the territory of Shu Han expanded. After that, Zhuge Liang actively prepared for the Northern Expedition. Between 228 and 234, Zhuge Liang made five northern expeditions against Cao Wei, and for various reasons the Northern Expedition did not make substantial progress, but it also took offense as a defense, leaving Cao Wei without time to attack Shu Han. In 234, during the Fifth Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan, and before his death, he recommended Jiang Huan to Liu Chan to take over.
In 234-246, Jiang Huan assisted the government, and in 246, Jiang Huan died. In the same year, Dong Yun died, and Liu Chan succeeded Dong Yun with Chen Qi, who supported Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition. Liu Chan favored the eunuch Huang Hao, and when Dong Yun was alive, he had been holding Huang Hao hostage, making him unable to take power, but Chen Qi did not exclude Huang Hao, and Huang Hao began to interfere in politics. In 246-253, Fei Yi assisted the government, and in 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by the Assassins. During the period when Jiang Huan and Fei Yi assisted the government, they followed Zhuge Liang's governing strategy and rationalized the politics of Shu Hannei very well, and in 238-262, Jiang Wei made eleven Northern Expeditions, winning more and losing less.
In 258, Chen Qi died, and Huang Hao's power grew, squeezing out the general Jiang Wei, and many ministers in the court were attached to Huang Hao. Jiang Wei saw Huang Hao playing with the government and wrote to Liu Chan to put him to death, but Liu Chan just asked him to make amends for Jiang Wei's sins. Jiang Wei saw that Huang Hao's power in the dprk was entangled and did not dare to return to Chengdu, so he requested to go to Tuntian in Puzhong. There was discord between inside and outside the imperial court, and the foundation of the Shu Han Dynasty was shaken.
In 262, the Cao Wei general Sima Zhao formulated a strategy of destroying Shu first and then destroying Wu along the river, and ordered Zhong hui to go to Guanzhong for the general Zhenxi to reorganize his army.
In 263, Jiang Wei learned that Zhong would prepare for battle in Guanzhong, and wrote to Liu Chan to dispatch Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to defend the key points. Huang Hao was superstitious about witchcraft, and he told Liu Chan that the enemy army would not come in the end, and Liu Chan listened. Until the Wei army sent Zhong Hui, Deng Ai, and Zhuge Xu to cut down Shu, Liu Chan hurriedly sent Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to support, but the fighters had been missed, and the Hanzhong main road was not strictly defended, resulting in Cao Jun's commander driving straight in, and Hanzhong was quickly breached. Jiang Wei blocked the 100,000 main army led by Zhong Hui at the Sword Pavilion, while Deng Ai copied the small road to Mianzhu to defeat Zhuge Zhan, and the soldiers pointed directly at Chengdu. While dispatching troops to support Chengdu, Liu Chan summoned the ministers to consult, and Zhou Li advocated surrender, and finally the surrender faction prevailed.
In 263, Liu Chan surrendered and shu han perished.
Jiang Wei wanted to borrow the hand of Zhong Hui and Deng Ai to restore the country, but the plan leaked, and Jiang Wei, Zhong Hui, and Deng Ai were all killed.
Cao Wei
Cao Wei: 220-266, 47 years of the country, five generations of emperors. Cao Wei was the most powerful of the Three Kingdoms, controlling Kyushu mainly and occupying the core of the Central Plains.
The founder of Cao Wei was Cao Cao, who, with his superior political and military abilities, stood out from the crowds of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, but failed to dominate the world. In 220, Cao Cao died of illness and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi. Cao Pi saw that the time was ripe, so he forced Emperor Han to take the throne, and dai Han was called emperor, and Shi was called Emperor Wen of Wei. Emperor Wendi of Wei paid attention to economy and education, which made the Wei economy prosperous and its national strength further enhanced. Politically, Cao Pi monopolized power, and in view of the rebellion of the kings of the Western Han Dynasty and the monopoly of power between eunuchs and foreign relatives in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Pi strictly controlled the power of foreign relatives and eunuchs, and stripped the king of the domain of real power. This series of measures enabled Cao Wei to never encounter the crisis of foreign relatives and eunuchs' monopoly power, but it also caused Sima Shi to usurp power, and Cao Clan's relatives could only watch and not have the strength to resist. Diplomatically, Emperor Wen of Wei restored the Central Plains' rule over the Western Regions and defeated Xianbei many times, but three major attacks on Wu were fruitless.
In 226, Cao Pi died, and his son Cao Rui took the throne, and he was known as Emperor Ming of Wei.
