七層OSI 和四層TCP/IP參考模型:
應用層:最高層,提供用網絡與使用者應該軟體之間的接口服務,如HTTP,FTP,SMTP,POP3
表示層:負責資料格式變換,加密,壓縮,恢複等
會話層:用于組織兩個會話程序之間的通信
傳輸層:提供端到端服務;TCP/UDP
網絡層:通過路由選擇算法為分組通過子網選擇最佳路徑
資料鍊路層:
實體層:最底層,利用實體傳輸媒體,為資料鍊路層提供實體連接配接
應用層:
傳輸層:
互聯層:
主機-網絡層
IP位址:IPv4 主流
IPv6 趨勢
A類: 1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255
B類: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
C類: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
特殊位址 10.0.0.0 -10.255.255.255
127.0.0.1
172.16.0.0 -172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0- 192.168.255.255
[root@Freedom1991 /]# ipcalc -bmn 192.168.1.3/24 計算子網路遮罩,廣播,和網絡号
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
NETWORK=192.168.1.0
[root@Freedom1991 /]# route -n 檢視路由資訊
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
172.16.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth1
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1003 0 0 eth1
0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
增加一條路由,目的網段;211.220.1.0/24 所有資料通過網關 192.168.1.1 送出,且經過eth0網卡
[root@Freedom1991 /]# route add -net 211.220.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
[root@Freedom1991 /]# route -n
211.220.1.0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
[root@Freedom1991 /]# route del -net 211.220.1.0/24 gw 192.168.1.1 dev eth0
删除
[root@Freedom1991 /]# ifconfig - 檢視網絡裝置接口資訊
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:A0:9B:D5
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fea0:9bd5/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:27697 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8761 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:2020334 (1.9 MiB) TX bytes:2538083 (2.4 MiB)
Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:A0:9B:DF
inet addr:172.16.100.1 Bcast:172.16.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fea0:9bdf/64 Scope:Link
RX packets:81 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:18 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
RX bytes:15030 (14.6 KiB) TX bytes:1324 (1.2 KiB)
Interrupt:16 Base address:0x2080
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:1568 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1568 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:89656 (87.5 KiB) TX bytes:89656 (87.5 KiB)
設定一塊網卡的子接口,并激活
[root@Freedom1991 /]# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
[root@Freedom1991 /]# ifconfig -a
RX packets:27971 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8892 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
RX bytes:2043236 (1.9 MiB) TX bytes:2550985 (2.4 MiB)
eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:A0:9B:D5
inet addr:192.168.1.4 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
可以用setup指令設定網絡配置:

檢視配置檔案:
[root@Freedom1991 /]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
[root@Freedom1991 network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-eth0 ifdown ifdown-ib ifdown-isdn ifdown-routes ifup ifup-eth ifup-ipv6 ifup-plusb ifup-routes ifup-wireless network-functions
ifcfg-eth1 ifdown-bnep ifdown-ippp ifdown-post ifdown-sit ifup-aliases ifup-ib ifup-isdn ifup-post ifup-sit init.ipv6-global network-functions-ipv6
ifcfg-lo ifdown-eth ifdown-ipv6 ifdown-ppp ifdown-tunnel ifup-bnep ifup-ippp ifup-plip ifup-ppp ifup-tunnel net.hotplug
[root@Freedom1991 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth0 網卡1
DEVICE=eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
UUID=d1680cf6-689c-4126-9c78-635e28957da6
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
HWADDR=00:0c:29:a0:9b:d5
DEFROUTE=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=yes
NAME="System eth0"
IPADDR=192.168.1.3
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
USERCTL=no
[root@Freedom1991 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-eth1 網卡2
CE=eth1
HWADDR=00:0c:29:a0:9b:df
NAME="System eth1"
IPADDR=172.16.100.1
NETMASK=255.255.0.0
DEVICE=eth1
[root@Freedom1991 network-scripts]#
netstat:用法詳解
-a :顯示所有協定和socket連接配接資訊
-n :對應的源IP和目的IP位址
-l: 顯示正在監聽的資訊
-t :TCP協定
-u :UDP協定
-p :伺服器名稱
[root@Freedom1991 network-scripts]# netstat -antulp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:21 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1878/vsftpd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1833/dnsmasq
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1855/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1632/cupsd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2276/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3687/sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:50831 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1593/rpc.statd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1469/rpcbind
tcp 0 52 192.168.1.3:22 192.168.1.2:4682 ESTABLISHED 3687/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::53 :::* LISTEN 1833/dnsmasq
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1855/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1632/cupsd
tcp 0 0 :::3128 :::* LISTEN 2351/(squid)
nslookup : domain name | ip address
/etc/sysconfig/network :用于設定主機名和系統啟動時是否加載網卡
/etc/service :為網絡服務配置檔案,用于将網絡服務名轉換為端口号/協定;