During the reign of Emperor Wei Ming, Sima Yi beheaded Meng Da, who was lured by Zhuge Liang to prepare for surrender, Zhuge Liang made five Northern Expeditions, Sun Quan successively attacked Jiangxia, Xiangyang, Hefei and other places, and Emperor Wei Ming reused famous generals such as Cao Zhen, Zhang Guo, and Sima Yi to fight to prevent Shu Han and Sun Wu from advancing north, and also sent Famous generals such as Tian Yu to fight against Xianbei Kebineng. In 235, after Zhuge Liang's death, the threat of Shu Han to Wei weakened, and in the same year Kebi was killed by the Cao Wei assassins, and northern Xinjiang was stable. In his later years, Emperor Ming of Wei built a large number of civil engineering projects, laboring the people and hurting their wealth. Liu Chan, the lord of the Shu Han Dynasty, saw that this was a sign of defeat and death, and ordered Jiang Huan to be the Grand Sima and open the government to govern affairs and seek opportunities for the Northern Expedition. In 238, Cao Rui sent Sima Yi to pacify Liaodong, and in the same year, Cao Rui became seriously ill.
In 239, Emperor Wei Ming made his 8-year-old adopted son Cao Fang crown prince (Emperor Wei's sons all died prematurely) and died on the same day. Cao Fang succeeded to the throne, and Cao Shuang and Sima Yi assisted him.
Cao Shuang was in charge of power and dictatorship, and even Empress Guo was placed under house arrest, while Sima Yi was taoguang and obscure. At first, Sima Yi was ostracized by Cao Shuang, and Sima Yi pretended to be ill to avoid chaos, secretly accumulating strength to prepare to eliminate Cao Shuang. In 249, Cao Shuang accompanied Cao Fang to Gaoping Tomb to worship Emperor Wei, and Sima Yi, who had been planning for a long time, took the opportunity to launch a coup d'état and murdered Cao Shuang's brothers and cronies for treason, and Cao's clan was purged. Since then, the Sima family has controlled the government. Goguryeo was defeated, and half of the Korean Peninsula was incorporated into The Cao Wei territory. In 251, Sima Yi suppressed the rebellion of Wang Ling of Huainan (one of the "Three Rebellions of Huainan"), and died of illness in the same year, and his son Sima Shi took over the reins. During Sima Shi's reign, he selected talents and appointed talents, and the State of Wei was stable.
In 254, Xu Yun and others plotted with Cao Fang to kill Sima Shi, but without success. Sima Yi wrote to Empress Dowager Cao, deposed Cao Fang, and established Cao Cao (Cao Cao's son), and at Empress Guo's repeated insistence, established Cao Fu (Cao Lin's son, Cao Pi's grandson) as emperor.
In 255, the Zhendong generals Wuqiu Jian and Yangzhou Assassin Shi Wenqin raised an army against Sima Shi (one of the "Three Rebellions in Huainan") in Shouchun, and Sun Wu also sent sun jun to lead the army to support, and Sima Shi personally led an army of 100,000 to conquest, breaking the Huainan army, Wuqiu Jian was killed, and Wen Qin fled to Sun Wu. Shortly after the counter-rebellion, Sima Shi fell ill and died, and before his death, he handed over power to his younger brother Sima Zhao. From then on, Sima Zhao took charge of the imperial government. In the same year, Sun Jun led a large army to attack Shouchun and was defeated by Zhuge Shi.
In 260, dissatisfied with Sima Zhao's dictatorship, Cao Xian summoned Shen, Shang Shu Wangjing, and Shanqi Changshi Wangye and said to them, "Sima Zhao's heart is also known to passers-by." Cao Xian was preparing to join Wang Jing and others in a crusade against Sima Zhao, but Wang Shen and Wang Page turned around and revealed the news to Sima Zhao. Cao Xian led his cronies in a crusade against Sima Shi, and was eventually killed by Cheng Ji, an assassin sent by Sima Zhao's confidant Jia Chong. After Cao Xian's death, Sima Zhao killed the three clans of Chengji and forced Empress Guo to issue a decree to seize the title of Emperor Cao Xi and depose him as a commoner.
In 260, Cao Huan was killed, and Sima Zhao made Cao Huan (Cao Cao's grandson) emperor, known as Emperor Yuan of Wei. Cao Huan did not have any real power, but was just a puppet emperor.
In 263, Cao Wei sent Zhong Hui, Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu, and others to attack Shu Han, and Shu Han was destroyed.
In 265, Sima Zhao died of illness, and his son Sima Yan took power, and forced Cao Yan to take the throne, changing the name of the country to Jin, and Cao Wei perished.
Eastern Wu
Eastern Wu: 229-280, 52 years of the country, successively served as four generations of emperors. Eastern Wu was centrally in power in the Three Kingdoms, mainly controlling Yangzhou, Jiaozhou, and Jingzhou in the southeast.
The founder of Eastern Wu was the warlord Sun Jian at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was killed in battle with Liu Biao. After Sun Jian's death, his son Sun Ce unified Jiangdong. Sun Ce died young, and before his death, he arranged for his younger brother Sun Quan to take charge of Jiangdong.
Sun Quan first stabilized the situation in Jiangnan, and then jointly defeated Cao Cao with Liu Bei at the Battle of Chibi, laying the foundation for a three-legged situation. In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor, and since then he has made many foreign conquests, but most of them have returned in vain. In 241, Sun Deng, the crown prince of Sun Wu, died, and Sun Quan made his third son and grandson he crown prince, and at the same time crowned the fourth son of Sun Ba as the King of Lu. The treatment of the prince and the king of Lu was equal, which caused the king of Lu to have the heart to seize the wife, and the gangs and factions framed the prince, and the ministers of the court were also divided into two factions, which is known in history as the "dispute between the two palaces". Eventually, Sun He was deposed, Sun Ba was given death, and Sun Quan made his youngest son Sun Liang crown prince. There were many officials implicated in this palace change that killed or caused crimes, and the famous general Lu Xun died shortly thereafter. Sun Wu began to move towards the rate of decline.
Sun Wu civil unrest
In 252, Sun Quan died of illness, and the 10-year-old crown prince Sun Liang succeeded to the throne, assisted by Zhuge Ke, Sun Hong, and Sun Jun.
Cao Wei took advantage of Sun Quan's illness and death, sent 150,000 troops, the army attacked Eastern Wu in three ways, its Middle East Road Army Sima Zhao as the governor, the commander of 70,000 troops directly to Dongxing, known in history as the "Battle of Dongxing", Sun Wu with Zhuge Ke as the commander, led 40,000 troops to meet the Wei army, the Wei army was defeated. In 253, Zhuge Ke sent another army to attack Wei, because the plague spread, resulting in heavy losses and fruitless returns. On the grounds of Zhuge Ke's dictatorship, Sun Jun joined forces with Sun He to kill Zhuge Ke, after which Sun Jun ruled.
Sun Jun was more authoritarian than Zhuge Ke, and officials and the people dared to be angry and dare not speak out. Sun Jun died of illness three years after he took power, and handed over power to his cousin Sun Qiang, who was inhumane and wantonly killed the important ministers of the DPRK. Sun Liang conspired with Empress Quan's father and others to get rid of Sun Qiang, and the secret was leaked, and Sun Liang was deposed instead.
After Sun Liang was deposed, Sun Qiang welcomed Sun Quan's sixth son, Hugh, to the throne. Sun Qiao and his brothers abused power and dictatorship, and soon Sun Xiu joined forces with Zhang Bu and others to kill Sun Qiao. During Sun Xiu's reign, he attached great importance to education and agricultural affairs, but did not change the situation of Sun Wujiang.
In 264, Sun Xiu died of illness, Sun Wu was in diplomatic difficulties, and the crown prince was young, and the ministers sought to establish the elder Sun Hao (Sun He's son) as emperor.
In the early days of Sun Hao's succession, he treated the officials and the people kindly, but it did not take long for his nature to be exposed, arrogant and lascivious, and cruel. Due to the full support of Lu Xun's son Lu Kang, nephew Lu Kai and other important ministers, Sun Wu barely maintained. However, Sun Hao ignored the situation in Jiangdong and the opposition of his courtiers and insisted on launching a foreign war, which made Sun Wu's situation even more difficult. In 271, Tao Huang regained Jiaotong and put down the Jiaotong Rebellion. In 272, Xiling Governor Buyi rebelled against Wu and surrendered to Jin, and Lu Kang led his troops to fight, quickly defeating the Jin army that rescued Buxian, and Xiling City was conquered. After the Battle of Xiling, Sun Hao was even more militaristic and launched wars against the Jin Dynasty many times, and Sun Wu's national strength was seriously depleted.
In 279, Sima Yan, the Emperor of JinWu, ordered that Jia Chong be made the governor of the capital and that the soldiers should be divided into six roads to attack Wu. Due to the centrifugal movement of Sun Wu from top to bottom, military opinions and actions were inconsistent, so that they were gradually defeated.
In 280, Sun Hao surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty was unified.